1
|
Xia C, Yan R, Liu C, Zhai J, Zheng J, Chen W, Cao X. Epidemiological and genomic characteristics of global blaNDM-carrying Escherichia coli. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2024; 23:58. [PMID: 38907245 PMCID: PMC11193274 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-024-00719-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Escherichia. coli is the most frequent host for New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM) which hydrolyzes almost all β-lactams except aztreonam. The worldwide spread of blaNDM-carrying E. coli heavily threatens public health. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the global genomic epidemiology of blaNDM- carrying E. coli isolates, providing information for preventing the dissemination of such strains. METHODS Global E. coli genomes were downloaded from NCBI database and blaNDM was detected using BLASTP. Per software was used to extract meta information on hosts, resources, collection data, and countries of origin from GenBank. The sequence types (STs) and distribution of antimicrobial resistance gene (ARG) were analyzed by CLC Workbench; Plasmid replicons, serotypes and virulence genes (VFs) were analyzed by submitting the genomes to the websites. Statistical analyses were performed to access the relationships among ARGs and plasmid replicons. RESULTS Until March 2023, 1,774 out of 33,055 isolates collected during 2003-2022 were found to contain blaNDM in total. Among them, 15 blaNDM variants were found with blaNDM-5 (74.1%) being most frequent, followed by blaNDM-1 (16.6%) and blaNDM-9 (4.6%). Among the 213 ARGs identified, 27 blaCTX-M and 39 blaTEM variants were found with blaCTX-M-15 (n = 438, 24.7%) and blaTEM-1B (n = 1092, 61.6%) being the most frequent ones, respectively. In addition, 546 (30.8%) plasmids mediated ampC genes, 508 (28.6%) exogenously acquired 16 S rRNA methyltransferase encoding genes and 262 (14.8%) mcr were also detected. Among the 232 distinct STs, ST167 (17.2%) were the most prevalent. As for plasmids, more than half of isolates contained IncFII, IncFIB and IncX3. The VF terC, gad, traT and iss as well as the serotypes O101:H9 (n = 231, 13.0%), O8:H9 (n = 115, 6.5%) and O9:H30 (n = 99, 5.6%) were frequently observed. CONCLUSIONS The study delves into the intricate relationship between plasmid types, virulence factors, and ARGs, which provides valuable insights for clinical treatment and public health interventions, and serves as a critical resource for guiding future research, surveillance, and implementation of effective strategies to address the challenges posed by blaNDM-carrying E. coli. The findings underscore the urgent need for sustained global collaboration, surveillance efforts, and antimicrobial stewardship to mitigate the impact of these highly resistant strains on public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changyu Xia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruyu Yan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junbin Zhai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Clinical Research Center, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Senior technologist Zhongshan Road 321, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210003, China.
| | - Xiaoli Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Saini P, Bandsode V, Singh A, Mendem SK, Semmler T, Alam M, Ahmed N. Genomic insights into virulence, antimicrobial resistance, and adaptation acumen of Escherichia coli isolated from an urban environment. mBio 2024; 15:e0354523. [PMID: 38376265 PMCID: PMC10936179 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03545-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Populations of common commensal bacteria such as Escherichia coli undergo genetic changes by the acquisition of certain virulence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) encoding genetic elements leading to the emergence of pathogenic strains capable of surviving in the previously uninhabited or protected niches. These bacteria are also reported to be prevalent in the environment where they survive by adopting various recombination strategies to counter microflora of the soil and water, under constant selection pressure(s). In this study, we performed molecular characterization, phenotypic AMR analysis, and whole genome sequencing (WGS) of E. coli (n = 37) isolated from soil and surface water representing the urban and peri-urban areas. The primary aim of this study was to understand the genetic architecture and pathogenic acumen exhibited by environmental E. coli. WGS-based analysis entailing resistome and virulome profiling indicated the presence of various virulence (adherence, iron uptake, and toxins) and AMR encoding genes, including blaNDM-5 in the environmental isolates. A majority of our isolates belonged to phylogroup B1 (73%). A few isolates in our collection were of sequence type(s) (ST) 58 and 224 that could have emerged recently as clonal lineages and might pose risk of infection/transmission. Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as plasmids (predominantly) of the IncF family, prophages, pipolins, and insertion elements such as IS1 and IS5 were also observed to exist, which may presumably aid in the propagation of genes encoding resistance against antimicrobial drugs. The observed high prevalence of MGEs associated with multidrug resistance in pathogenic E. coli isolates belonging to the phylogroup B1 underscores the need for extended surveillance to keep track of and prevent the transmission of the bacterium to certain vulnerable human and animal populations. IMPORTANCE Evolutionary patterns of E. coli bacteria convey that they evolve into highly pathogenic forms by acquiring fitness advantages, such as AMR, and various virulence factors through the horizontal gene transfer (HGT)-mediated acquisition of MGEs. However, limited research on the genetic profiles of environmental E. coli, particularly from India, hinders our understanding of their transition to pathogenic forms and impedes the adoption of a comprehensive approach to address the connection between environmentally dwelling E. coli populations and human and veterinary public health. This study focuses on high-resolution genomic analysis of the environmental E. coli isolates aiming to understand the genetic similarities and differences among isolates from different environmental niches and uncover the survival strategies employed by these bacteria to thrive in their surroundings. Our approach involved molecular characterization of environmental samples using PCR-based DNA fingerprinting and subsequent WGS analysis. This multidisciplinary approach is likely to provide valuable insights into the understanding of any potential spill-over to human and animal populations and locales. Investigating these environmental isolates has significant potential for developing epidemiological strategies against transmission and understanding niche-specific evolutionary patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Poorvi Saini
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Pathogen Biology Laboratory, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Viraj Bandsode
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Pathogen Biology Laboratory, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Anuradha Singh
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Pathogen Biology Laboratory, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Mendem
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Pathogen Biology Laboratory, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | | | - Munirul Alam
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Niyaz Ahmed
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Pathogen Biology Laboratory, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Diebold PJ, Rhee MW, Shi Q, Trung NV, Umrani F, Ahmed S, Kulkarni V, Deshpande P, Alexander M, Thi Hoa N, Christakis NA, Iqbal NT, Ali SA, Mathad JS, Brito IL. Clinically relevant antibiotic resistance genes are linked to a limited set of taxa within gut microbiome worldwide. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7366. [PMID: 37963868 PMCID: PMC10645880 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42998-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of antimicrobial resistance (AR) genes has rendered important pathogens nearly or fully unresponsive to antibiotics. It has been suggested that pathogens acquire AR traits from the gut microbiota, which collectively serve as a global reservoir for AR genes conferring resistance to all classes of antibiotics. However, only a subset of AR genes confers resistance to clinically relevant antibiotics, and, although these AR gene profiles are well-characterized for common pathogens, less is known about their taxonomic associations and transfer potential within diverse members of the gut microbiota. We examined a collection of 14,850 human metagenomes and 1666 environmental metagenomes from 33 countries, in addition to nearly 600,000 isolate genomes, to gain insight into the global prevalence and taxonomic range of clinically relevant AR genes. We find that several of the most concerning AR genes, such as those encoding the cephalosporinase CTX-M and carbapenemases KPC, IMP, NDM, and VIM, remain taxonomically restricted to Proteobacteria. Even cfiA, the most common carbapenemase gene within the human gut microbiome, remains tightly restricted to Bacteroides, despite being found on a mobilizable plasmid. We confirmed these findings in gut microbiome samples from India, Honduras, Pakistan, and Vietnam, using a high-sensitivity single-cell fusion PCR approach. Focusing on a set of genes encoding carbapenemases and cephalosporinases, thus far restricted to Bacteroides species, we find that few mutations are required for efficacy in a different phylum, raising the question of why these genes have not spread more widely. Overall, these data suggest that globally prevalent, clinically relevant AR genes have not yet established themselves across diverse commensal gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Diebold
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Matthew W Rhee
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Qiaojuan Shi
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Nguyen Vinh Trung
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (OUCRU) in Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh city, Viet Nam
| | | | | | - Vandana Kulkarni
- Johns Hopkins University Clinical Trials Unit, Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prasad Deshpande
- Johns Hopkins University Clinical Trials Unit, Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mallika Alexander
