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Sasaki S. Long-term follow-up study of SWEDD patients with mild parkinsonian signs. BMJ Neurol Open 2024; 6:e000600. [PMID: 38665250 PMCID: PMC11043762 DOI: 10.1136/bmjno-2023-000600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Whether scan without evidence of dopaminergic deficit (SWEDD) can be a reliable indication of a clinical entity of Parkinson's disease (PD) is controversial. Objective To evaluate the proportion of SWEDD patients with mild parkinsonian signs who are classifiable as idiopathic PD. Methods 32 SWEDD patients with unilateral or asymmetric finger tremor with a rest component and unilateral rigidity (Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS)-III scores of 3-5) were enrolled. They underwent longitudinal examination by UPDRS-III, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), smell test and 123I-FP-CIT SPECT (DaTSCAN) at baseline (first DaTSCAN) and at follow-up (second DaTSCAN) after 27-83 months. Age-matched controls (n=112) also underwent MMSE and smell test. Results At follow-up, 21 of 32 SWEDD patients (65.6%) showed significantly reduced specific binding ratios below the normal range, that is, positive DaTSCAN, sometimes with increased asymmetry index (n=11). Among these 21 patients, the mean (SD) UPDRS-III score at follow-up was significantly higher than that at baseline (5.5 (2.2) vs 4.0 (0.5)) (p=0.003). The mean (SD) MMSE scores in SWEDD patients (n=32) at baseline and follow-up were not significantly different compared with those in controls. Olfactory function both in SWEDD patients with positive and negative DaTSCAN was significantly impaired versus controls (p<0.001), although no significant difference was recognised between patients with positive (n=21) and negative (n=11) second DaTSCAN. Conclusion The majority of SWEDD patients with mild rest tremor and rigidity could be classified as having idiopathic PD in this longitudinal and long-term follow-up study.
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Angelini L, Terranova R, Lazzeri G, van den Berg KRE, Dirkx MF, Paparella G. The role of laboratory investigations in the classification of tremors. Neurol Sci 2023; 44:4183-4192. [PMID: 37814130 PMCID: PMC10641063 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-07108-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tremor is the most common movement disorder. Although clinical examination plays a significant role in evaluating patients with tremor, laboratory tests are useful to classify tremors according to the recent two-axis approach proposed by the International Parkinson and Movement Disorders Society. METHODS In the present review, we will discuss the usefulness and applicability of the various diagnostic methods in classifying and diagnosing tremors. We will evaluate a number of techniques, including laboratory and genetic tests, neurophysiology, and neuroimaging. The role of newly introduced innovative tremor assessment methods will also be discussed. RESULTS Neurophysiology plays a crucial role in tremor definition and classification, and it can be useful for the identification of specific tremor syndromes. Laboratory and genetic tests and neuroimaging may be of paramount importance in identifying specific etiologies. Highly promising innovative technologies are being developed for both clinical and research purposes. CONCLUSIONS Overall, laboratory investigations may support clinicians in the diagnostic process of tremor. Also, combining data from different techniques can help improve understanding of the pathophysiological bases underlying tremors and guide therapeutic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Angelini
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Dell'Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Roberta Terranova
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "GF Ingrassia," University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giulia Lazzeri
- IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Kevin R E van den Berg
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Center of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel F Dirkx
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Center of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Giulia Paparella
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Dell'Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
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Froehner GS, Camargo CHF, Fabiani G, Meira AT, Filho RM, Munhoz RP, Teive HAG. Parkinson's Disease in Patients with Essential Tremor: A Prospective Clinical and Functional Neuroimaging Assessment. Open Neurol J 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1874205x-v16-e2202071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction:
Patients with essential tremor (ET) have 3.5 times greater risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD) throughout their lives, also known as PD with antecedent ET (ET-PD). Single photon emission computed tomography with radiotracer imaging of dopamine transporters (TRODAT-SPECT) can help differentiate these two diseases.
Method:
Relate the results of TRODAT-SPECT imaging in patients with ET to potential progress to ET-PD. Thirty-six patients with ET were evaluated by neurological examination, the Archimedes spiral, and the MDS-UPDRS III scale on two occasions, after a mean interval of three years. SPECT was performed on all patients after the first visit.
