1
|
Jin T. Exploring the role of bacterial virulence factors and host elements in septic arthritis: insights from animal models for innovative therapies. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1356982. [PMID: 38410388 PMCID: PMC10895065 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1356982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Septic arthritis, characterized as one of the most aggressive joint diseases, is primarily attributed to Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and often results from hematogenous dissemination. Even with prompt treatment, septic arthritis frequently inflicts irreversible joint damage, leading to sustained joint dysfunction in a significant proportion of patients. Despite the unsatisfactory outcomes, current therapeutic approaches for septic arthritis have remained stagnant for decades. In the clinical context, devising innovative strategies to mitigate joint damage necessitates a profound comprehension of the pivotal disease mechanisms. This entails unraveling how bacterial virulence factors interact with host elements to facilitate bacterial invasion into the joint and identifying the principal drivers of joint damage. Leveraging animal models of septic arthritis emerges as a potent tool to achieve these objectives. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the historical evolution and recent advancements in septic arthritis models. Additionally, we address practical considerations regarding experimental protocols. Furthermore, we delve into the utility of these animal models, such as their contribution to the discovery of novel bacterial virulence factors and host elements that play pivotal roles in the initiation and progression of septic arthritis. Finally, we summarize the latest developments in novel therapeutic strategies against septic arthritis, leveraging insights gained from these unique animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jin
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nguyen MT, Hu Z, Mohammad M, Schöttler H, Niemann S, Schultz M, Barczyk-Kahlert K, Jin T, Hayen H, Herrmann M. Bacterial Lipoproteins Shift Cellular Metabolism to Glycolysis in Macrophages Causing Bone Erosion. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0429322. [PMID: 37191536 PMCID: PMC10269925 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04293-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Belonging to a group of membrane proteins, bacterial lipoproteins (LPPs) are defined by a unique lipid structure at their N-terminus providing the anchor in the bacterial cell membrane. In Gram-positive bacteria, LPPs play a key role in host immune activation triggered through a Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-mediated action resulting in macrophage stimulation and subsequent tissue damage demonstrated in in vivo experimental models. Yet the physiologic links between LPP activation, cytokine release, and any underlying switches in cellular metabolism remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that Staphylococcus aureus Lpl1 not only triggers cytokine production but also confers a shift toward fermentative metabolism in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Lpl1 consists of di- and tri-acylated LPP variants; hence, the synthetic P2C and P3C, mimicking di-and tri-acylated LPPs, were employed to reveal their effect on BMDMs. Compared to P3C, P2C was found to shift the metabolism of BMDMs and the human mature monocytic MonoMac 6 (MM6) cells more profoundly toward the fermentative pathway, as indicated by lactate accumulation, glucose consumption, pH reduction, and oxygen consumption. In vivo, P2C caused more severe joint inflammation, bone erosion, and lactate and malate accumulation than P3C. These observed P2C effects were completely abrogated in monocyte/macrophage-depleted mice. Taken together, these findings now solidly confirm the hypothesized link between LPP exposure, a macrophage metabolic shift toward fermentation, and ensuing bone destruction. IMPORTANCE Osteomyelitis caused by S. aureus is a severe infection of the bone, typically associated with severe bone function impairment, therapeutic failure, high morbidity, invalidity, and occasionally even death. The hallmark of staphylococcal osteomyelitis is the destruction of the cortical bone structures, yet the mechanisms contributing to this pathology are hitherto poorly understood. One bacterial membrane constituent found in all bacteria is bacterial lipoproteins (LPPs). Previously, we have shown that injection of purified S. aureus LPPs into wild-type mouse knee joints caused a TLR2-dependent chronic destructive arthritis but failed to elicit such effect in monocyte/macrophage-depleted mice. This observation stirred our interest in investigating the interaction of LPPs and macrophages and analyzing the underlying physiological mechanisms. This ascertainment of LPP-induced changes in the physiology of macrophages provides an important clue in the understanding of the mechanisms of bone disintegration, opening novel avenues to manage the course of S. aureus disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minh-Thu Nguyen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Zhicheng Hu
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Majd Mohammad
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hannah Schöttler
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Silke Niemann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Michelle Schultz
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Tao Jin
