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Li J, Li X, Chen F, Li W, Chen J, Zhang B. Studying the Alzheimer's disease continuum using EEG and fMRI in single-modality and multi-modality settings. Rev Neurosci 2024; 35:373-386. [PMID: 38157429 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a biological, clinical continuum that covers the preclinical, prodromal, and clinical phases of the disease. Early diagnosis and identification of the stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are crucial in clinical practice. Ideally, biomarkers should reflect the underlying process (pathological or otherwise), be reproducible and non-invasive, and allow repeated measurements over time. However, the currently known biomarkers for AD are not suitable for differentiating the stages and predicting the trajectory of disease progression. Some objective parameters extracted using electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are widely applied to diagnose the stages of the AD continuum. While electroencephalography (EEG) has a high temporal resolution, fMRI has a high spatial resolution. Combined EEG and fMRI (EEG-fMRI) can overcome single-modality drawbacks and obtain multi-dimensional information simultaneously, and it can help explore the hemodynamic changes associated with the neural oscillations that occur during information processing. This technique has been used in the cognitive field in recent years. This review focuses on the different techniques available for studying the AD continuum, including EEG and fMRI in single-modality and multi-modality settings, and the possible future directions of AD diagnosis using EEG-fMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
| | - Futao Chen
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
| | - Weiping Li
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
| | - Jiu Chen
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
- Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
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Boscolo-Rizzo P, Hummel T, Invitto S, Spinato G, Tomasoni M, Emanuelli E, Tofanelli M, Cavicchia A, Grill V, Vaira LA, Lechien JR, Borsetto D, Polesel J, Dibattista M, Menini A, Hopkins C, Tirelli G. Psychophysical assessment of olfactory and gustatory function in post-mild COVID-19 patients: A matched case-control study with 2-year follow-up. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2023; 13:1864-1875. [PMID: 36852674 DOI: 10.1002/alr.23148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to psychophysically evaluate the prevalence of smell and taste dysfunction 2 years after mildly symptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection compared to that observed at 1-year follow-up and while considering the background of chemosensory dysfunction in the no-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) population. METHOD This is a prospective case-control study on 93 patients with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive SARS-CoV-2 infection and 93 matched controls. Self-reported olfactory and gustatory dysfunction was assessed by 22-item Sino-Nasal-Outcome Test (SNOT-22), item "Sense of smell or taste." Psychophysical orthonasal and retronasal olfactory function and gustatory performance were estimated using the extended Sniffin' Sticks test battery, 20 powdered tasteless aromas, and taste strips test, respectively. Nasal trigeminal sensitivity was assessed by sniffing a 70% solution of acetic acid. RESULTS The two psychophysical assessments of chemosensory function took place after a median of 409 days (range, 366-461 days) and 765 days (range, 739-800 days) from the first SARS-CoV-2-positive swab, respectively. At 2-year follow-up, cases exhibited a decrease in the prevalence of olfactory (27.9% vs. 42.0%; absolute difference, -14.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI], -21.8% to -2.6%; p = 0.016) and gustatory dysfunction (14.0% vs. 25.8%; absolute difference, -11.8%; 95% CI, -24.2% to 0.6%; p = 0.098). Subjects with prior COVID-19 were more likely than controls to have an olfactory dysfunction (27.9% vs. 10.8 %; absolute difference, 17.2%; 95% CI, 5.2% to 28.8%) but not gustatory dysfunction (14.0% vs. 9.7%; absolute difference, 4.3%; 95% CI, -5.8% to 14.4% p = 0.496) still 2 years after the infection. Overall, 3.2% of cases were still anosmic 2 years after the infection. CONCLUSIONS Although a proportion of subjects recovered from long-lasting smell/taste dysfunction more than 1 year after COVID-19, cases still exhibited a significant excess of olfactory dysfunction 2 years after SARS-CoV-2 infection when compared to matched controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Boscolo-Rizzo
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sara Invitto
- INSPIRE LAB-Laboratory of Cognitive and Psychophysiological Olfactory Processes, DiSTeBA, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Giacomo Spinato
- Department of Neurosciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Padova, Treviso, Italy
- Unit of Otolaryngology, Azienda Unità Locale Socio Sanitaria 2-Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy
| | - Michele Tomasoni
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Enzo Emanuelli
- Unit of Otolaryngology, Azienda Unità Locale Socio Sanitaria 2-Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy
| | - Margherita Tofanelli
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Angelo Cavicchia
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Vittorio Grill
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Luigi Angelo Vaira
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, Maxillofacial Surgery Operative Unit, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Jerome R Lechien
- Department of Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Mons School of Medicine, UMONS. Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium
| | - Daniele Borsetto
- Department of ENT, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jerry Polesel
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Aviano, Italy
| | - Michele Dibattista
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari A. Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Menini
- Neurobiology Group, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Claire Hopkins
- Ear, Nose and Throat Department, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Giancarlo Tirelli
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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De Luca R, Bonanno M, Rifici C, Quartarone A, Calabrò RS. Post-traumatic olfactory dysfunction: a scoping review of assessment and rehabilitation approaches. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1193406. [PMID: 37521284 PMCID: PMC10374209 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1193406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic Olfactory Dysfunction (PTOD) consists of a complete or partial loss of olfactory function that may occur after a traumatic brain injury (TBI). PTOD may be linked to some neuropsychiatric features, such as social, cognitive and executive dysfunction, as well as behavioral symptoms, especially when TBI involves the orbito-frontal cortex. The diagnosis of PTOD is based on medical history and clinical data and it is supported by psychometric tests (i.e., subjective tools) as well as electrophysiological and neuroimaging measures (i.e., objective methods). The assessment methods allow monitoring the changes in olfactory function over time and help to establish the right therapeutic and rehabilitative approach. In this context, the use of the olfactory training (OT), which is a non-pharmacological and non-invasive treatment option, could promote olfactory function through top-down (central) and bottom-up (peripheral) processes. To better manage patients with TBI, PTOD should be detected early and properly treated using the various therapeutic rehabilitative possibilities, both conventional and advanced, also taking into consideration the emerging neuromodulation approach.
