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Terlikowska KM, Dobrzycka B, Terlikowski SJ. Modifications of Nanobubble Therapy for Cancer Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7292. [PMID: 39000401 PMCID: PMC11242568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer development is related to genetic mutations in primary cells, where 5-10% of all cancers are derived from acquired genetic defects, most of which are a consequence of the environment and lifestyle. As it turns out, over half of cancer deaths are due to the generation of drug resistance. The local delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs may reduce their toxicity by increasing their therapeutic dose at targeted sites and by decreasing the plasma levels of circulating drugs. Nanobubbles have attracted much attention as an effective drug distribution system due to their non-invasiveness and targetability. This review aims to present the characteristics of nanobubble systems and their efficacy within the biomedical field with special emphasis on cancer treatment. In vivo and in vitro studies on cancer confirm nanobubbles' ability and good blood capillary perfusion; however, there is a need to define their safety and side effects in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna M Terlikowska
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37 Street, 15-295 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Bozena Dobrzycka
- Department of Gynaecology and Practical Obstetrics, Medical University of Bialystok, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A Street, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Slawomir J Terlikowski
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Maternity Care, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37 Street, 15-295 Bialystok, Poland
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2
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Song Y, Dong QQ, Ni YK, Xu XL, Chen CX, Chen W. Nano-Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (Nano-PROTACs) in Cancer Therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:5739-5761. [PMID: 38882545 PMCID: PMC11180470 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s448684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are heterobifunctional molecules that have the capability to induce specific protein degradation. While playing a revolutionary role in effectively degrading the protein of interest (POI), PROTACs encounter certain limitations that impede their clinical translation. These limitations encompass off-target effects, inadequate cell membrane permeability, and the hook effect. The advent of nanotechnology presents a promising avenue to surmount the challenges associated with conventional PROTACs. The utilization of nano-proteolysis targeting chimeras (nano-PROTACs) holds the potential to enhance specific tissue accumulation, augment membrane permeability, and enable controlled release. Consequently, this approach has the capacity to significantly enhance the controllable degradation of target proteins. Additionally, they enable a synergistic effect by combining with other therapeutic strategies. This review comprehensively summarizes the structural basis, advantages, and limitations of PROTACs. Furthermore, it highlights the latest advancements in nanosystems engineered for delivering PROTACs, as well as the development of nano-sized PROTACs employing nanocarriers as linkers. Moreover, it delves into the underlying principles of nanotechnology tailored specifically for PROTACs, alongside the current prospects of clinical research. In conclusion, the integration of nanotechnology into PROTACs harbors vast potential in enhancing the anti-tumor treatment response and expediting clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Song
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing-Qing Dong
- ICU, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ke Ni
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310015, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ling Xu
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310015, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao-Xiang Chen
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310015, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- ICU, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China
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Shi H, Zheng F, Zheng Y, Sun X, Chen H, Gao Y. A carrier-free tri-component nanoreactor for multi-pronged synergistic cancer therapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2024; 253:112886. [PMID: 38490055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2024.112886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Non-invasive therapies such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) and chemodynamic therapy (CDT) have received wide attention due to their low toxicity and side effects, but their efficacy is limited by the tumor microenvironment (TME), and monotherapy cannot achieve satisfactory efficacy. In this work, a multifunctional nanoparticle co-assembled from oleanolic acid (OA), chlorin e6 (Ce6) and hemin was developed. The as-constructed nanoparticle named OCH with diameters of around 130 nm possessed good biostability, pH/GSH dual-responsive drug release properties, and remarkable cellular internalization and tumor accumulation capabilities. OCH exhibited prominent catalytic activities to generate •OH, deplete GSH, and produce O2 to overcome the hypoxia TME, thus potentiating the photodynamic and chemodynamic effect. In addition, OCH can induce the occurrence of ferroptosis in both ferroptosis-sensitive and ferroptosis-resistant cancer cells. The multi-pronged effects of OCH including hypoxia alleviation, GSH depletion, ferroptosis induction, CDT and PDT effects jointly facilitate excellent anticancer effects in vitro and in vivo. Hence, this work will advance the development of safe and effective clinically transformable nanomedicine by employing clinically-applied agents to form drug combinations for efficient multi-pronged combination cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Shi
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Fangying Zheng
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Yilin Zheng
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Xianbin Sun
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Haijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China.