Results:
Overall, six patients (16.6%) progressed clinically to ET-PD. Patients with ET-PD were older, and the age of tremor onset was later. The ET-PD group scored higher on the MDS-UPDRS III scale, especially for the presence of bradykinesia. SPECT imaging was altered in 83.3% of the ET-PD patients compared to 33% of the ET patients (p=0.034). Changes on the SPECT with asymmetrical hypouptake suggested progress to ET-PD (p=0.025).
Conclusion:
Advanced age at the onset of tremor, the presence of bradykinesia, and asymmetrical alterations in SPECT may be related to progression to PD in patients with ET. Changes in neuroimaging suggest that SPECT-TRODAT can be used to predict progression to PD in selected patients.
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Liu XL, Liu SY, Barret O, Tamagnan GD, Qiao HW, Song TB, Lu J, Chan P. Diagnostic value of striatal 18F-FP-DTBZ PET in Parkinson’s disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:931015. [PMID: 35936768 PMCID: PMC9355024 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.931015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background18F-FP-DTBZ has been proven as a biomarker for quantifying the concentration of presynaptic vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2). However, its clinical application is still limited.ObjectivesTo evaluate the difference in dopaminergic integrity between patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and healthy controls (HC) using 18F-FP-DTBZ PET in vivo and to determine the diagnostic value of standardized uptake value ratios (SUVRs) using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve.MethodsA total of 34 PD and 31 HC participants were enrolled in the PET/MR derivation cohort, while 89 PD and 18 HC participants were recruited in the PET/CT validation cohort. The Hoehn–Yahr Scale and the third part of the MDS-Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDSUPDRS-III) were used to evaluate the disease staging and severity. All assessments and PET scanning were performed in drug-off states. The striatum was segmented into five subregions as follows: caudate, anterior dorsal putamen (ADP), anterior ventral putamen (AVP), posterior dorsal putamen (PDP), and posterior ventral putamen (PVP) using automatic pipeline built with the PMOD software (version 4.105). The SUVRs of the targeted subregions were calculated using the bilateral occipital cortex as the reference region.ResultsRegarding the diagnostic value, ROC curve and blind validation showed that the contralateral PDP (SUVR = 3.43) had the best diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 0.973; P < 0.05), with a sensitivity of 97.1% (95% CI: 82.9–99.8%), specificity of 100% (95% CI: 86.3–100%), positive predictive value (PPV) of 100% (95% CI: 87.0–100%), negative predictive value (NPV) of 96.9% (95% CI: 82.0–99.8%), and an accuracy of 98.5% for the diagnosis of PD in the derivation cohort. Blind validation of 18F-FP-DTBZ PET imaging diagnosis was done using the PET/CT cohort, where participants with a SUVR of the PDP <3.43 were defined as PD. Kappa test showed a consistency of 0.933 (P < 0.05) between clinical diagnosis and imaging diagnosis, with a sensitivity of 98.9% (95% CI: 93.0–99.9%), specificity of 94.4% (95% CI: 70.6–99.7%), PPV of 98.9% (95% CI: 93.0–99.9%), NPV of 94.4% (95% CI: 70.6–99.7%), and a diagnostic accuracy of 98.1%.ConclusionsOur results showed that an SUVR threshold of 3.43 in the PDP could effectively distinguish patients with PD from HC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Lin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Ying Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research (CIBR), Beijing, China
- Shu-Ying Liu,
| | - Olivier Barret
- CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Gilles D. Tamagnan
- Mental Health PET Radioligand Development (MHPRD) Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Hong-Wen Qiao
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Bin Song
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Piu Chan
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Piu Chan,
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Structural connectivity alterations in the motor network of patients with scans without evidence of dopaminergic deficit (SWEDD). J Neurol 2022; 269:5926-5933. [PMID: 35794352 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11259-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximatively, 10% of patients initially diagnosed with Parkinson's disease (PD) show preserved presynaptic dopaminergic function in the nigrostriatal pathway on DAT-SPECT imaging. This syndrome is not compatible with PD diagnosis, and is known as scans without evidence of dopaminergic deficit (SWEDD). OBJECTIVE To investigate structural connectivity of cerebello-subcortico-cortical networks, including the nigrostriatal pathway, in an international cohort of subjects with SWEDD compared to normal controls using probabilistic tractography. METHODS Twenty-eight patients with SWEDD and 21 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC) were selected from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) database. All participants underwent whole-brain 3D T1-weighted and diffusion-weighted MRI, as well as DAT-SPECT. Probabilistic tractography was performed in network-mode between regions of the cerebello-thalamo-basal ganglia-cortical circuits, to extract the connectivity strength between pairs of nodes of the circuit, as well as volumetric and diffusion measures of each reconstructed tract. Analysis of covariance with age and sex as covariates of non-interest was performed to assess group differences. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05 after false-discovery-rate correction for multiple comparisons. RESULTS Compared to HC, patients with SWEDD showed increased fractional anisotropy in bilateral thalamo-putamen-precentral, left nigro-putaminal and left thalamo-pallidal pathways. Furthermore, we found decreased mean streamline length in bilateral thalamo-nigro-cerebellar pathways and in the left nigro-caudate connection. CONCLUSIONS Clinical heterogeneity of SWEDD syndrome may account for involvement of different brain circuits, such as the cerebello-thalamo-cortical and the nigrostriatal pathways, characteristic of different tremulous disorders.