- Johns Hopkins University Clinical Trials Unit, Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ngo Thi Hoa
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (OUCRU) in Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh city, Viet Nam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Microbiology Department and Center for Tropical Medicine Research, Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam
| | | | | | | | | | - Ilana L Brito
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tang B, Wang C, Sun D, Lin H, Ma J, Guo H, Yang H, Li X. In Silico Characterization of blaNDM-Harboring Conjugative Plasmids in Acinetobacter Species. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0210222. [PMID: 36301090 PMCID: PMC9769834 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02102-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM)-producing clinical strains in Acinetobacter spp. have been recently reported in many countries and have received considerable attention. The vast majority of blaNDM cases occur on conjugative plasmids, which play a vital role in disseminating blaNDM. To characterize the conjugative plasmids bearing blaNDM genes in Acinetobacter spp., we analyzed the variants of blaNDM, conjugative transfer regions, genetic contexts of blaNDM, and the phylogenetic pattern of the 62 predicted blaNDM-positive plasmids, which were selected from 1,191 plasmids of Acinetobacter species from GenBank. We identified 30 conjugative plasmids from the 62 blaNDM-harboring plasmids in Acinetobacter species, with the oriT sites similar to plasmid pNDM-YR7 in our study, genes coding for relaxases of the MOBQ family, genes encoding type IV coupling proteins (T4CPs) of the TrwB/TraD subfamily, and VirB-like type IV secretion system (T4SS) gene clusters. The genome sizes of all 30 pNDM-YR7-like plasmids ranged from 39.36 kb to 49.65 kb, with a median size of 44.56 kb. The most common species of Acinetobacter containing the blaNDM-positive conjugative plasmids was A. baumannii, followed by Acinetobacter lwoffii and Acinetobacter indicus. Notably, pNDM-YR7 is the first report on a blaNDM-positive conjugative plasmid in Acinetobacter junii. Moreover, all 30 blaNDM-positive conjugative plasmids in Acinetobacter species were found to contain genetic contexts with the structure ISAba14-aph(3')-VI-ISAba125-blaNDM-ble. Our findings provide important insights into the phylogeny and evolution of blaNDM-positive plasmids of Acinetobacter species and further address their role in acquiring and spreading blaNDM genes in Acinetobacter species. IMPORTANCE Conjugative plasmids harboring the blaNDM gene play a vital role in disseminating carbapenem resistance. In this study, we first report a conjugative plasmid, pNDM-YR7, in Acinetobacter junii. Based on the genomic characteristics of the blaNDM-positive pNDM-YR7, we performed in silico typing and comparative analysis of blaNDM-positive plasmids using the 1,191 plasmids of Acinetobacter species available in the NCBI RefSeq database. We analyzed the characteristics of blaNDM-positive plasmids, including the variants of blaNDM, genetic features associated with blaNDM, conjugative transfer regions, and the phylogenetic pattern of the blaNDM-positive plasmids. All 30 blaNDM-positive conjugative plasmids were found to contain an ISAba14-aph(3')-VI-ISAba125-blaNDM-ble region. This study provides novel insights into the phylogeny and evolution of blaNDM-harboring conjugative plasmids and contributes to the repertoire of knowledge surrounding blaNDM-positive plasmids in the genus Acinetobacter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products & Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenyu Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongchang Sun
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products & Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiangang Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products & Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hengzhao Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products & Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaobin Li
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zeng Z, Lei L, Li L, Hua S, Li W, Zhang L, Lin Q, Zheng Z, Yang J, Dou X, Li L, Li X. In silico characterization of bla NDM-harboring plasmids in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1008905. [PMID: 36504778 PMCID: PMC9727287 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1008905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a primary culprit of antibiotic-resistant nosocomial infections worldwide, and infections caused by NDM-producing strains are a major threat due to limited therapeutic options. The majority of bla NDM cases occur on plasmids; therefore, we explored the relationships between plasmids and bla NDM genes in K. pneumoniae by analyzing the variants of bla NDM, replicon types, conjugative transfer regions of 171 bla NDM-harboring plasmids from 4,451 K. pneumoniae plasmids. Of the nine identified bla NDM variants, bla NDM-1 (73.68%) and bla NDM-5 (16.37%) were the most dominant. Over half of the bla NDM-harboring plasmids of K. pneumoniae were classified into IncF plasmids. IncX3 single-replicon plasmids (46-57 kb) carried genes encoding relaxases of the MOBP family, T4CP genes of the