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杜 伟, 赵 闪, 韦 新, 王 剑, 薛 涛, 齐 美, 陈 福. [A prospective study of the effect of functional endoscopic sinus surgery on the recovery of olfactory function in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis]. LIN CHUANG ER BI YAN HOU TOU JING WAI KE ZA ZHI = JOURNAL OF CLINICAL OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY, HEAD, AND NECK SURGERY 2023; 37:542-549. [PMID: 37549946 PMCID: PMC10570099 DOI: 10.13201/j.issn.2096-7993.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective:To investigate the efficacy of functional endoscopic sinus surgery(FESS) in the treatment of olfactory dysfunction in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) , at the same time, it provides an evidence for the prognosis evaluation of olfaction and the clinical application of oERPs to evaluate the plasticity of olfaction cortex. Methods:From October 2021 to October 2022, 45 patients with CRSwNP who underwent FESS nine-step standardized treatment in our department were recruited as the research subjects, divided into 22 patients with eosinophilic CRSwNP(ECRS)and 23 patients with non-eosinophilic CRSwNP(nECRS). VAS-olfactory dysfunction (VAS-OD) score, SNOT-22 olfactory score, Sniffin' Sticks test and oERPs collection and processing were performed before the operation. All items were evaluated again 3 months after the operation. Results:VAS-OD and SNOT-22 olfactory score were significantly lower in all CRSwNP patients after the operation than those before the operation[F(1, 43) =357.429, P<0.001; F(1, 43) =185.657, P<0.001], the scores of T, D, I and TDI scores in Sniffin' Sticks test were significantly higher than those before the operation[F(1, 43) =126.302, P<0.001; F(1, 43) =311.301, P<0.001; F(1, 43) =131.401, P<0.001; F(1, 43) =295.885, P<0.001]; The decrease of VAS-OD and SNOT-22 olfactory score in the ECRS group was smaller than that in the nECRS group[F(1, 43) =4.825, P=0.033; F(1, 43) =9.916, P=0.003], T, D and TDI scores were significantly lower in nECRS group than those in nECRS group[F(1, 43) =6.719, P=0.013; F(1, 43) =4.890, P=0.032; F(1, 43) =4.469, P=0.040]; There was a positive correlation between preoperative eosinophil-to-lymphocyte ratio(ELR) and SNOT-22 olfactory score and how much it changes(r=0.455, P=0.002; r=-0.414, P=0.005), a negative correlation between T, TDI score and how much they change respectively(r=-0.431, P=0.003; r=-0.385, P=0.009; r=-0.383, P=0.010; r=-0.316, P=0.035). The latency of P3 was significantly shorter after operation than that before operation in all CRSwNP patients[F(1, 14) =24.840, P<0.001], however, the amplitude has no significant surgical effect. Conclusion:FESS could significantly improve the olfactory function of CRSwNP patients, while changes in plasticity may occur in the olfactory cortex. In addition, the preoperative peripheral blood eosinophil granulocyte level can predict the postoperative olfactory improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- 伟嘉 杜
- 空军军医大学西京医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(西安,710032)Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - 闪光 赵
- 马来亚大学生物医学工程系Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia
| | - 新 韦
- 西安交通大学Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - 剑 王
- 空军军医大学西京医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(西安,710032)Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - 涛 薛
- 空军军医大学西京医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(西安,710032)Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - 美浩 齐
- 空军军医大学西京医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(西安,710032)Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - 福权 陈
- 空军军医大学西京医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(西安,710032)Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
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Invitto S, Boscolo-Rizzo P, Fantin F, Bonifati DM, de Filippis C, Emanuelli E, Frezza D, Giopato F, Caggiula M, Schito A, Ciccarese V, Spinato G. Exploratory Study on Chemosensory Event-Related Potentials in Long COVID-19 and Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Common Pathway? Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10030376. [PMID: 36978767 PMCID: PMC10045951 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10030376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
People affected by the Long COVID-19 (LC) syndrome often show clinical manifestations that are similar to those observed in patients with mild cognitive impairments (MCI), such as olfactory dysfunction (OD), brain fog, and cognitive and attentional diseases. This study aimed to investigate the chemosensory-evoked related potentials (CSERP) in LC and MCI to understand if there is a common pathway for the similarity of symptoms associated with these disorders. Eighteen LC patients (mean age 53; s.d. = 7), 12 patients diagnosed with MCI (mean age 67; s.d. = 6), and 10 healthy control subjects (mean age 66; s.d. = 5, 7) were recruited for this exploratory study. All of them performed a chemosensory event-related potentials (CSERP) task with the administration of trigeminal stimulations (e.g., the odorants cinnamaldehyde and eucalyptus). Study results highlighted that MCI and LC showed reduced N1 amplitude, particularly in the left frontoparietal network, involved in working memory and attentional deficits, and a reduction of P3 latency in LC. This study lays the foundations for evaluating aspects of LC as a process that could trigger long-term functional alterations, and CSERPs could be considered valid biomarkers for assessing the progress of OD and an indicator of other impairments (e.g., attentional and cognitive impairments), as they occur in MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Invitto
- INSPIRE Lab, Laboratory on Cognitive and Psychophysiological Olfactory Processing, DiSTeBA, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Paolo Boscolo-Rizzo
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Trieste, 34123 Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesco Fantin
- Department of Neuroscience DNS, Audiology Unit at Treviso Hospital, University of Padova, 31100 Treviso, Italy
| | - Domenico Marco Bonifati
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Neuro-Cardio-Vascular, Ca' Foncello Hospital, 31100 Treviso, Italy
| | - Cosimo de Filippis
- Department of Neuroscience DNS, University of Padova, Audiology and Phoniatrics Unit, Ca' Foncello Hospital, 31100 Treviso, Italy
| | - Enzo Emanuelli
- Otolaringology Unit, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Local Health Unit N.2 "Marca Trevigiana", 31100 Treviso, Italy