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4
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Murphy DA, Osteicochea D, Atkins A, Sannes C, McClarnon Z, Adjei IM. Optimizing Oxygen-Production Kinetics of Manganese Dioxide Nanoparticles Improves Hypoxia Reversal and Survival in Mice with Bone Metastases. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:1125-1136. [PMID: 38365202 PMCID: PMC10979454 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Persistent hypoxia in bone metastases induces an immunosuppressive environment, limiting the effectiveness of immunotherapies. To address chronic hypoxia, we have developed manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanoparticles with tunable oxygen production kinetics for sustained oxygenation in bone metastases lesions. Using polyethylene glycol (PEG)-stabilized MnO2 or poly(lactic[50]-co-glycolic[50] acid) (50:50 PLGA), poly(lactic[75]-co-glycolic[25] acid) (75:25 PLGA), and polylactic acid (PLA)-encapsulated MnO2 NPs, we demonstrate that polymer hydrophobicity attenuates burst oxygen production and enables tunable oxygen production kinetics. The PEG-MnO2 NPs resulted in rapid hypoxia reduction in spheroids, which was rapidly attenuated, while the PLA-MnO2 NPs exhibited delayed hypoxia control in cancer spheroids. The 50:50 PLGA-MnO2 NPs exhibited the best short- and long-term control of hypoxia in cancer spheroids, resulting in sustained regulation of the expression of HIF-1α and immunosuppressive genes. The sustained control of hypoxia by the 50:50 PLGA-MnO2 NPs enhanced the cytotoxicity of natural killer cells against cancer spheroids. In vivo, 50:50 PLGA-MnO2 showed greater accumulation in the long bones and pelvis, common sites for bone metastases. The NPs decreased hypoxia in bone metastases and decreased regulatory T cell levels, resulting in enhanced survival of mice with established bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Daniela Osteicochea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Aidan Atkins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Caitlin Sannes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Zachary McClarnon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Isaac M Adjei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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Moloudi K, Abrahamse H, George BP. Nanotechnology-mediated photodynamic therapy: Focus on overcoming tumor hypoxia. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 16:e1937. [PMID: 38072393 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The oxygen level in the tumor is a critical marker that determines response to different treatments. Cancerous cells can adapt to hypoxia and low pH conditions within the tumor microenvironment (TME) to regulate tumor metabolism, proliferation, and promote tumor metastasis as well as angiogenesis, consequently leading to treatment failure and recurrence. In recent years, widespread attempts have been made to overcome tumor hypoxia through different methods, such as hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), hyperthermia, O2 carriers, artificial hemoglobin, oxygen generator hydrogels, and peroxide materials. While oxygen is found to be an essential agent to improve the treatment response of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and other cancer treatment modalities, the development of hypoxia within the tumor is highly associated with PDT failure. Recently, the use of nanoparticles has been a hot topic for researchers and exploited to overcome hypoxia through Oxygen-generating hydrogels, O2 nanocarriers, and O2 -generating nanoparticles. This review aimed to discuss the role of nanotechnology in tumor oxygenation and highlight the challenges, prospective, and recent advances in this area to improve PDT outcomes. This article is categorized under: Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Cells at the Nanoscale Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kave Moloudi
- Laser Research Centre (LRC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre (LRC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Blassan P George
- Laser Research Centre (LRC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Bhatt K, Nukovic A, Colombani T, Bencherif SA. Biomaterial-assisted local oxygenation safeguards the prostimulatory phenotype and functions of human dendritic cells in hypoxia. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1278397. [PMID: 38169677 PMCID: PMC10758617 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1278397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), professional antigen-presenting cells, function as sentinels of the immune system. DCs initiate and fine-tune adaptive immune responses by presenting antigenic peptides to B and T lymphocytes to mount an effective immune response against cancer and pathogens. However, hypoxia, a condition characterized by low oxygen (O2) tension in different tissues, significantly impacts DC functions, including antigen uptake, activation and maturation, migration, as well as T-cell priming and proliferation. In this study, we employed O2-releasing biomaterials (O2-cryogels) to study the effect of localized O2 supply on human DC phenotype and functions. Our results indicate that O2-cryogels effectively mitigate DC exposure to hypoxia under hypoxic conditions. Additionally, O2-cryogels counteract hypoxia-induced inhibition of antigen uptake and migratory activity in DCs through O2 release and hyaluronic acid (HA) mediated mechanisms. Furthermore, O2-cryogels preserve and restore DC maturation and co-stimulation markers, including HLA-DR, CD86, and CD40, along with the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in hypoxic conditions. Finally, our findings demonstrate that the supplemental O2 released from the cryogels preserves DC-mediated T-cell priming, ultimately leading to the activation and proliferation of allogeneic CD3+ T cells. This work emphasizes the potential of local oxygenation as a powerful immunomodulatory agent to improve DC activation and functions in hypoxia, offering new approaches for cancer and infectious disease treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushbu Bhatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alexandra Nukovic