VirD4/TraG subfamily, and VirB-like T4SS gene clusters, which were mainly geographically distributed in China. We found 10 bla NDM-harboring IncN plasmids (38.38-63.05 kb) carrying the NW-type origin of transfer (oriT) regions, genes coding for relaxases of MOBF family, genes encoding T4CPs of the TrwB/TraD subfamily, and Trw-like T4SS gene clusters, which were also mainly geographically distributed in China. Moreover, we identified 21 IncC plasmids carrying bla NDM-1 (140.1-329.2 kb), containing the A/C-type oriTs, genes encoding relaxases of MOBH family, genes encoding T4CPs belonging to TrwB/TraD subfamily, and Tra_F-like T4SS gene clusters. The bla NDM-harboring IncC plasmids were widely geographically distributed all over the world, mainly in the United States, China and Viet Nam. These findings enhance our understanding of the diversity of bla NDM-harboring plasmids in K. pneumoniae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Zeng
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Cadre Health Care, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Linman Li
- Health Management Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengni Hua
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated With Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Wenting Li
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated With Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Limei Zhang
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated With Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Qiuping Lin
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated With Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Zhixiong Zheng
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated With Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated With Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Xiaohui Dou
- Health Management Center, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital affiliated With Jinan University), Zhuhai, China,*Correspondence: Luan Li, ; Xiaobin Li, ; Xiaohui Dou,
| | - Luan Li
- Department of Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Luan Li, ; Xiaobin Li, ; Xiaohui Dou,
| | - Xiaobin Li
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated With Jinan University), Zhuhai, China,*Correspondence: Luan Li, ; Xiaobin Li, ; Xiaohui Dou,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gong Y, Lu Y, Xue D, Wei Y, Li Q, Li G, Lu S, Wang J, Wang Y, Peng Y, Zhao Y. Emergence of a Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolate Co-harbouring Dual bla NDM- 6 -Carrying Plasmids in China. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:900831. [PMID: 35663874 PMCID: PMC9158518 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.900831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread emergence of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) with limited therapeutic options has become a global concern. In this study, a K. pneumoniae strain called KP2e was recovered from a human case of fatal septic shock in a Chinese hospital. Polymerase chain reaction and sequencing, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, conjugation experiments, S1 nuclease-pulsed field gel electrophoresis/southern blot, whole genome sequencing and comparative genomics were performed to investigate the phenotypic and molecular characteristics of this isolate. KP2e possessed the NDM-6-encoding gene and exhibited resistance to almost all β-lactams except for monobactam. This strain belonged to sequence type 4024, the complete genome of which was composed of one chromosome and three plasmids. Furthermore, blaNDM–6 coexisted on two self-transmissible plasmids, which were assigned to types IncFIB and IncN. A structure of IS26-composite transposon capturing an identical Tn125 remnant (ΔISAba125-blaNDM–6-bleMBL-trpF-dsbC-cutA-groES-ΔgroEL) was identified in the two plasmids, and this conserved blaNDM-surrounding genetic context was similar to that of few IncN plasmids found in other regions of China. Our research appears to be the first description of a clinical strain that emerged co-harbouring dual blaNDM-carrying plasmids, and the first report of NDM-6-positive CRKP in China. These findings demonstrated that IncN is a key medium in the evolution and expanding dissemination of blaNDM genes among various species, which indicates that close monitoring and rapid detection of blaNDM-harbouring plasmids is necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yali Gong
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, State Key Lab of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yifei Lu
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, State Key Lab of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongdong Xue
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, State Key Lab of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Wei
- Department of Radiology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qimeng Li
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, State Key Lab of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuguang Lu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunying Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yizhi Peng
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, State Key Lab of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|