| | - Daniele Frezza
- Otolaringology Unit, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Local Health Unit N.2 "Marca Trevigiana", 31100 Treviso, Italy
| | - Federico Giopato
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Neuro-Cardio-Vascular, Ca' Foncello Hospital, 31100 Treviso, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Schito
- INSPIRE Lab, Laboratory on Cognitive and Psychophysiological Olfactory Processing, DiSTeBA, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Istituto Santa Chiara, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Giacomo Spinato
- Department of Neuroscience DNS, Section of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
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Çelik C, Güler H, Pehlivan M. Medicolegal aspect of loss of smell and olfactory event-related potentials. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2022; 12:47. [PMID: 36320625 PMCID: PMC9610318 DOI: 10.1186/s41935-022-00306-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is not straightforward to objectively evaluate the olfactory dysfunction that occurs following forensic incidents. The olfactory event-related potentials method, based on electrophysiological records, may provide objective data in the evaluation of posttraumatic anosmia cases from the medicolegal perspective. This study, where a quantitative evaluation of the cases with the complaints of olfactory sensation disorder was performed using the olfactory event-related potentials test, aims to identify the factors that should be considered in the evaluation of olfactory dysfunction from the medicolegal perspective. Results This study first evaluated the complaints of 98 patients admitted because of posttraumatic impaired smell and then administered electrophysiological odor tests on the patients. Because of this, the relationship between the EEG responses of the cases and the olfactory disorder was examined. Of the 98 cases that participated in the study, 68 (69.4%) were male and 30 (30.6%) were female. Of all cases, 53 (54.1%) had complaints of not being able to smell at all, 14 (14.3%) had complaints of reduced smell, whereas, in addition to the existing complaints of olfactory dysfunction, 44 (44.9%) of them had complaints of taste perception and 18 (18.3%) reported having vision disorders. 21 of 37 cases who reported being unable to smell during the test turned out to be anosmic. Furthermore, 16 cases stated that, though having had a response in the odor test, they had no sense of smell following the test. Conclusions Although it seems possible to prove that there is a relationship between the olfactory event-related potential test and the diagnosis of anosmia, there is still ongoing research on its use in clinical practice. Performing both subjective and electrophysiological tests together to detect olfactory dysfunctions that occur after a forensic incident enable provide more reliable results in diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cemil Çelik
- Council of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Medicine Branch Office, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Hülya Güler
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Murat Pehlivan
- Department of Biophysics, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
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Invitto S, Leucci M, Accogli G, Schito A, Nestola C, Ciccarese V, Rinaldi R, Boscolo Rizzo P, Spinato G, Leo S. Chemobrain, Olfactory and Lifestyle Assessment in Onco-Geriatrics: Sex-Mediated Differences between Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12101390. [PMID: 36291323 PMCID: PMC9599735 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12101390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A possible link between chemotherapy and cognitive impairment has been identified. In the literature, this condition is usually called chemobrain and can mostly affect some memory domain but can lead also to other cognitive impairments. Olfaction, which is known to be linked with cognitive domain and the nociception system, can also be affected by chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the main cognitive and olfactory abilities and the functional and nutritional state of a cohort of chemotherapy and immunotherapy onco-geriatric patients and control geriatrics subjects. Cognitive, olfactory, geriatric and nutritional assessments were performed through the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Sniffin' Sticks Screening 12, G8 test and a questionnaire on the adherence of the Mediterranean diet, respectively. Our findings show a gender effect on the MMSE. Overall results indicate more pronounced impairments both at the cognitive and frailty level regardless of the type of therapy. On the other hand, the Sniffin' Sticks performances highlight a significant decrease in olfactory perception ability of subjects following immunotherapy. Significant correlations between olfactory performance and MMSE and G8 scores were also found, as well as between MMSE and G8 measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Invitto
- INSPIRE LAB-Laboratory of Cognitive and Psychophysiological Olfactory Processes, DiSTeBA, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Mariangela Leucci
- INSPIRE LAB-Laboratory of Cognitive and Psychophysiological Olfactory Processes, DiSTeBA, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Accogli
- INSPIRE LAB-Laboratory of Cognitive and Psychophysiological Olfactory Processes, DiSTeBA, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Andrea Schito
- INSPIRE LAB-Laboratory of Cognitive and Psychophysiological Olfactory Processes, DiSTeBA, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Claudia Nestola
- Department of Medical Oncology, Vito Fazzi Hospital, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Ross Rinaldi
- Department of Mathematics and Physics “Ennio De Giorgi”, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Paolo Boscolo Rizzo
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Trieste, 34129 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giacomo Spinato
- Section of Otolaryngology, Regional Centre for Head and Neck Cancer, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, 31100 Treviso, Italy