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Thibault Colombani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sidi A. Bencherif
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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Bhattacharya S, Prajapati BG, Singh S, Anjum MM. Nanoparticles drug delivery for 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for multiple cancer treatment: a critical review on biosynthesis, detection, and therapeutic applications. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:17607-17634. [PMID: 37776358 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05429-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising cancer treatment that kills cancer cells selectively by stimulating reactive oxygen species generation with photosensitizers exposed to specific light wavelengths. 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is a widely used photosensitizer. However, its limited tumour penetration and targeting reduce its therapeutic efficacy. Scholars have investigated nano-delivery techniques to improve 5-ALA administration and efficacy in PDT. This review summarises recent advances in biological host biosynthetic pathways and regulatory mechanisms for 5-ALA production. The review also highlights the potential therapeutic efficacy of various 5-ALA nano-delivery modalities, such as nanoparticles, liposomes, and gels, in treating various cancers. Although promising, 5-ALA nano-delivery methods face challenges that could impair targeting and efficacy. To determine their safety and biocompatibility, extensive preclinical and clinical studies are required. This study highlights the potential of 5-ALA-NDSs to improve PDT for cancer treatment, as well as the need for additional research to overcome barriers and improve medical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankha Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra, 425405, India.
| | - Bhuphendra G Prajapati
- Shree S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ganpat University, Gujarat, Kherva, 384012, India.
| | - Sudarshan Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Md Meraj Anjum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, 226025, India
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Chen CY, Chen CY. Targeted and Oxygen-Enriched Nanoplatform for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy: In Vitro 2D Cell and 3D Spheroid Model Evaluation. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2300196. [PMID: 37565670 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxic microenvironment and limited penetration of photosensitizers within solid tumors are two crucial factors that restrict photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy. Herein, a new fluorinated mixed micelle (M60@PFC-Ce6) is developed as a tumor-penetrating and oxygen-enriching nanoplatform, which consists of chlorin e6 (Ce6) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) co-loaded into fluorinated micelles to relieve hypoxia conditions as well as folate as targeting ligand that facilitates the selective biodistribution within tumor solids. The incorporation of fluorinated copolymers into mixed micelles exhibits not only a great increase in the oxygen-loading capacity, but also improves the stability of liquid PFCs emulsion within micelles without leakage. M60@PFC-Ce6 shows excellent oxygen delivery capability, good intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and superior phototoxicity in vitro for both 2D monolayer of cells and 3D multicellular spheroid model. These results indicate the enriched oxygen delivery and increased cellular uptake resulting from folate-targeted ability to enhance ROS production and PDT efficacy. The penetration study of M60@PFC-Ce6 into a 3D spheroid confirms that small micellar size and folate-conjugation are beneficial for micelles to penetrate and accumulate within spheroids. Thus, a new nanoplatform with enriched oxygen-carrying amounts, better drug penetration, and stable micellar properties that relieve tumor hypoxia and improve PDT efficacy is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Yu Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi County, 62102, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yi Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi County, 62102, Taiwan
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Sa P, Mohapatra P, Swain SS, Khuntia A, Sahoo SK. Phytochemical-Based Nanomedicine for Targeting Tumor Microenvironment and Inhibiting Cancer Chemoresistance: Recent Advances and Pharmacological Insights. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:5254-5277. [PMID: 37596986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Cancer remains the leading cause of death and rapidly evolving disease worldwide. The understanding of disease pathophysiology has improved through advanced research investigation, and several therapeutic strategies are being used for better cancer treatment. However, the increase in cancer relapse and metastatic-related deaths indicate that available therapies and clinically approved chemotherapy drugs are not sufficient to combat cancer. Further, the constant crosstalk between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME) is crucial for the development, progression, metastasis, and therapeutic response to tumors. In this regard, phytochemicals with multimodal targeting abilities can be used as an alternative to current cancer therapy by inhibiting cancer survival pathways or modulating TME. However, due to their poor pharmacokinetics and low bioavailability, the success of phytochemicals in clinical trials is limited. Therefore, developing phytochemical-based nanomedicine or phytonanomedicine can improve the pharmacokinetic profile of these phytochemicals. Herein, the molecular characteristics and pharmacological insights of the proposed phytonanomedicine in cancer therapy targeting tumor tissue and altering the characteristics of cancer stem cells, chemoresistance, TME, and cancer immunity are well discussed. Further, we have highlighted the clinical perspective and challenges of phytonanomedicine in filling the gap in potential cancer therapeutics using various nanoplatforms. Overall, we have discussed how clinical success and pharmacological insights could make it more beneficial to boost the concept of nanomedicine in the academic and pharmaceutical fields to counter cancer metastases and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratikshya Sa
- Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, NCR Delhi, India
| | - Priyanka Mohapatra
- Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, NCR Delhi, India
| | | | - Auromira Khuntia
- Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, NCR Delhi, India
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Gerken LRH, Gerdes ME, Pruschy M, Herrmann IK. Prospects of nanoparticle-based radioenhancement for radiotherapy. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:4059-4082. [PMID: 37555747 PMCID: PMC10544071 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00265a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a key pillar of solid cancer treatment. Despite a high level of conformal dose deposition, radiotherapy is limited due to co-irradiation of organs at risk and subsequent normal tissue toxicities. Nanotechnology offers an attractive opportunity for increasing the efficacy and safety of cancer radiotherapy. Leveraging the freedom of design and the growing synthetic capabilities of the nanomaterial-community, a variety of engineered nanomaterials have been designed and investigated as radiosensitizers or radioenhancers. While research so far has been primarily focused on gold nanoparticles and other high atomic number materials to increase the absorption cross section of tumor tissue, recent studies are challenging the traditional concept of high-Z nanoparticle radioenhancers and highlight the importance of catalytic activity. This review provides a concise overview on the knowledge of nanoparticle radioenhancement mechanisms and their quantification. It critically discusses potential radioenhancer candidate materials and general design criteria for different radiation therapy modalities, and concludes with research priorities in order to advance the development of nanomaterials, to enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy and to increase at the same time the therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas R H Gerken
- Nanoparticle Systems Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Energy and Process Engineering (IEPE), Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering (D-MAVT), ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
- Particles-Biology Interactions Laboratory, Department of Materials Meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Maren E Gerdes
- Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 1, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Pruschy
- Laboratory for Applied Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Inge K Herrmann
- Nanoparticle Systems Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Energy and Process Engineering (IEPE), Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering (D-MAVT), ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
- Particles-Biology Interactions Laboratory, Department of Materials Meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Kim S, Sundaram A, Mathew AP, Hareshkumar VS, Mohapatra A, Thomas RG, Bui TTM, Moon K, Kweon S, Park IK, Jeong YY. In situ hypoxia modulating nano-catalase for amplifying DNA damage in radiation resistive colon tumors. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:6177-6192. [PMID: 37504889 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm00618b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) is a mainstream clinical approach in cancer treatment. However, the therapeutic efficacy of RT is greatly hindered by the presence of excessive hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the hypoxic region of the solid tumor, thus leading to tumor recurrence and metastasis. Herein, a thioketal-linked amphiphilic nano-assembly (MTS) loaded with hydrophobic manganese oxide (HMO) nanoparticles (MTS@HMO) is examined as a promising multi-purpose reactive oxygen species (ROS)-catalytic nanozyme for transforming an RT-resistant hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME) into an RT-susceptible one by scavenging ROS in the hypoxic core of the solid tumor. After intravenous injection, the MTS@HMO nano-assembly was able to sense and be degraded by the abundant ROS in the hypoxic TME, thereby releasing HMO particles for subsequent scavenging of H2O2. The oxygen generated during peroxide scavenging then relieved the hypoxic TME, thereby resulting in an increased sensitivity of the hypoxic tumor tissue towards RT. Moreover, the in situ hypoxic status was monitored via the T1-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the Mn2+ ions generated by the ROS-mediated degradation of HMO. The in vitro results demonstrated a significant H2O2 elimination and enhanced oxygen generation after the treatment of the MTS@HMO nano-assembly with tumor cells under hypoxic conditions, compared to the control MTS group. In addition, the combination of RT and pre-treatment with MTS@HMO nano-assembly significantly amplified the permanent DNA strand breaks in tumor cells compared to the control RT group. More importantly, the in vivo results proved that the systemic injection of the MTS@HMO nano-assembly prior to RT irradiation enhanced the RT-mediated tumor suppression and down-regulated the hypoxic marker of HIF-1α in the solid tumor compared to the control RT group. Overall, the present work demonstrates the great potential of the versatile ROS-catalytic hypoxia modulating strategy using the MTS@HMO nano-assembly to enhance the RT-induced antitumor efficacy in hypoxic solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and BioMedical Sciences Graduate Program (BMSGP), Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Global Future Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea
- DR Cure Inc., Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Aravindkumar Sundaram
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and BioMedical Sciences Graduate Program (BMSGP), Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ansuja Pulickal Mathew
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and BioMedical Sciences Graduate Program (BMSGP), Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea.
