1
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Campbell PW, Govindaiah G, Guido W. Development of reciprocal connections between the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and the thalamic reticular nucleus. Neural Dev 2024; 19:6. [PMID: 38890758 PMCID: PMC11184795 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-024-00183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) serves as an important node between the thalamus and neocortex, regulating thalamocortical rhythms and sensory processing in a state dependent manner. Disruptions in TRN circuitry also figures prominently in several neurodevelopmental disorders including epilepsy, autism, and attentional defects. An understanding of how and when connections between TRN and 1st order thalamic nuclei, such as the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), develop is lacking. We used the mouse visual thalamus as a model system to study the organization, pattern of innervation and functional responses between TRN and the dLGN. Genetically modified mouse lines were used to visualize and target the feedforward and feedback components of these intra-thalamic circuits and to understand how peripheral input from the retina impacts their development.Retrograde tracing of thalamocortical (TC) afferents through TRN revealed that the modality-specific organization seen in the adult, is present at perinatal ages and seems impervious to the loss of peripheral input. To examine the formation and functional maturation of intrathalamic circuits between the visual sector of TRN and dLGN, we examined when projections from each nuclei arrive, and used an acute thalamic slice preparation along with optogenetic stimulation to assess the maturation of functional synaptic responses. Although thalamocortical projections passed through TRN at birth, feedforward axon collaterals determined by vGluT2 labeling, emerged during the second postnatal week, increasing in density through the third week. Optogenetic stimulation of TC axon collaterals in TRN showed infrequent, weak excitatory responses near the end of week 1. During weeks 2-4, responses became more prevalent, grew larger in amplitude and exhibited synaptic depression during repetitive stimulation. Feedback projections from visual TRN to dLGN began to innervate dLGN as early as postnatal day 2 with weak inhibitory responses emerging during week 1. During week 2-4, inhibitory responses continued to grow larger, showing synaptic depression during repetitive stimulation. During this time TRN inhibition started to suppress TC spiking, having its greatest impact by week 4-6. Using a mutant mouse that lacks retinofugal projections revealed that the absence of retinal input led to an acceleration of TRN innervation of dLGN but had little impact on the development of feedforward projections from dLGN to TRN. Together, these experiments reveal how and when intrathalamic connections emerge during early postnatal ages and provide foundational knowledge to understand the development of thalamocortical network dynamics as well as neurodevelopmental diseases that involve TRN circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Campbell
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 511 S. Floyd St., Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
- Division of Neurology and Developmental Neurosciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Gubbi Govindaiah
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 511 S. Floyd St., Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - William Guido
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 511 S. Floyd St., Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
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2
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Luu P, Tucker DM. Continuity and change in neural plasticity through embryonic morphogenesis, fetal activity-dependent synaptogenesis, and infant memory consolidation. Dev Psychobiol 2023; 65:e22439. [PMID: 38010309 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
There is an apparent continuity in human neural development that can be traced to venerable themes of vertebrate morphogenesis that have shaped the evolution of the reptilian telencephalon (including both primitive three-layered cortex and basal ganglia) and then the subsequent evolution of the mammalian six-layered neocortex. In this theoretical analysis, we propose that an evolutionary-developmental analysis of these general morphogenetic themes can help to explain the embryonic development of the dual divisions of the limbic system that control the dorsal and ventral networks of the human neocortex. These include the archicortical (dorsal limbic) Papez circuits regulated by the hippocampus that organize spatial, contextual memory, as well as the paleocortical (ventral limbic) circuits that organize object memory. We review evidence that these dorsal and ventral limbic divisions are controlled by the differential actions of brainstem lemnothalamic and midbrain collothalamic arousal control systems, respectively, thereby traversing the vertebrate subcortical neuraxis. These dual control systems are first seen shaping the phyletic morphogenesis of the archicortical and paleocortical foundations of the forebrain in embryogenesis. They then provide dual modes of activity-dependent synaptic organization in the active (lemnothalamic) and quiet (collothalamic) stages of fetal sleep. Finally, these regulatory systems mature to form the major systems of memory consolidation of postnatal development, including the rapid eye movement (lemnothalamic) consolidation of implicit memory and social attachment in the first year, and then-in a subsequent stage-the non-REM (collothalamic) consolidation of explicit memory that is integral to the autonomy and individuation of the second year of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phan Luu
- Brain Electrophysiology Laboratory Company, Eugene, Oregon, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Don M Tucker
- Brain Electrophysiology Laboratory Company, Eugene, Oregon, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
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3
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Hoerder-Suabedissen A, Ocana-Santero G, Draper TH, Scott SA, Kimani JG, Shelton AM, Butt SJB, Molnár Z, Packer AM. Temporal origin of mouse claustrum and development of its cortical projections. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:3944-3959. [PMID: 36104852 PMCID: PMC10068282 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The claustrum is known for its extensive connectivity with many other forebrain regions, but its elongated shape and deep location have made further study difficult. We have sought to understand when mouse claustrum neurons are born, where they are located in developing brains, and when they develop their widespread connections to the cortex. We established that a well-characterized parvalbumin plexus, which identifies the claustrum in adults, is only present from postnatal day (P) 21. A myeloarchitectonic outline of the claustrum can be derived from a triangular fiber arrangement from P15. A dense patch of Nurr1+ cells is present at its core and is already evident at birth. Bromodeoxyuridine birth dating of forebrain progenitors reveals that the majority of claustrum neurons are born during a narrow time window centered on embryonic day 12.5, which is later than the adjacent subplate and endopiriform nucleus. Retrograde tracing revealed that claustrum projections to anterior cingulate (ACA) and retrosplenial cortex (RSP) follow distinct developmental trajectories. Claustrum-ACA connectivity matures rapidly and reaches adult-like innervation density by P10, whereas claustrum-RSP innervation emerges later over a protracted time window. This work establishes the timeline of claustrum development and provides a framework for understanding how the claustrum is built and develops its unique connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hoerder-Suabedissen