| | - Silvana Leo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Vito Fazzi Hospital, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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Spatial Olfactory Memory and Spatial Olfactory Navigation, Assessed with a Variant of Corsi Test, Is Modulated by Gender and Sporty Activity. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12081108. [PMID: 36009170 PMCID: PMC9406228 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12081108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have focused on navigation, spatial skills, and the olfactory system in comparative models, including those concerning the relationship between them and physical activity. Although the results are often in contrast with each other, it is assumed that physical activity can affect cognition in different ways—both indirectly and through a certain influence on some brain structures. In contrast, there is little research that focuses on the relationship between spatial abilities and olfactory abilities in humans. This research aimed to evaluate and compare the performance in working memory tasks of athletes and non-athletes who require good visual–spatial navigation, olfactory–spatial navigation, and olfactory–semantic skills. The study involved 236 participants (83 athletes) between the ages of 18 and 40. All subjects were matched by age or sex. The standard Corsi Block Tapping Test (CBTT) was administrated to investigate the visual-spatial memory. Olfactory–spatial navigation and olfactory–semantic skills were assessed with two modified versions of CBTT: Olfactory CBTT (OCBTT) and Semantic–Olfactory CBTT (SOCBTT) respectively. The results show differences between the CORSI conditions in direction of a poor performance for athletes. A gender effect in favor of men was also found, particularly in the classic version of the CBTT. Both groups performed better in the classic version of the CBTT than OCBTT and SOCBTT. The mean of SOCBTT results is markedly lower, perhaps due to the different information processing systems needed to perform this kind of task. It is possible to explain how sports practice can affect tasks that require spatial skills and olfactory perception differently, thus supporting new hypotheses and opening new scientific horizons.
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杜 伟, 陈 福. [Application research and development of objective examination of olfactory function]. LIN CHUANG ER BI YAN HOU TOU JING WAI KE ZA ZHI = JOURNAL OF CLINICAL OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY, HEAD, AND NECK SURGERY 2022; 36:482-486. [PMID: 35822371 PMCID: PMC10128502 DOI: 10.13201/j.issn.2096-7993.2022.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The sense of smell is one of the five most primitive human sensory functions, and it plays a very important role in our daily lives. Despite numerous methods for evaluating olfactory function, there is still a lack of standardization of olfactory tests and the results are often inconsistent. Furthermore, the related research on objective evaluation started relatively late. Along with the deciphering of the olfactory pathway, the technical level of olfactory objective inspection has been greatly improved and significant progress has also been made in terms of clinical application, such as: olfactory pathway MRI and fMRI imaging, OERPs, BEAM for various olfactory disorders and early diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders, as well as related research based on bionic olfactory sensing technology. This article mainly introduces the recent research progress of several commonly used objective olfactory tests and provides reference for more accurate evaluation of olfactory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- 伟嘉 杜
- 空军军医大学西京医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(西安,710032)Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - 福权 陈
- 空军军医大学西京医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(西安,710032)Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
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10
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Chen Z, Hu C, Zhang Y, Xie H, Wei Y. Gustatory event-related potential alterations in olfactory dysfunction patients. Neurol Sci 2022; 43:2899-2908. [PMID: 35106693 PMCID: PMC8807141 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-022-05876-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The phenomenon that longstanding impaired olfactory function is associated with the decreased gustatory function was described in present studies, which was seems attributed to mutual chemosensory interactions. And the interaction between olfaction and gustation still needs more research to figure out. The objective of the study was to investigate how the taste was influenced by olfactory impairment in the central pathway. We tested 33 subjects with normal (n = 19) or impaired (n = 14) olfactory function for their gustatory event-related potentials (gERPs). Validated tests were used for olfactory and gustatory testing (Sniffin’ Sticks, gERPs, and three-drop test). This study reported an objective gustatory function decline in olfactory dysfunction participants. However, it also reported the increased gustatory event-related potentials of olfactory dysfunction participants, especially at the frontal electrode (FZ) and electrode 16 (E16), and the reduced latency of P2 peak of them at electrode 21 (E21), while no obvious difference was observed at the centro-parietal electrode (PZ). Inferior insula might be the main response area for the increase in gERPs, and this increase averaged amplitude of the P2 component may attribute to compensation of the secondary gustatory response that occurred in the gustatory processing of olfactory-impaired patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zirong Chen
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Anzhen Road, Beijing, Chaoyang District, China
- Department of Otolaryngology, Smell and Taste Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Anzhen Road 2, Beijing, Chaoyang District, 100010, China
| | - Chunhua Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Smell and Taste Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Anzhen Road 2, Beijing, Chaoyang District, 100010, China
| | - Yaru Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, China National Technology Institute On Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hongbo Xie
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Anzhen Road, Beijing, Chaoyang District, China
- Department of Otolaryngology, Smell and Taste Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Anzhen Road 2, Beijing, Chaoyang District, 100010, China
| | - Yongxiang Wei
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Yabao Road 2, Chaoyang District, 100029, Beijing, China.