| | - Vasvani Shyam Hareshkumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and BioMedical Sciences Graduate Program (BMSGP), Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Global Future Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea
- DR Cure Inc., Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Adityanarayan Mohapatra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and BioMedical Sciences Graduate Program (BMSGP), Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea.
| | - Reju George Thomas
- Department of Radiology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea.
| | - Thinh T M Bui
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Kyuho Moon
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Seho Kweon
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and BioMedical Sciences Graduate Program (BMSGP), Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Global Future Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea
- DR Cure Inc., Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Yeon Jeong
- Department of Radiology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea.
- DR Cure Inc., Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea
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McCabe SM, Wallace GQ, Sloan-Dennison S, Tipping WJ, Shand NC, Graham D, Boyd M, Faulds K. Evaluating nanoparticle localisation in glioblastoma multicellular tumour spheroids by surface enhanced Raman scattering. Analyst 2023. [PMID: 37366648 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00751k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a particularly aggressive and high-grade brain cancer, with poor prognosis and life expectancy, in urgent need of novel therapies. These severe outcomes are compounded by the difficulty in distinguishing between cancerous and non-cancerous tissues using conventional imaging techniques. Metallic nanoparticles (NPs) are advantageous due to their diverse optical and physical properties, such as their targeting and imaging potential. In this work, the uptake, distribution, and location of silica coated gold nanoparticles (AuNP-SHINs) within multicellular tumour spheroids (MTS) derived from U87-MG glioblastoma cells was investigated by surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) optical mapping. MTS are three-dimensional in vitro tumour mimics that represent a tumour in vivo much more closely than that of a two-dimensional cell culture. By using AuNP-SHIN nanotags, it is possible to readily functionalise the inner gold surface with a Raman reporter, and the outer silica surface with an antibody for tumour specific targeting. The nanotags were designed to target the biomarker tenascin-C overexpressed in U87-MG glioblastoma cells. Immunochemistry indicated that tenascin-C was upregulated within the core of the MTS, however limitations such as NP size, quiescence, and hypoxia, restricted the penetration of the nanotags to the core and they remained in the outer proliferating cells of the spheroids. Previous examples of MTS studies using SERS demonstrated the incubation of NPs on a 2D monolayer of cells, with the subsequent formation of the MTS from these pre-incubated cells. Here, we focus on the localisation of the NPs after incubation into pre-formed MTS to establish a better understanding of targeting and NP uptake. Therefore, this work highlights the importance for the investigation and translation of NP uptake into these 3D in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M McCabe
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK.
- The Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Gregory Q Wallace
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK.
| | - Sian Sloan-Dennison
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK.
| | - William J Tipping
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK.
| | - Neil C Shand
- The Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Duncan Graham
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK.
| | - Marie Boyd
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - Karen Faulds
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK.