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel Ocana-Santero
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas H Draper
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie A Scott
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Jesse G Kimani
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M Shelton
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J B Butt
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Adam M Packer
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
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4
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Luhmann HJ, Kanold PO, Molnár Z, Vanhatalo S. Early brain activity: Translations between bedside and laboratory. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 213:102268. [PMID: 35364141 PMCID: PMC9923767 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Neural activity is both a driver of brain development and a readout of developmental processes. Changes in neuronal activity are therefore both the cause and consequence of neurodevelopmental compromises. Here, we review the assessment of neuronal activities in both preclinical models and clinical situations. We focus on issues that require urgent translational research, the challenges and bottlenecks preventing translation of biomedical research into new clinical diagnostics or treatments, and possibilities to overcome these barriers. The key questions are (i) what can be measured in clinical settings versus animal experiments, (ii) how do measurements relate to particular stages of development, and (iii) how can we balance practical and ethical realities with methodological compromises in measurements and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko J. Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, Mainz, Germany.,Correspondence:, , ,
| | - Patrick O. Kanold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue / Miller 379, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Correspondence:, , ,
| | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Sherrington Building, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK.
| | - Sampsa Vanhatalo
- BABA Center, Departments of Physiology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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5
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Swiegers J, Bhagwandin A, Maseko BC, Sherwood CC, Hård T, Bertelsen MF, Spocter MA, Molnár Z, Manger PR. The distribution, number, and certain neurochemical identities of infracortical white matter neurons in the brains of a southern lesser galago, a black-capped squirrel monkey, and a crested macaque. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:3676-3708. [PMID: 34259349 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, we examined the number, distribution, and aspects of the neurochemical identities of infracortical white matter neurons, also termed white matter interstitial cells (WMICs), in the brains of a southern lesser galago (Galago moholi), a black-capped squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis), and a crested macaque (Macaca nigra). Staining for neuronal nuclear marker (NeuN) revealed WMICs throughout the infracortical white matter, these cells being most dense close to inner cortical border, decreasing in density with depth in the white matter. Stereological analysis of NeuN-immunopositive cells revealed estimates of approximately 1.1, 10.8, and 37.7 million WMICs within the infracortical white matter of the galago, squirrel monkey, and crested macaque, respectively. The total numbers of WMICs form a distinct negative allometric relationship with brain mass and white matter volume when examined in a larger sample of primates where similar measures have been obtained. In all three primates studied, the highest densities of WMICs were in the white matter of the frontal lobe, with the occipital lobe having the lowest. Immunostaining revealed significant subpopulations of WMICs containing neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and calretinin, with very few WMICs containing parvalbumin, and none containing calbindin. The nNOS and calretinin immunopositive WMICs represent approximately 21% of the total WMIC population; however, variances in the proportions of these neurochemical phenotypes were noted. Our results indicate that both the squirrel monkey and crested macaque might be informative animal models for the study of WMICs in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Swiegers
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Adhil Bhagwandin
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Busisiwe C Maseko
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Chet C Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | | | - Mads F Bertelsen
- Centre for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Muhammad A Spocter
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul R Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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6
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Bruguier H, Suarez R, Manger P, Hoerder-Suabedissen A, Shelton AM, Oliver DK, Packer AM, Ferran JL, García-Moreno F, Puelles L, Molnár Z. In search of common developmental and evolutionary origin of the claustrum and subplate. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:2956-2977. [PMID: 32266722 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human claustrum, a major hub of widespread neocortical connections, is a thin, bilateral sheet of gray matter located between the insular cortex and the striatum. The subplate is a largely transient cortical structure that contains some of the earliest generated neurons of the cerebral cortex and has important developmental functions to establish intra- and extracortical connections. In human and macaque some subplate cells undergo regulated cell death, but some remain as interstitial white matter cells. In mouse and rat brains a compact layer is formed, Layer 6b, and it remains underneath the cortex, adjacent to the white matter. Whether Layer 6b in rodents is homologous to primate subplate or interstitial white matter cells is still debated. Gene expression patterns, such as those of Nurr1/Nr4a2, have suggested that the rodent subplate and the persistent subplate cells in Layer 6b and the claustrum might have similar origins. Moreover, the birthdates of the claustrum and Layer 6b are similarly precocious in mice. These observations prompted our speculations on the common developmental and evolutionary origin of the claustrum and the subplate. Here we systematically compare the currently available data on cytoarchitecture, evolutionary origin, gene expression, cell types, birthdates, neurogenesis, lineage and migration, circuit connectivity, and cell death of the neurons that contribute to the claustrum and subplate. Based on their similarities and differences we propose a partially common early evolutionary origin of the cells that become claustrum and subplate, a likely scenario that is shared in these cell populations across all amniotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Bruguier