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11
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Behavior of olfactory-related frontal lobe oscillations in Alzheimer's disease and MCI: A pilot study. Int J Psychophysiol 2022; 175:43-53. [PMID: 35217110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Slow-gamma (35-45 Hz) phase synchronization and the coupling between slow-gamma and low-frequency theta oscillations (4-8 Hz) are closely related to memory retrieval and cognitive functions. In this pilot study, we assess the Phase Amplitude Coupling (PAC) between theta and slow-gamma oscillatory bands and the quality of synchronization in slow-gamma oscillations using Phase Locking Value (PLV) on EEG data from healthy individuals and patients diagnosed with amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) during an oddball olfactory task. Our study indicates noticeable differences between the PLV and PAC values corresponding to olfactory stimulation in the three groups of participants. These differences can help explain the underlying processes involved in these cognitive disorders and the differences between aMCI and AD patients in performing cognitive tasks. Our study also proposes a diagnosis method for aMCI through comparing the brain's response characteristics during olfactory stimulation and rest. Early diagnosis of aMCI can potentially lead to its timely treatment and prevention from progression to AD.
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12
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Marín-Pardo D, Giménez-Llort L. Olfactory Signatures in the Food Finding Test in Mice With Normal and Alzheimer's Disease-Pathological Aging With Special Concerns on the Effects of Social Isolation. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:733984. [PMID: 34675767 PMCID: PMC8523944 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.733984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The temporal course and the severity of the involution of sensory systems through aging can be critical since they ensure the ability to perceive and recognize the world. In older people, sensory impairments significantly increase their risk of biological, psychological, and social impoverishment. Besides this, olfactory loss is considered an early biomarker in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) neurodegenerative process. Here we studied olfactory ethograms in middle-aged male and female gold-standard C57BL/6 mice and 3xTg-AD mice, a genetic model of AD that presents cognitive dysfunction and a conspicuous neuropsychiatric-like phenotype. A paradigm involving 1-day food deprivation was used to investigate the ethological patterns shown in the olfactory inspection of a new cage and the sniffing, finding, and eating of hidden food pellets. The sniffing–find–eat temporal patterns were independent of the loss of weight and unveiled (fast) olfactory signatures in Alzheimer’s disease, differing from those (slow progressive) in normal aging. Male 3xTg-AD mice exhibited an early signature than female mice, opposite to animals with normal aging. The sequence of actions was correlated in male and female 3xTg-AD mice in contrast to control mice. Social isolation, naturally occurring in male 3xTg-AD due to the death of cage mates, emphasized their olfactory patterns and disrupted the behavioral correlates. The paradigm provided distinct contextual, sex, and genotype olfactory ethogram signatures useful to investigate olfactory function in normal and AD-pathological aging. Isolation had an impact on enhancing the changes in the olfactory signature here described, for the first time, in the 3xTg-AD model of Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Marín-Pardo
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lydia Giménez-Llort
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Mazzatenta A, Montagnini C, Brasacchio A, Sartucci F, Neri G. Electrophysiological and olfactometric evaluation of long-term COVID-19. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14992. [PMID: 34536067 PMCID: PMC8449286 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a public health emergency with cases increasing globally. Its clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic and acute respiratory disease to multiple organ dysfunction syndromes and effects of COVID-19 in the long term. Interestingly, regardless of variant, all COVID-19 share impairment of the sense of smell and taste. We would like to report, as far as we know, the first comprehensive neurophysiological evaluation of the long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the olfactory system with potential-related neurological damage. The case report concerns a military doctor, with a monitored health history, infected in April 2020 by the first wave of the epidemic expansion while on military duty in Codogno (Milan). In this subject, we find the electrophysiological signal in the periphery, while its correlate is absent in the olfactory bulb region than in whole brain recordings. In agreement with this result is the lack of metabolic signs of brain activation under olfactory stimulation. Consequently, quantitative and qualitative diagnoses of anosmia were made by means of olfactometric tests. We strongly suggest a comprehensive series of olfactometric tests from the first sign of COVID-19 and subsequent patient assessments. In conclusion, electrophysiological and metabolic tests of olfactory function have made it possible to study the long-term effects and the establishment of neurological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mazzatenta
- Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences Department, 'G. d'Annunzio' Univeristy of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Claudia Montagnini
- Centro di Selezione e Reclutamento Nazionale dell'Esercito, Foligno (Pg), Italy
| | - Andrea Brasacchio
- U.O.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione, Policlinico Militare 'Celio', Esercito Italiano, Rome, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Sartucci
