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Roh H, Kannimuthu D. Genomic and Transcriptomic Diversification of Flagellin Genes Provides Insight into Environmental Adaptation and Phylogeographic Characteristics in Aeromonas hydrophila. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2024; 87:65. [PMID: 38695873 PMCID: PMC11065939 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-024-02373-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila is an opportunistic motile pathogen with a broad host range, infecting both terrestrial and aquatic animals. Environmental and geographical conditions exert selective pressure on both geno- and phenotypes of pathogens. Flagellin, directly exposed to external environments and containing important immunogenic epitopes, may display significant variability in response to external conditions. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of ~ 150 A. hydrophila genomes, leading to the identification of six subunits of the flagellin gene (fla-1 to fla-4, flaA, and flaB). Individual strains harbored different composition of flagellin subunits and copies. The composition of subunits showed distinct patterns depending on environmental sources. Strains from aquatic environments were mainly comprised of fla-1 to fla-4 subunits, while terrestrial strains predominated in groups harboring flaA and flaB subunits. Each flagellin showed varying levels of expression, with flaA and flaB demonstrating significantly higher expression compared to others. One of the chemotaxis pathways that control flagellin movement through a two-component system was significantly upregulated in flaA(+ 1)/flaB(+ 1) group, whereas flaA and flaB showed different transcriptomic expressions. The genes positively correlated with flaA expression were relevant to biofilm formation and bacterial chemotaxis, but flaB showed a negative correlation with the genes in ABC transporters and quorum sensing pathway. However, the expression patterns of fla-2 to fla-4 were identical. This suggests various types of flagellin subunits may have different biological functions. The composition and expression levels of flagellin subunits could provide valuable insights into the adaptation of A. hydrophila and the differences among strains in response to various external environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- HyeongJin Roh
- Pathogen Transmission and Disease Research Group, Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870 Nordnes 5870, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Dhamotharan Kannimuthu
- Pathogen Transmission and Disease Research Group, Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870 Nordnes 5870, Bergen, Norway
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Truong NHM, Nguyen Q, Voong PV, Chau V, Nguyen NHT, Nguyen THM, Vo PH, Nguyen LT, Ha TTP, Nguyen LPH, Le PH, Thanh DP, Nguyen HD. Genomic characterization of Aeromonas spp. isolates from striped catfish with motile Aeromonas septicemia and human bloodstream infections in Vietnam. Microb Genom 2024; 10:001248. [PMID: 38739115 PMCID: PMC11165649 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas spp. are commonly found in the aquatic environment and have been responsible for motile Aeromonas septicemia (MAS) in striped catfish, resulting in significant economic loss. These organisms also cause a range of opportunistic infections in humans with compromised immune systems. Here, we conducted a genomic investigation of 87 Aeromonas isolates derived from diseased catfish, healthy catfish and environmental water in catfish farms affected by MAS outbreaks in eight provinces in Mekong Delta (years: 2012-2022), together with 25 isolates from humans with bloodstream infections (years: 2010-2020). Genomics-based typing method precisely delineated Aeromonas species while traditional methods such as aerA PCR and MALDI-TOF were unable identify A. dhakensis. A. dhakensis was found to be more prevalent than A. hydrophila in both diseased catfish and human infections. A. dhakensis sequence type (ST) 656 followed by A. hydrophila ST251 were the predominant virulent species-lineages in diseased catfish (43.7 and 20.7 %, respectively), while diverse STs were found in humans with bloodstream infections. There was evidence of widespread transmission of ST656 and ST251 on striped catfish in the Mekong Delta region. ST656 and ST251 isolates carried a significantly higher number of acquired antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and virulence factors in comparison to other STs. They, however, exhibited several distinctions in key virulence factors (i.e. lack of type IV pili and enterotoxin ast in A. dhakensis), AMR genes (i.e. presence of imiH carbapenemase in A. dhakensis), and accessory gene content. To uncover potential conserved proteins of Aeromonas spp. for vaccine development, pangenome analysis has unveiled 2202 core genes between ST656 and ST251, of which 78 proteins were in either outer membrane or extracellular proteins. Our study represents one of the first genomic investigations of the species distribution, genetic landscape, and epidemiology of Aeromonas in diseased catfish and human infections in Vietnam. The emergence of antimicrobial resistant and virulent A. dhakensis strains underscores the needs of enhanced genomic surveillance and strengthening vaccine research and development in preventing Aeromonas diseases in catfish and humans, and the search for potential vaccine candidates could focus on Aeromonas core genes encoded for membrane and secreted proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhat Ha Minh Truong
- Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, VNUHCM-University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Quynh Nguyen
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Phat Vinh Voong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Vinh Chau
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nhi Huynh Thanh Nguyen
- Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, VNUHCM-University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tuan Hoa Minh Nguyen
- Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, VNUHCM-University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Phuong Hong Vo
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Research Institute for Aquaculture No.2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | | | - Phuoc Hong Le
- Research Institute for Aquaculture No.2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Duy Pham Thanh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Duc Nguyen
- Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, VNUHCM-University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Zhao C, Qin P, Li S, Chen Z, Wang T, Liang Q, He W, Peng Z, Yang Y, Peng Z, Li Y. Exploring Aeromonas dhakensis in Aldabra giant tortoises: a debut report and genetic characterization. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:76. [PMID: 38454361 PMCID: PMC10921707 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03203-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas dhakensis (A. dhakensis) is becoming an emerging pathogen worldwide, with an increasingly significant role in animals and human health. It is a ubiquitous bacteria found in terrestrial and aquatic milieus. However, there have been few reports of reptile infections. In this study, a bacterial strain isolated from a dead Aldabra giant tortoise was identified as A. dhakensis HN-1 through clinical observation, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS), and gene sequencing analysis. Subsequently, to evaluate its pathogenicity, the detection of virulence genes and mice infection experiments were performed. A. dhakensis HN-1 was found to contain seven virulence genes, including alt, ela, lip, act, aerA, fla, and hlyA. Mice infected with A. dhakensis HN-1 exhibited hemorrhage of varying degrees in multiple organs. The half-maximal lethal dose (LD50) value of A. dhakensis HN-1 for mice was estimated to be 2.05 × 107 colony forming units (CFU)/mL. The antimicrobial susceptibility test revealed that A. dhakensis HN-1 was resistant to amoxicillin, penicillin, ampicillin and erythromycin. This is the first report of A. dhakensis in Aldabra giant tortoises, expanding the currently known host spectrum. Our findings emphasize the need for One Health surveillance and extensive research to reduce the spread of A. dhakensis across the environment, humans, and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Panpan Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Shuai Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Zilu Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Tianliang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Qunchao Liang
- Henan Yinji Jiabao Amusement Park Management Co. LTD, Zhengzhou, 452376, China
| | - Weishi He
- Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zeyu Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yurong Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Zhifeng Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Yongtao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
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Liaqat R, Fatima S, Komal W, Minahal Q, Kanwal Z, Suleman M, Carter CG. Effects of Bacillus subtilis as a single strain probiotic on growth, disease resistance and immune response of striped catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus). PLoS One 2024; 19:e0294949. [PMID: 38289940 PMCID: PMC10842300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the potential role of Bacillus subtilis as probiotic in striped catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus). Fish (initial weight = 150.00±2.63g n = 180) were stocked in circular tanks. Four isonitrogenous (30%) and isolipidic (3.29%) diets were formulated having supplementation of B. subtilis at four different levels (P0; 0, P1: 1×106, P2: 1×108 and P3: 1×1010 CFU/g). Each treatment had three replicates, while each replicate had fifteen fish. The trial started on second week of July and continued for eight weeks. Growth, feed conversion ratio, crude protein content, the concentration of amylase and protease, the profile of both dispensable and non-dispensable amino acids in all four dietary groups increased with a gradual increase of B. subtilis in the diet. At the end of growth experiment, fish in all four groups were exposed to Staphylococcus aureus (5×105 CFU/ml). After S. aureus challenge, fish fed with B. subtilis responded better to damage caused by reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation and better survival rate. The catalase and superoxide dismutase level also increased in response to bacterial challenge in B. subtilis fed groups. On the other hand, the concentration of malondialdehyde gradually decreased in these groups (+ve P0 >P1>P2>P3). It is concluded that supplementation of B. subtilis as a probiotic improved the growth, protein content, antioxidant response and immunocompetency against S. aureus in striped catfish. The optimum dosage of B. subtilis, at a concentration of 1×1010 CFU/g, resulted in the most favorable outcomes in striped catfish. This single bacterial strain can be used as an effective probiotic in large scale production of aquafeed for striped catfish. Future studies can investigate this probiotic's impact in the intensive culture of the same species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razia Liaqat
- Department of Zoology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore,
Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Shafaq Fatima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort
Wayne, IN, United States of America
| | - Wajeeha Komal
- Department of Zoology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore,
Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Qandeel Minahal
- Department of Zoology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore,
Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Zakia Kanwal
- Department of Zoology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore,
Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Suleman
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences
Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Chris G. Carter
- Aquaculture Nutrition at the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies
(IMAS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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Liu X, Xiao H, Chao J, Jian S, Wu X, Lu J, Wang J, Chen C, Liu Y. Polyvalent passive vaccine candidates from egg yolk antibodies (IgY) of important outer membrane proteins (PF1380 and ExbB) of Pseudomonas fluorescens in fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 143:109211. [PMID: 37944683 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Polyvalent antibodies can resist multiple bacterial species, and immunoglobulin Y (IgY) antibody can be economically prepared in large quantities from egg yolk; further, IgY polyvalent antibodies have application value in aquaculture. The outer membrane proteins (OMPs) PF1380 and ExbB of Pseudomonas fluorescens were expressed and purified, and the corresponding IgY antibodies were prepared. PF1380, ExbB, and the corresponding IgY antibodies could activate the innate immune responses of chicken and Carassius auratus. The passive immunization to C. auratus showed that the IgY antibodies of PF1380 and ExbB had an immune protection rate, down-regulated the expression of antioxidant-related factors (MDA, SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT) to reduce the antioxidant reaction, down-regulated the expression of inflammation-related genes (IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-1β) to reduce the inflammatory reaction, maintained the integrity of visceral tissue structure, and reduced apoptosis and damage of tissue cells in relation to P. fluorescens and Aeromonas hydrophila infections. Thus, the IgY antibodies of PF1380 and ExbB could be considered as passive polyvalent vaccine candidates in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236041, China; Chinese-German Joint Institute for Natural Product Research, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723000, China; Fuyang Normal University--Funan Rural Revitalization Collaborative Technology Service Center, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236041, China.
| | - Huihui Xiao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236041, China; Fuyang Normal University--Funan Rural Revitalization Collaborative Technology Service Center, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236041, China
| | - Jia Chao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236041, China; Chinese-German Joint Institute for Natural Product Research, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723000, China
| | - Sijie Jian
- Chinese-German Joint Institute for Natural Product Research, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723000, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236041, China
| | - Juan Lu
- Fuyang Normal University--Funan Rural Revitalization Collaborative Technology Service Center, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236041, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Fuyang Normal University--Funan Rural Revitalization Collaborative Technology Service Center, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236041, China
| | - Chunlin Chen
- Fuyang Normal University--Funan Rural Revitalization Collaborative Technology Service Center, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236041, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236041, China; Fuyang Normal University--Funan Rural Revitalization Collaborative Technology Service Center, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236041, China.