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Palermo G, Giannoni S, Bellini G, Siciliano G, Ceravolo R. Dopamine Transporter Imaging, Current Status of a Potential Biomarker: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11234. [PMID: 34681899 PMCID: PMC8538800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A major goal of current clinical research in Parkinson's disease (PD) is the validation and standardization of biomarkers enabling early diagnosis, predicting outcomes, understanding PD pathophysiology, and demonstrating target engagement in clinical trials. Molecular imaging with specific dopamine-related tracers offers a practical indirect imaging biomarker of PD, serving as a powerful tool to assess the status of presynaptic nigrostriatal terminals. In this review we provide an update on the dopamine transporter (DAT) imaging in PD and translate recent findings to potentially valuable clinical practice applications. The role of DAT imaging as diagnostic, preclinical and predictive biomarker is discussed, especially in view of recent evidence questioning the incontrovertible correlation between striatal DAT binding and nigral cell or axon counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Palermo
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.P.); (S.G.); (G.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Sara Giannoni
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.P.); (S.G.); (G.B.); (G.S.)
- Unit of Neurology, San Giuseppe Hospital, 50053 Empoli, Italy
| | - Gabriele Bellini
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.P.); (S.G.); (G.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Gabriele Siciliano
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.P.); (S.G.); (G.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Roberto Ceravolo
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.P.); (S.G.); (G.B.); (G.S.)
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Unit of Neurology, Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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7
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Roberta B, Paolo B, Massimo F, Roberto E. Unexpected ( 123I)FP-CIT SPECT findings: SWIDD, SWEDD and all DAT. J Neurol 2021; 269:758-770. [PMID: 34537866 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10809-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is essentially clinical, the implementation of imaging techniques can improve diagnostic accuracy. While some techniques (e.g. magnetic resonance imaging-MRI, computerized tomography-CT) are used to exclude secondary syndromes, presynaptic dopaminergic imaging including imaging of dopamine transporter (DAT)-can help the Neurologist in the differential diagnosis between neurodegenerative parkinsonian syndromes and parkinsonism without dopamine deficiency. DAT imaging can be useful in cases in which the clinical picture is not univocal, as in case of overlapping clinical features in patients with early disease, atypical syndromes or unsatisfying response to therapy. Currently, (123I)FP-CIT ([123I]N-ω-fluoropropyl-2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl)nortropane) (trade name DaTSCAN) is the only agent approved by international regulatory agencies for this purpose. With the increasing use of this technique, some unexpected findings have been reported, including patients clinically diagnosed with PD with a normal SPECT scan [e.g. Scans Without Evidence of Dopaminergic Deficit (SWEDD)]; PD patients with a greater dopaminergic deficit in the striatum ipsilateral to the clinically more affected side [e.g. Scans With Ipsilateral Dopaminergic Deficit (SWIDD)]; as well as some artifacts. Moreover, the neurologist must remember that structural lesions and administration of some drugs might alter the result of DAT imaging. Unexpected findings, artifacts, and misinterpretation of imaging findings can lead to an erroneous diagnosis and inappropriate therapy, neglect of other medical conditions that might explain the clinical picture, and undermine the selection phase in clinical trials. The aim of the present review is to bring clarity on these controversial (and sometimes erroneous) results, in order to inform of these possibilities the clinicians requesting a DaTSCAN in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balestrino Roberta
- Department of Neurosurgery and Gamma Knife Radiosurgery, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Neurology Unit, Neurorehabilitation Unit, and Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Barone Paolo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Neuroscience Section, University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Filippi Massimo
- Neurology Unit, Neurorehabilitation Unit, and Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy. .,Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy. .,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
| | - Erro Roberto
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Neuroscience Section, University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy
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8