- Neurophysiopathology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pisa University Medical School, Pisa, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute, CNR, Pisa, Italy.,Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation, Marina di Massa, Massa, Italy
| | - Giampiero Neri
- Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences Department, 'G. d'Annunzio' Univeristy of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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14
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Sedghizadeh MJ, Hojjati H, Ezzatdoost K, Aghajan H, Vahabi Z, Tarighatnia H. Olfactory response as a marker for Alzheimer's disease: Evidence from perceptual and frontal lobe oscillation coherence deficit. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243535. [PMID: 33320870 PMCID: PMC7737889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
High-frequency oscillations of the frontal cortex are involved in functions of the brain that fuse processed data from different sensory modules or bind them with elements stored in the memory. These oscillations also provide inhibitory connections to neural circuits that perform lower-level processes. Deficit in the performance of these oscillations has been examined as a marker for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Additionally, the neurodegenerative processes associated with AD, such as the deposition of amyloid-beta plaques, do not occur in a spatially homogeneous fashion and progress more prominently in the medial temporal lobe in the early stages of the disease. This region of the brain contains neural circuitry involved in olfactory perception. Several studies have suggested that olfactory deficit can be used as a marker for early diagnosis of AD. A quantitative assessment of the performance of the olfactory system can hence serve as a potential biomarker for Alzheimer's disease, offering a relatively convenient and inexpensive diagnosis method. This study examines the decline in the perception of olfactory stimuli and the deficit in the performance of high-frequency frontal oscillations in response to olfactory stimulation as markers for AD. Two measurement modalities are employed for assessing the olfactory performance: 1) An interactive smell identification test is used to sample the response to a sizable variety of odorants, and 2) Electroencephalography data are collected in an olfactory perception task with a pair of selected odorants in order to assess the connectivity of frontal cortex regions. Statistical analysis methods are used to assess the significance of selected features extracted from the recorded modalities as Alzheimer's biomarkers. Olfactory decline regressed to age in both healthy and mild AD groups are evaluated, and single- and multi-modal classifiers are also developed. The novel aspects of this study include: 1) Combining EEG response to olfactory stimulation with behavioral assessment of olfactory perception as a marker of AD, 2) Identification of odorants most significantly affected in mild AD patients, 3) Identification of odorants which are still adequately perceived by mild AD patients, 4) Analysis of the decline in the spatial coherence of different oscillatory bands in response to olfactory stimulation, and 5) Being the first study to quantitatively assess the performance of olfactory decline due to aging and AD in the Iranian population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hadi Hojjati
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kiana Ezzatdoost
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Aghajan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Vahabi
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Ziaeian Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Memory and Behavioral Neurology Division, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Heliya Tarighatnia
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Ziaeian Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Paitel ER, Samii MR, Nielson KA. A systematic review of cognitive event-related potentials in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Behav Brain Res 2020; 396:112904. [PMID: 32941881 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review examined whether event-related potentials (ERPs) during higher cognitive processing can detect subtle, early signs of neurodegenerative disease. Original, empirical studies retrieved from PsycINFO and PubMed were reviewed if they analyzed patterns in cognitive ERPs (≥150 ms post-stimulus) differentiating mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Alzheimer's disease (AD), or cognitively intact elders who carry AD risk through the Apolipoprotein-E ε4 allele (ε4+) from healthy older adult controls (HC). The 100 studies meeting inclusion criteria (MCI = 47; AD = 47; ε4+ = 6) analyzed N200, P300, N400, and occasionally, later components. While there was variability across studies, patterns of reduced amplitude and delayed latency were apparent in pathological aging, consistent with AD-related brain atrophy and cognitive impairment. These effects were particularly evident in advanced disease progression (i.e., AD > MCI) and in later ERP components measured during complex tasks. Although ERP studies in intact ε4+ elders are thus far scarce, a similar pattern of delayed latency was notable, along with a contrasting pattern of increased amplitude, consistent with compensatory neural activation. This limited work suggests ERPs might be able to index early neural changes indicative of future cognitive decline in otherwise healthy elders. As ERPs are also accessible and affordable relative to other neuroimaging methods, their addition to cognitive assessment might substantively enhance early identification and characterization of neural dysfunction, allowing opportunity for earlier differential diagnosis and targeting of intervention. To evaluate this possibility there is urgent need for well-powered studies assessing late cognitive ERPs during complex tasks, particularly in healthy elders at risk for cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristy A Nielson
- Marquette University, Department of Psychology, United States; Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Neurology and the Center for Imaging Research, United States.