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Erickson VI, Khoi LM, Hounmanou YMG, Dung TT, Phu TM, Dalsgaard A. Comparative genomic analysis of Aeromonas dhakensis and Aeromonas hydrophila from diseased striped catfish fingerlings cultured in Vietnam. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1254781. [PMID: 37808293 PMCID: PMC10556525 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1254781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Motile Aeromonas septicemia (MAS) is a burden for striped catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) farmers in Vietnam. MAS can be caused by several species of Aeromonas but Aeromonas hydrophila is seen as the leading cause of MAS in aquaculture, but recent reports suggest that A. dhakensis is also causing MAS. Methods Here we investigated the bacterial etiology of MAS and compared the genomic features of A. hydrophila and A. dhakensis. We collected 86 isolates from diseased striped catfish fingerlings over 5 years from eight provinces in Vietnam. Species identification was done using PCR, MALDI-TOF and whole genome sequence (WGS). The MICs of commonly used antimicrobials was established. Thirty presumed A. hydrophila isolates were sequenced for species confirmation and genomic comparison. A phylogenetic analysis was conducted using publicly available sequences and sequences from this study. Results A total of 25/30 isolates were A. dhakensis sequence type (ST) 656 and 5/30 isolates were A. hydrophila ST 251. Our isolates and all publicly available A. hydrophila isolates from Vietnam belonged to ST 251 and differed with <200 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). Similarly, all A. dhakensis isolates from Vietnam belonged to ST 656 and differed with <100 SNPs. The tet(A) gene was found in 1/5 A. hydrophila and 19/25 A. dhakensis. All A. hydrophila had an MIC ≤2 mg/L while 19/25 A. dhakensis had MIC ≥8 mg/L for oxytetracycline. The floR gene was only found in A. dhakensis (14/25) which showed a MIC ≥8 mg/L for florfenicol. Key virulence genes, i.e., aerA/act, ahh1 and hlyA were present in all genomes, while ast was only present in A. dhakensis. Discussion This study confirms previous findings where A. dhakensis was the dominating pathogen causing MAS and that the importance of A. hydrophila has likely been overestimated. The differences in antimicrobial susceptibility between the two species could indicate a need for targeted antimicrobial treatment plans. The lipopolysaccharide regions and outer membrane proteins did not significantly differ in their immunogenic potentials, but it remains to be determined with in vivo experiments whether there is a difference in the efficacy of available vaccines against A. hydrophila and A. dhakensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Irene Erickson
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Le Minh Khoi
- Department of Aquatic Pathology, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | | | - Tu Thanh Dung
- Department of Aquatic Pathology, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Tran Minh Phu
- Department of Aquatic Product Processing, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Anders Dalsgaard
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Mulia DS, Pratiwi R, Asmara W, Azzam-Sayuti M, Yasin ISM, Isnansetyo A. Isolation, genetic characterization, and virulence profiling of different Aeromonas species recovered from moribund hybrid catfish ( Clarias spp.). Vet World 2023; 16:1974-1984. [PMID: 37859968 PMCID: PMC10583882 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1974-1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim The high diversity of Aeromonas spp. results in various pathogenicity levels. This group of bacteria causes a serious disease named motile Aeromonas septicemia (MAS) in catfish (Clarias spp.). This study aimed to characterize the species and virulence gene diversity of Aeromonas spp. isolated from diseased catfish. Materials and Methods Nine Aeromonas spp. were isolated from infected catfish cultivated in Java, Indonesia, and they were identified at the phenotypic and molecular levels (16S rDNA). The virulence genes assessed included aer/haem, alt, ast, flaA, lafA, and fstA. Results Phylogenetic analysis identified nine isolates of Aeromonas spp.: Aeromonas hydrophila (11.11%), Aeromonas caviae (11.11%), Aeromonas veronii bv. veronii (44.44%), and Aeromonas dhakensis (33.33%). Virulence genes, such as aer/haem, alt, ast, flaA, lafA, and fstA, were detected in all isolates at frequencies of approximately 100%, 66.67%, 88.89%, 100%, 55.56%, and 66.67%, respectively. This study is the first report on A. dhakensis recovered from an Indonesian catfish culture. Furthermore, our study revealed the presence of A. veronii bv veronii, a biovar that has not been reported before in Indonesia. Conclusion This finding confirms that MAS was caused by multiple species of Aeromonas, notably A. dhakensis and A. veronii bv veronii, within Indonesian fish culture. The presence of these Aeromonas species with multiple virulence genes poses a significant threat to the freshwater aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dini Siswani Mulia
- Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto, Jl. K.H. Ahmad Dahlan, Purwokerto 53182, Indonesia
| | - Rarastoeti Pratiwi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Teknika Selatan, Senolowo, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Widya Asmara
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Fauna, Caturtunggal, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Mohamad Azzam-Sayuti
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ina Salwany Md. Yasin
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Alim Isnansetyo
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Flora, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
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