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Heiko Hayen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Mathias Herrmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Deshmukh M, Subhash S, Hu Z, Mohammad M, Jarneborn A, Pullerits R, Jin T, Kopparapu PK. Gene expression of S100a8/a9 predicts Staphylococcus aureus-induced septic arthritis in mice. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1146694. [PMID: 37396347 PMCID: PMC10307981 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1146694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Septic arthritis is the most aggressive joint disease associated with high morbidity and mortality. The interplay of the host immune system with the invading pathogens impacts the pathophysiology of septic arthritis. Early antibiotic treatment is crucial for a better prognosis to save the patients from severe bone damage and later joint dysfunction. To date, there are no specific predictive biomarkers for septic arthritis. Transcriptome sequencing analysis identified S100a8/a9 genes to be highly expressed in septic arthritis compared to non-septic arthritis at the early course of infection in an Staphylococcus aureus septic arthritis mouse model. Importantly, downregulation of S100a8/a9 mRNA expression at the early course of infection was noticed in mice infected with the S. aureus Sortase A/B mutant strain totally lacking arthritogenic capacity compared with the mice infected with parental S. aureus arthritogenic strain. The mice infected intra-articularly with the S. aureus arthritogenic strain significantly increased S100a8/a9 protein expression levels in joints over time. Intriguingly, the synthetic bacterial lipopeptide Pam2CSK4 was more potent than Pam3CSK4 in inducing S100a8/a9 release upon intra-articular injection of these lipopeptides into the mouse knee joints. Such an effect was dependent on the presence of monocytes/macrophages. In conclusion, S100a8/a9 gene expression may serve as a potential biomarker to predict septic arthritis, enabling the development of more effective treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghshree Deshmukh
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Santhilal Subhash
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
| | - Zhicheng Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Majd Mohammad
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Jarneborn
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rille Pullerits
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pradeep Kumar Kopparapu
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mohammad M, Ali A, Nguyen MT, Götz F, Pullerits R, Jin T. Staphylococcus aureus lipoproteins in infectious diseases. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1006765. [PMID: 36262324 PMCID: PMC9574248 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1006765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with the Gram-positive bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus remain a major challenge for the healthcare system and demand new treatment options. The increasing antibiotic resistance of S. aureus poses additional challenges, consequently inflicting a huge strain in the society due to enormous healthcare costs. S. aureus expresses multiple molecules, including bacterial lipoproteins (Lpps), which play a role not only in immune response but also in disease pathogenesis. S. aureus Lpps, the predominant ligands of TLR2, are important for bacterial survival as they maintain the metabolic activity of the bacteria. Moreover, Lpps possess many diverse properties that are of vital importance for the bacteria. They also contribute to host cell invasion but so far their role in different staphylococcal infections has not been fully defined. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about S. aureus Lpps and their distinct roles in various infectious disease animal models, such as septic arthritis, sepsis, and skin and soft tissue infections. The molecular and cellular response of the host to S. aureus Lpp exposure is also a primary focus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Majd Mohammad
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Majd Mohammad,
| | - Abukar Ali
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Minh-Thu Nguyen
- Section of Medical and Geographical Infectiology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Friedrich Götz
- Department of Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rille Pullerits
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fei Y, Ali A, Mohammad M, Jin T. Commensal Bacteria Augment Staphylococcus aureus septic Arthritis in a Dose-Dependent Manner. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:942457. [PMID: 35942056 PMCID: PMC9356218 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.942457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Septic arthritis is considered one of the most dangerous joints diseases and is mainly caused by the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Human skin commensals are known to augment S. aureus infections. The aim of this study was to investigate if human commensals could augment S. aureus-induced septic arthritis. Method NMRI mice were inoculated with S. aureus alone or with a mixture of S. aureus together with either of the human commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) or Streptococcus mitis (S. mitis). The clinical, radiological and histopathological changes due to septic arthritis were observed. Furthermore, the serum levels of chemokines and cytokines were assessed. Results Mice inoculated with a mixture of S. aureus and S. epidermidis or S. mitis developed more severe and frequent clinical arthritis compared to mice inoculated with S. aureus alone. This finding was verified pathologically and radiologically. Furthermore, the ability of mice to clear invading bacteria in the joints but not in kidneys was hampered by the bacterial mixture compared to S. aureus alone. Serum levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 were elevated at the early phase of disease in the mice infected with bacterial mixture compared with ones infected with S. aureus alone. Finally, the augmentation effect in septic arthritis development by S. epidermidis was bacterial dose-dependent. Conclusion The commensal bacteria dose-dependently augment S. aureus-induced septic arthritis in a mouse model of septic arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fei
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of GuiZhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Abukar Ali
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Majd Mohammad
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Tao Jin,
| |
Collapse
|