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16
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Limphaibool N, Iwanowski P, Kozubski W, Swidziński T, Frankowska A, Kamińska I, Linkowska-Swidzińska K, Sekula A, Swidziński P, Maciejewska-Szaniec Z, Maciejewska B. Subjective and Objective Assessments of Post-traumatic Olfactory Dysfunction. Front Neurol 2020; 11:970. [PMID: 32982956 PMCID: PMC7479332 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Traumatic brain injuries are the most common cause of olfactory dysfunction. Deficits in olfaction may be conductive or neurosensory in nature, with varying degrees of impairment resulting in a diminished quality of life and an increased risk for personal injury among patients. The aim of this research is to evaluate the results of the subjective and objective quantitative examinations of olfactory function in a group of patients with post-traumatic anosmia in order to predict its value in identifying olfactory deficits in clinical practice. Materials and Methods: The present study included 38 patients who reported anosmia or hyposmia caused by a traumatic head injury, and a group of 31 age- and sex-matched controls without olfactory dysfunction or prior history of head injury. The comparison of odor perception and identification of two oils (mint and anise) was assessed with the use of blast olfactometry with cortical olfactory event-related potentials. Results: Subjective olfactory tests revealed anosmia or hyposmia in 94% of patients with head injury-related olfactory dysfunction. Objective tests revealed olfactory event-related potentials from cranial nerve I produced by the stimulation with both mint and anise in 20 patients (52.6%). Olfactory event-related potentials from cranial nerve V produced by the stimulation with mint were registered in 26 patients (68.4%). The lack of any responses, from both cranial nerve I and V, was found in 12 patients (32% of cases). Conclusions: Findings from our study indicate the application of both subjective and objective examinations in the evaluation of patients with olfactory impairment. In the diagnosis of post-traumatic anosmia or hyposmia, objective examinations are particularly useful when the patients' level of cognition may be impaired or when subjects may be exaggerating their olfactory defects for a secondary gain. The diagnosis of damage to the olfactory system, specifically in the receptive part of the olfactory pathway, can be established in patients who showed reduced amplitudes or absent cortical responses in addition to absent odor identification and perception threshold in the subjective examination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Piotr Iwanowski
- Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kozubski
- Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Teodor Swidziński
- Department of Biophysics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Frankowska
- Department of Medical Law, Organization and Management in Healthcare, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ilona Kamińska
- Department of Phoniatrics and Audiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Alicja Sekula
- Department of Phoniatrics and Audiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Swidziński
- Department of Phoniatrics and Audiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Zofia Maciejewska-Szaniec
- Department of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Barbara Maciejewska
- Department of Phoniatrics and Audiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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17
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de Tommaso M, Betti V, Bocci T, Bolognini N, Di Russo F, Fattapposta F, Ferri R, Invitto S, Koch G, Miniussi C, Piccione F, Ragazzoni A, Sartucci F, Rossi S, Valeriani M. Pearl and pitfalls in brain functional analysis by event-related potentials: a narrative review by the Italian Psychophysiology and Cognitive Neuroscience Society on methodological limits and clinical reliability-part II. Neurol Sci 2020; 41:3503-3515. [PMID: 32683566 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04527-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on new and/or less standardized event-related potentials methods, in order to improve their knowledge for future clinical applications. The olfactory event-related potentials (OERPs) assess the olfactory functions in time domain, with potential utility in anosmia and degenerative diseases. The transcranial magnetic stimulation-electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) could support the investigation of the intracerebral connections with very high temporal discrimination. Its application in the diagnosis of disorders of consciousness has achieved recent confirmation. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) and event-related fields (ERF) could improve spatial accuracy of scalp signals, with potential large application in pre-surgical study of epileptic patients. Although these techniques have methodological limits, such as high inter- and intraindividual variability and high costs, their diffusion among researchers and clinicians is hopeful, pending their standardization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina de Tommaso
- Applied Neurophysiology and Pain Unit-AnpLab-University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Viviana Betti
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Santa Lucia, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Bocci
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nadia Bolognini
- Department of Psychology & NeuroMi, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Laboratory of Neuropsychology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Russo
- Dept. of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Sara Invitto
- INSPIRE - Laboratory of Cognitive and Psychophysiological Olfactory Processes, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Giacomo Koch
- Fondazione Santa Lucia, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy.,Neuroscience Department, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Miniussi
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences - CIMeC, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy.,Cognitive Neuroscience Section, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Piccione
- Brain Imaging and Neural Dynamics Research Group, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
| | - Aldo Ragazzoni
- Unit of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Fondazione PAS, Scandicci, Florence, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Sartucci
- Section of Neurophysiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simone Rossi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience Siena Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation LAb (SI-BIN Lab), University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Valeriani
- Neurology Unit, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy. .,Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