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13
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Yang S, Sun B, Liu F, Li N, Wang M, Wu P, Wu GL, Fang H, He Y, Zhou W, Xiao H, Tan X, Tang L, Zhu S, Yang Q. NIR-II Imaging-Guided Mitochondrial-Targeting Organic Nanoparticles for Multimodal Synergistic Tumor Therapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2207995. [PMID: 36942859 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Effectively interfering energy metabolism in tumor cells and simultaneously activating the in vivo immune system to perform immune attacks are meaningful for tumor treatment. However, precisely targeted therapy is still a huge challenge. Herein, a mitochondrial-targeting phototheranostic system, FE-T nanoparticles (FE-T NPs) are developed to damage mitochondria in tumor cells and change the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment. FE-T NPs are engineered by encapsulating the near-infrared (NIR) absorbed photosensitizer IR-FE-TPP within amphiphilic copolymer DSPE-SS-PEG-COOH for high-performing with simultaneous mitochondrial-targeting, near-infrared II (NIR-II) fluorescence imaging, and synchronous photothermal therapy (PTT) /photodynamic therapy (PDT) /immune therapy (IMT). In tumor treatment, the disulfide in the copolymer can be cleaved by excess intracellular glutathione (GSH) to release IR-FE-TPP and accumulate in mitochondria. After 808 nm irradiation, the mitochondrial localization of FE-T NPs generated reactive oxygen species (ROS), and hyperthermia, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, photoinductive apoptosis, and immunogenic cell death (ICD). Notably, in situ enhanced PDT/PTT in vivo via mitochondrial-targeting with FE-T NPs boosts highly efficient ICD toward excellent antitumor immune response. FE-T NPs provide an effective mitochondrial-targeting phototheranostic nanoplatform for imaging-guided tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Yang
- Center for Molecular Imaging Probe, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- Tumor Pathology Research Group & Department of Pathology, Institute of Basic Disease Sciences & School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, Hunan, 423000, China
| | - Bin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Fen Liu
- Center for Molecular Imaging Probe, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Na Li
- Center for Molecular Imaging Probe, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Minghui Wang
- Center for Molecular Imaging Probe, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Peixian Wu
- Center for Molecular Imaging Probe, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Gui-Long Wu
- Center for Molecular Imaging Probe, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Huilong Fang
- Tumor Pathology Research Group & Department of Pathology, Institute of Basic Disease Sciences & School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, Hunan, 423000, China
| | - Yuxuan He
- Center for Molecular Imaging Probe, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Center for Molecular Imaging Probe, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Hao Xiao
- Center for Molecular Imaging Probe, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Xiaofeng Tan
- Center for Molecular Imaging Probe, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Li Tang
- Center for Molecular Imaging Probe, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan, 571158, China
| | - Shoujun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Qinglai Yang
- Center for Molecular Imaging Probe, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
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14
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Zu Y, Wang Z, Yao H, Yan L. Oxygen-generating biocatalytic nanomaterials for tumor hypoxia relief in cancer radiotherapy. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:3071-3088. [PMID: 36920849 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb02751h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT), the most commonly used treatment method in clinics, shows unique advantages such as strong penetration, high energy intensity, and low systemic side effects. However, in vivo tumor hypoxia seriously hinders the therapeutic effect of RT. Hypoxia is a common characteristic of locally advanced solid tumor microenvironments, which leads to the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of tumor cells. In addition, oxygen consumption during RT will further aggravate tumor hypoxia, causing a variety of adverse side effects. In recent years, various biocatalytic nanomaterials (BCNs) have been explored to regulate and reverse tumor hypoxia microenvironments during RT. In this review, the most recent efforts toward developing oxygen-generating BCNs in relieving tumor hypoxia in RT are focused upon. The classification, engineering nanocatalytical activity of oxygen-generating BCNs and combined therapy based on these BCNs are systematically introduced and discussed. The challenges and prospects of these oxygen-generating BCNs in RT applications are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ziyu Wang
- College of Medical and Biological lnformation Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110170, China
| | - Huiqin Yao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Liang Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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15
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Ingle J, Basu S. Mitochondria Targeted AIE Probes for Cancer Phototherapy. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:8925-8935. [PMID: 36936289 PMCID: PMC10018722 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, mitochondrion (powerhouse of the cells) gained lots of interest as one of the unorthodox targets for futuristic cancer therapy. As a result, novel small molecules were developed to damage and image mitochondria in cancer models. In this context, aggregation-induced emission probes (AIEgens) received immense attention due to their applications in mitochondria-targeted biosensing, imaging, and biomedical theranostics. On the other hand, phototherapy (photodynamic and photothermal) has emerged as a powerful alternative to manage cancer due to its less invasive nature. However, merging these two areas to engineer mitochondria-targeted phototherapeutic probes for cancer diagnosis and treatment has remained a major challenge. In this mini-review, we will outline the development of novel mitochondria-targeted small molecule AIEgens as imaging agents and photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy along with dual photodymanic-phototheramal therapy and chemo-photodynamic therapy. We will also highlight the current challenges in developing mitochondria-targeted photothermal therapy probes for future biomedical theranostic applications to manage cancer.