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Nicastro N, Burkhard PR, Garibotto V. Preserved Extrastriatal 123I-FP-CIT Binding in Scans Without Evidence of Dopaminergic Deficit (SWEDD). Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 22:1592-1599. [PMID: 32468408 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-020-01502-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Scans without evidence of dopaminergic deficit (SWEDD) have been initially described in a minority of subjects with suspected Parkinson's disease (PD). Although a highly controversial entity, longitudinal studies showed that SWEDD cases mostly involve non-degenerative conditions mimicking PD or misattribution of scan images to normal status. Using the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) cohort, we undertook a case-controlled analysis of [123I]N-ω-fluoropropyl-2β-carbomethoxy-iodophenyl nortropane ([123I]FP-CIT) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images to measure extrastriatal serotonergic transporter (SERT) density in SWEDD and PD. PROCEDURES We included 37 SWEDD cases (mean age 60 years, 33 % female) with available [123I]FP-CIT SPECT imaging and high-resolution T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for coregistration. Sixty-one controls and 62 similarly aged PD subjects were included for group comparisons. Regional [123I]FP-CIT was extracted with PETPVE12 using geometric transfer matrix and partial volume effect correction. RESULTS PD subjects showed significantly lower [123I]FP-CIT binding in both striatal (caudate nucleus and putamen) and extrastriatal regions (pallidum and insula) compared with controls and SWEDD (all between-group p < 0.0001). PD group also showed lower binding in the thalamus relative to controls (p = 0.007). Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) area under the curve (AUC) did not show a significant difference when using extrastriatal region in addition to striatal ROIs for the separation of SWEDD and PD (95 % ROC-AUC for both methods, p = 0.52). In addition, striatal [123I]FP-CIT binding contralateral to the clinically more affected side was usually lower for PD (> 75 %) but not for SWEDD (< 49 %, p < 0.002). No significant difference regarding [123I]FP-CIT binding was observed between SWEDD and controls. CONCLUSION These findings corroborate the view that SWEDD cases represent a heterogeneous group of conditions not involving dopaminergic and serotonergic terminals. Further studies are warranted to be assessed whether using extrastriatal [123I]FP-CIT evaluation can be of help in the assessment of degenerative parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Nicastro
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. .,Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 rue G. Perret-Gentil, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Pierre R Burkhard
- Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 rue G. Perret-Gentil, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Garibotto
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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9
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Lee JW, Song YS, Kim H, Ku BD, Lee WW. Patients with scans without evidence of dopaminergic deficit (SWEDD) do not have early Parkinson's disease: Analysis of the PPMI data. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246881. [PMID: 33566871 PMCID: PMC7875405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate whether patients with scans without evidence of dopaminergic deficit (SWEDD) have early Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS The clinical characteristics, striatal specific binding ratios (SBRs), and the indices of I-123 FP-CIT SPECT images of 50 SWEDD patients, 304 PD patients, and 141 healthy controls were acquired from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) data and evaluated during a 2-year clinical follow-up period. RESULTS Of the 50 subjects with SWEDD, PD was confirmed in 13 subjects (the PD-SWEDD group), while the remaining 37 subjects had other diseases (the Other-SWEDD group). Striatal SBR values and striatal asymmetry indices of the PD group were significantly different with those of the PD-SWEDD and Other-SWEDD groups at both baseline and after 2 years (p < 0.001). Putaminal SBR values of the PD-SWEDD group were significantly decreased after 2 years (p < 0.05). There was no difference of the SBR values between baseline and after 2 years in the Other-SWEDD group. A baseline MDS-UPDRS III score matched comparison of the PD and PD-SWEDD group was done due to the large difference of the subject numbers. Striatal SBR values and striatal asymmetry indices were significantly different (p < 0.001) between the two groups at both baseline and after 2 years, but there were no significant difference with respect to the MDS-UPDRS III scores after 2 years between the two groups. CONCLUSION The different SBR values and asymmetry indices between the PD and PD-SWEDD groups at baseline and after 2 years indicate that SWEDD may not be early PD, but rather a different disease entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Won Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, International St. Mary’s Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Sung Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeyun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, International St. Mary’s Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bon D. Ku
- Department of Neurology, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, International St. Mary’s Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Woo Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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10