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18
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Invitto S, Montinaro R, Ciccarese V, Venturella I, Fronda G, Balconi M. Smell and 3D Haptic Representation: A Common Pathway to Understand Brain Dynamics in a Cross-Modal Task. A Pilot OERP and fNIRS Study. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:226. [PMID: 31616263 PMCID: PMC6775200 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-modal perception allows olfactory information to integrate with other sensory modalities. Olfactory representations are processed by multisensory cortical pathways, where the aspects related to the haptic sensations are integrated. This complex reality allows the development of an integrated perception, where olfactory aspects compete with haptic and/or trigeminal activations. It is assumed that this integration involves both perceptive electrophysiological and metabolic/hemodynamic aspects, but there are no studies evaluating these activations in parallel. The aim of this study was to investigate brain dynamics during a cross-modal olfactory and haptic attention task, preceded by an exploratory session. The assessment of cross-modal dynamics was conducted through simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) recording, evaluating both electrophysiological and hemodynamic activities. The study consisted of two experimental sessions and was conducted with a sample of ten healthy subjects (mean age 25 ± 5.2 years). In Session 1, the subjects were trained to manipulate 3D haptic models (HC) and to smell different scents (SC). In Session 2, the subjects were tested during an attentive olfactory task, in order to investigate the olfactory event-related potentials (OERP) N1 and late positive component (LPC), and EEG rhythms associated with fNIRS components (oxy-Hb and deoxy-Hb). The main results of this study highlighted, in Task 1, a higher fNIRS oxy-Hb response during SC and a positive correlation with the delta rhythm in the central and parietal EEG region of interest. In Session 2, the N1 OERP highlighted a greater amplitude in SC. A negative correlation was found in HC for the deoxy-Hb parietal with frontal and central N1, and for the oxy-Hb frontal with N1 in the frontal, central and parietal regions of interests (ROIs). A negative correlation was found in parietal LPC amplitude with central deoxy-Hb. The data suggest that cross-modal valence modifies the attentional olfactory response and that the dorsal cortical/metabolic pathways are involved in these responses. This can be considered as an important starting point for understanding integrated cognition, as the subject could perceive in an ecological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Invitto
- Human Anatomy and Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy.,Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research Applied to Medicine, University of Salento-Vito Fazzi Hospital, Lecce, Italy
| | - Roberta Montinaro
- Human Anatomy and Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Irene Venturella
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Fronda
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Balconi
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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19
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Chemosensory Perception: A Review on Electrophysiological Methods in “Cognitive Neuro-Olfactometry”. CHEMOSENSORS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors7030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Various brain imaging techniques are available, but few are specifically designed to visualize chemical sensory and, in particular, olfactory processing. This review describes the results of quantitative and qualitative studies that have used electroencephalography (EEG) and magneto-encephalography (MEG) to evaluate responses to olfactory stimulation (OS). EEG and MEG are able to detect the components of chemosensory event-related potentials (CSERPs) and the cortical rhythms associated with different types of OS. Olfactory studies are filling the gaps in both the developmental field of the life cycle (from newborns to geriatric age) and the clinical and basic research fields, in a way that can be considered the modern “cognitive neuro-olfactometry”.
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20
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Invitto S, Mazzatenta A. Olfactory Event-Related Potentials and Exhaled Organic Volatile Compounds: The Slow Link Between Olfactory Perception and Breath Metabolic Response. A Pilot Study on Phenylethyl Alcohol and Vaseline Oil. Brain Sci 2019; 9:E84. [PMID: 30991670 PMCID: PMC6523942 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9040084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory processing starts with the breath and elicits neuronal, metabolic and cortical responses. This process can be investigated centrally via the Olfactory Event-Related Potentials (OERPs) and peripherally via exhaled Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). Despite this, the relationship between OERPs (i.e., N1 and Late Positive Component LPC) and exhaled VOCs has not been investigated enough. The aim of this research is to study OERPs and VOCs connection to two different stimuli: phenylethyl alcohol (PEA) and Vaseline Oil (VO). Fifteen healthy subjects performed a perceptual olfactory task with PEA as a smell target stimulus and VO as a neutral stimulus. The results suggest that OERPs and VOCs distributions follow the same amplitude trend and that PEA is highly arousing in both psychophysiological measures. PEA shows ampler and faster N1, a component related to the sensorial aspect of the stimulus. The N1 topographic localization is different between PEA and VO: PEA stimulus evokes greater N1 in the left centroparietal site. LPC, a component elicited by the perceptual characteristic of the stimulus, shows faster latency in the Frontal lobe and decreased amplitude in the Central and Parietal lobe elicited by the PEA smell. Moreover, the delayed time between the onset of N1-LPC and the onset of VOCs seems to be about 3 s. This delay could be identified as the internal metabolic time in which the odorous stimulus, once perceived at the cortical level, is metabolized and subsequently exhaled. Furthermore, the VO stimulus does not allocate the attentive, perceptive and metabolic resource as with PEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Invitto
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technologies, University of Salento, Campus Ecotekne, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
- DReAM Laboratory of InterDisciplinary Research Applied to Medicine, University of Salento-Vito Fazzi Hospital, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Andrea Mazzatenta
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Imaging e Scienze Cliniche, Università "d'Annunzio" di Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
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