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16
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Bai R, Li Y, Jian L, Yang Y, Zhao L, Wei M. The hypoxia-driven crosstalk between tumor and tumor-associated macrophages: mechanisms and clinical treatment strategies. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:177. [PMID: 36071472 PMCID: PMC9454207 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01645-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Given that hypoxia is a persistent physiological feature of many different solid tumors and a key driver for cancer malignancy, it is thought to be a major target in cancer treatment recently. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), which have a large impact on tumor development and immunotherapy. TAMs massively accumulate within hypoxic tumor regions. TAMs and hypoxia represent a deadly combination because hypoxia has been suggested to induce a pro-tumorigenic macrophage phenotype. Hypoxia not only directly affects macrophage polarization, but it also has an indirect effect by altering the communication between tumor cells and macrophages. For example, hypoxia can influence the expression of chemokines and exosomes, both of which have profound impacts on the recipient cells. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the intricate interaction between cancer cells and TAMs in the hypoxic TME is relevant to poor prognosis and increased tumor malignancy. However, there are no comprehensive literature reviews on the molecular mechanisms underlying the hypoxia-mediated communication between tumor cells and TAMs. Therefore, this review has the aim to collect all recently available data on this topic and provide insights for developing novel therapeutic strategies for reducing the effects of hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Bai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyan Jian
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuehui Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China. .,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Minjie Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China. .,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China. .,Shenyang Kangwei Medical Laboratory Analysis Co. LTD, Shenyang, 110000, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Sivasubramanian M, Lo LW. Assessment of Nanoparticle-Mediated Tumor Oxygen Modulation by Photoacoustic Imaging. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12050336. [PMID: 35624636 PMCID: PMC9138624 DOI: 10.3390/bios12050336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is an invaluable tool in biomedical imaging, as it provides anatomical and functional information in real time. Its ability to image at clinically relevant depths with high spatial resolution using endogenous tissues as contrast agents constitutes its major advantage. One of the most important applications of PAI is to quantify tissue oxygen saturation by measuring the differential absorption characteristics of oxy and deoxy Hb. Consequently, PAI can be utilized to monitor tumor-related hypoxia, which is a crucial factor in tumor microenvironments that has a strong influence on tumor invasiveness. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-based therapies, such as photodynamic therapy, radiotherapy, and sonodynamic therapy, are oxygen-consuming, and tumor hypoxia is detrimental to their efficacy. Therefore, a persistent demand exists for agents that can supply oxygen to tumors for better ROS-based therapeutic outcomes. Among the various strategies, NP-mediated supplemental tumor oxygenation is especially encouraging due to its physio-chemical, tumor targeting, and theranostic properties. Here, we focus on NP-based tumor oxygenation, which includes NP as oxygen carriers and oxygen-generating strategies to alleviate hypoxia monitored by PAI. The information obtained from quantitative tumor oxygenation by PAI not only supports optimal therapeutic design but also serves as a highly effective tool to predict therapeutic outcomes.
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18
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Targeting HIF-2α in the Tumor Microenvironment: Redefining the Role of HIF-2α for Solid Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14051259. [PMID: 35267567 PMCID: PMC8909461 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inadequate oxygen supply, or hypoxia, is characteristic of the tumor microenvironment and correlates with poor prognosis and therapeutic resistance. Hypoxia leads to the activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling pathway and stabilization of the HIF-α subunit, driving tumor progression. The homologous alpha subunits, HIF-1α and HIF-2α, are responsible for mediating the transcription of a multitude of critical proteins that control proliferation, angiogenic signaling, metastasis, and other oncogenic factors, both differentially and sequentially regulating the hypoxic response. Post-translational modifications of HIF play a central role in its behavior as a mediator of transcription, as well as the temporal transition from HIF-1α to HIF-2α that occurs in response to chronic hypoxia. While it is evident that HIF-α is highly dynamic, HIF-2α remains vastly under-considered. HIF-2α can intensify the behaviors of the most aggressive tumors by adapting the cell to oxidative stress, thereby promoting metastasis, tissue remodeling, angiogenesis, and upregulating cancer stem cell factors. The structure, function, hypoxic response, spatiotemporal dynamics, and roles in the progression and persistence of cancer of this HIF-2α molecule and its EPAS1 gene are highlighted in this review, alongside a discussion of current therapeutics and future directions.
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