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Kerstens VS, Varrone A. Dopamine transporter imaging in neurodegenerative movement disorders: PET vs. SPECT. Clin Transl Imaging 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40336-020-00386-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
The dopamine transporter (DAT) serves as biomarker for parkinsonian syndromes. DAT can be measured in vivo with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET). DAT-SPECT is the current clinical molecular imaging standard. However, PET has advantages over SPECT measurements, and PET radioligands with the necessary properties for clinical applications are on the rise. Therefore, it is time to review the role of DAT imaging with SPECT compared to PET.
Methods
PubMed and Web of Science were searched for relevant literature of the previous 10 years. Four topics for comparison were used: diagnostic accuracy, quantitative accuracy, logistics, and flexibility.
Results
There are a few studies directly comparing DAT-PET and DAT-SPECT. PET and SPECT both perform well in discriminating neurodegenerative from non-neurodegenerative parkinsonism. Clinical DAT-PET imaging seems feasible only recently, thanks to simplified DAT assessments and better availability of PET radioligands and systems. The higher resolution of PET makes more comprehensive assessments of disease progression in the basal ganglia possible. Additionally, it has the possibility of multimodal target assessment.
Conclusion
DAT-SPECT is established for differentiating degenerative from non-degenerative parkinsonism. For further differentiation within neurodegenerative Parkinsonian syndromes, DAT-PET has essential benefits. Nowadays, because of wider availability of PET systems and radioligand production centers, and the possibility to use simplified quantification methods, DAT-PET imaging is feasible for clinical use. Therefore, DAT-PET needs to be considered for a more active role in the clinic to take a step forward to a more comprehensive understanding and assessment of Parkinson’s disease.
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11
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Menéndez-González M, Álvarez-Avellón T, Salas-Pacheco JM, de Celis-Alonso B, Wyman-Chick KA, Arias-Carrión O. Frontotemporal Lobe Degeneration as Origin of Scans Without Evidence of Dopaminergic Deficit. Front Neurol 2018; 9:335. [PMID: 29881367 PMCID: PMC5976748 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The term scans without evidence of dopaminergic deficit (SWEDD) can be associated with any patient diagnosed at first with Parkinson's disease but with a negative dopamine transporter-single photon emission computed tomography (DaTSPECT), which does not confirm the presynaptic dopaminergic deficiency. Therefore, an alternative diagnosis should be sought to support parkinsonism as a clinical diagnosis. Parkinsonism is a well-known manifestation of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), particularly frequent in those with positive DaTSPECT. Here, we reinforce previous observations that parkinsonism can be present in FTLD patients with negative DaTSPECT and therefore, FTLD may account for a percentage of patients with SWEDD. We gather the clinical observations supporting this hypothesis and describe a case report illustrating this idea. Studies suggest the result of DaTSPECT in FTLD may depend on the neuropathology and clinical subtype. However, most studies do not provide a clinical description of the clinical subtype or pathological features making the association between subtypes of FTLD and DaTSPECT results impossible at the moment. Further studies correlating clinical, neuropsychological, neuroimaging, genetic, and pathology findings are needed to better understand parkinsonism in FTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Menéndez-González
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,Departamento de Morfología y Biología Funcional, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - José M Salas-Pacheco
- Instituto de Investigación Científica, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, México
| | - Benito de Celis-Alonso
- Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | | | - Oscar Arias-Carrión
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento y Sueño/Centro de Innovación Médica Aplicada, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, Ciudad de México, México
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di Biase L, Brittain JS, Shah SA, Pedrosa DJ, Cagnan H, Mathy A, Chen CC, Martín-Rodríguez JF, Mir P, Timmerman L, Schwingenschuh P, Bhatia K, Di Lazzaro V, Brown P. Tremor stability index: a new tool for differential diagnosis in tremor syndromes. Brain 2017; 140:1977-1986. [PMID: 28459950 PMCID: PMC5493195 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
See Vidailhet et al. (doi:10.1093/brain/awx140) for a scientific commentary on this article. Misdiagnosis among tremor syndromes is common, and can impact on both clinical care and research. To date no validated neurophysiological technique is available that has proven to have good classification performance, and the diagnostic gold standard is the clinical evaluation made by a movement disorders expert. We present a robust new neurophysiological measure, the tremor stability index, which can discriminate Parkinson’s disease tremor and essential tremor with high diagnostic accuracy. The tremor stability index is derived from kinematic measurements of tremulous activity. It was assessed in a test cohort comprising 16 rest tremor recordings in tremor-dominant Parkinson’s disease and 20 postural tremor recordings in essential tremor, and validated on a second, independent cohort comprising a further 55 tremulous Parkinson’s disease and essential tremor recordings. Clinical diagnosis was used as gold standard. One hundred seconds of tremor recording were selected for analysis in each patient. The classification accuracy of the new index was assessed by binary logistic regression and by receiver operating characteristic analysis. The diagnostic performance was examined by calculating the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, likelihood ratio positive, likelihood ratio negative, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, and by cross-validation. Tremor stability index with a cut-off of 1.05 gave good classification performance for Parkinson’s disease tremor and essential tremor, in both test and validation datasets. Tremor stability index maximum sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 95%, 95% and 92%, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed an area under the curve of 0.916 (95% confidence interval 0.797–1.000) for the test dataset and a value of 0.855 (95% confidence interval 0.754–0.957) for the validation dataset. Classification accuracy proved independent of recording device and posture. The tremor stability index can aid in the differential diagnosis of the two most common tremor types. It has a high diagnostic accuracy, can be derived from short, cheap, widely available and non-invasive tremor recordings, and is independent of operator or postural context in its interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lazzaro di Biase
- Neurology Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128, Rome, Italy.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Level 6, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, OX3 9DU, Oxford, UK.,Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, OX1 3TH, Oxford, UK
| | - John-Stuart Brittain
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Level 6, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, OX3 9DU, Oxford, UK.,Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, OX1 3TH, Oxford, UK
| | - Syed Ahmar Shah
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Level 6, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, OX3 9DU, Oxford, UK.,Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, OX1 3TH, Oxford, UK
| | - David J Pedrosa
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Level 6, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, OX3 9DU, Oxford, UK.,Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, OX1 3TH, Oxford, UK.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50924 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hayriye Cagnan
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Level 6, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, OX3 9DU, Oxford, UK.,Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, OX1 3TH, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexandre Mathy
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Level 6, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, OX3 9DU, Oxford, UK
| | - Chiung Chu Chen
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Juan Francisco Martín-Rodríguez
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Level 6, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, OX3 9DU, Oxford, UK.,Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Pablo Mir
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Lars Timmerman
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50924 Cologne, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Marburg, Germany
| | - Petra Schwingenschuh
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Kailash Bhatia
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, University College London, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, London, UK
| | - Vincenzo Di Lazzaro
- Neurology Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Peter Brown
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Level 6, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, OX3 9DU, Oxford, UK.,Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, OX1 3TH, Oxford, UK
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Kang W, Dong F, Li D, Quinn TJ, Chen S, Liu J. The predictive value of SS-16 in clinically diagnosed Parkinson's disease patients: comparison with (99m)Tc-TRODAT-1 SPECT scans. Transl Neurodegener 2016; 5:15. [PMID: 27547386 PMCID: PMC4992567 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-016-0062-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dopamine transporter based imaging has high diagnostic performance in distinguishing patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) from patients with non-Parkinsonian syndromes. Our previous study indicated that the “Sniffin’ Sticks” odor identification test (SS-16) acts as a valid instrument for olfactory assessment in Chinese PD patients. The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of the two methods in diagnosing PD. Methods Fifty-two PD patients were involved in this study and underwent single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging using the labeled dopamine transporter radiotracer 99mTc-TRODAT-1 to assess nigrostriatal dopaminergic function. Olfactory function was assessed with the “Sniffin’ Sticks” odor identification test (SS-16) in all patients who received DAT-SPECT scanning. Statistical analysis (SPSS version 21) was carried out to determine the diagnostic accuracy of SS-16 as well as its correlation with 99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT, its positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV). Results We identified a negative correlation between SS-16 and DAT SPECT (Kappa = 0.269, p = 0.004). By using the 99mTc-TRODAT-1 uptake results as the gold standard, the sensitivity and specificity of SS-16 was 56.8 and 37.5 %, respectively. Furthermore, the negative and positive predictive values were calculated as 13.6 and 83.3 %, respectively. Conclusions SS-16 would not be used as a diagnostic tool for early stage PD patients. Negative results of SS-16 would not exclude the diagnosis of PD. Further tests are needed for validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Kang
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital North affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangyi Dong
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dunhui Li
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Thomas J Quinn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI 48073 USA
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Wile DJ, Dinelle K, Vafai N, McKenzie J, Tsui JK, Schaffer P, Ding YS, Farrer M, Sossi V, Stoessl AJ. A scan without evidence is not evidence of absence: Scans without evidence of dopaminergic deficit in a symptomatic leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 mutation carrier. Mov Disord 2015; 31:405-9. [PMID: 26685774 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The basis for SWEDD is unclear, with most cases representing PD mimics but some later developing PD with a dopaminergic deficit. METHODS We studied a patient initially diagnosed with SWEDD (based on (18)F-dopa PET) who developed unequivocal PD associated with a leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 p.G2019S mutation. Repeat multitracer PET was performed at 17 years' disease duration, including (+)[11C]dihydrotetrabenazine, [11C](N,N-dimethyl-2-(2-amino-4-cyanophenylthio) benzylamine (which binds the serotonin transporter), and (18)F-dopa. RESULTS The patient showed bilateral striatal dopaminergic denervation (right putamen 28% of age-matched normal, left putamen 33%). (18)F-dopa uptake was decreased, particularly on the left (mean 31% of normal vs. 45% on the more affected right side). Serotonin transporter binding was relatively preserved in the putamen (right mean 90% of normal, left 81%) and several cortical regions. CONCLUSIONS SWEDD can occur in genetically determined PD and may, in some cases, be the result of compensatory nondopaminergic mechanisms operating in early disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl J Wile
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Katie Dinelle
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nasim Vafai
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Joseph K Tsui
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Yu-Shin Ding
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Vesna Sossi
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - A Jon Stoessl
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Perlmutter JS, Norris SA. Neuroimaging biomarkers for Parkinson disease: facts and fantasy. Ann Neurol 2014; 76:769-83. [PMID: 25363872 PMCID: PMC4245400 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In this grand rounds, we focus on development, validation, and application of neuroimaging biomarkers for Parkinson disease (PD). We cover whether such biomarkers can be used to identify presymptomatic individuals (probably yes), provide a measure of PD severity (in a limited fashion, but frequently done poorly), investigate pathophysiology of parkinsonian disorders (yes, if done carefully), play a role in differential diagnosis of parkinsonism (not well), and investigate pathology underlying cognitive impairment (yes, in conjunction with postmortem data). Along the way, we clarify several issues about definitions of biomarkers and surrogate endpoints. The goal of this lecture is to provide a basis for interpreting current literature and newly proposed clinical tools in PD. In the end, one should be able to critically distinguish fact from fantasy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel S. Perlmutter
- Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Anatomy & Neurobiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Occupational Therapy, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Physical Therapy, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Menéndez-González M. Biomarkers in neurodegenerative disorders: translating research into clinical practice. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:281. [PMID: 25374540 PMCID: PMC4204519 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Menéndez-González
- Neurology Unit, Hospital Álvarez-Buylla Oviedo, Spain ; Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Universidad de Oviedo Oviedo, Spain ; Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Oviedo Oviedo, Spain
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