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rodrigo Suarez
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Andrew M Shelton
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David K Oliver
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adam M Packer
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - José L Ferran
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical School, University of Murcia and Murcia Arrixaca Institute for Biomedical Research, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando García-Moreno
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Zamudio, Spain.,IKERBASQUE Foundation, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Luis Puelles
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical School, University of Murcia and Murcia Arrixaca Institute for Biomedical Research, Murcia, Spain
| | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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7
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Kostović I. The enigmatic fetal subplate compartment forms an early tangential cortical nexus and provides the framework for construction of cortical connectivity. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 194:101883. [PMID: 32659318 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The most prominent transient compartment of the primate fetal cortex is the deep, cell-sparse, synapse-containing subplate compartment (SPC). The developmental role of the SPC and its extraordinary size in humans remain enigmatic. This paper evaluates evidence on the development and connectivity of the SPC and discusses its role in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders. A synthesis of data shows that the subplate becomes a prominent compartment by its expansion from the deep cortical plate (CP), appearing well-delineated on MR scans and forming a tangential nexus across the hemisphere, consisting of an extracellular matrix, randomly distributed postmigratory neurons, multiple branches of thalamic and long corticocortical axons. The SPC generates early spontaneous non-synaptic and synaptic activity and mediates cortical response upon thalamic stimulation. The subplate nexus provides large-scale interareal connectivity possibly underlying fMR resting-state activity, before corticocortical pathways are established. In late fetal phase, when synapses appear within the CP, transient the SPC coexists with permanent circuitry. The histogenetic role of the SPC is to provide interactive milieu and capacity for guidance, sorting, "waiting" and target selection of thalamocortical and corticocortical pathways. The new evolutionary role of the SPC and its remnant white matter neurons is linked to the increasing number of associative pathways in the human neocortex. These roles attributed to the SPC are regulated using a spatiotemporal gene expression during critical periods, when pathogenic factors may disturb vulnerable circuitry of the SPC, causing neurodevelopmental cognitive circuitry disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivica Kostović
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Scientific Centre of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Salata 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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8
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Ohtaka-Maruyama C. Subplate Neurons as an Organizer of Mammalian Neocortical Development. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:8. [PMID: 32265668 PMCID: PMC7103628 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Subplate neurons (SpNs) are one of the earliest born and matured neurons in the developing cerebral cortex and play an important role in the early development of the neocortex. It has been known that SpNs have an essential role in thalamocortical axon (TCA) pathfinding and the establishment of the first neural circuit from the thalamus towards cortical layer IV. In addition to this function, it has recently been revealed in mouse corticogenesis that SpNs play an important role in the regulation of radial neuronal migration during the mid-embryonic stage. Moreover, accumulating studies throw light on the possible roles of SpNs in adult brain functions and also their involvement in psychiatric or other neurological disorders. As SpNs are unique to mammals, they may have contributed to the evolution of the mammalian neocortex by efficiently organizing cortical formation during the limited embryonic period of corticogenesis. By increasing our knowledge of the functions of SpNs, we will clarify how SpNs act as an organizer of mammalian neocortical formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Ohtaka-Maruyama
- Neural Network Project, Department of Brain Development and Neural Regeneration, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Tosches MA, Laurent G. Evolution of neuronal identity in the cerebral cortex. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2019; 56:199-208. [PMID: 31103814 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To understand neocortex evolution, we must define a theory for the elaboration of cell types, circuits, and architectonics from an ancestral structure that is consistent with developmental, molecular, and genetic data. To this end, cross-species comparison of cortical cell types emerges as a very informative approach. We review recent results that illustrate the contribution of molecular and transcriptomic data to the construction of plausible models of cortical cell-type evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gilles Laurent
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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11
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Yu IS, Chang HC, Chen KC, Lu YL, Shy HT, Chen CY, Lee KY, Lee LJ. Genetic Elimination of Connective Tissue Growth Factor in the Forebrain Affects Subplate Neurons in the Cortex and Oligodendrocytes in the Underlying White Matter. Front Neuroanat 2019; 13:16. [PMID: 30842729 PMCID: PMC6391576 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2019.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a secreted extracellular matrix-associated protein, which play a role in regulating various cellular functions. Although the expression of CTGF has been reported in the cortical subplate, its function is still not clear. Thus, to explore the significance of CTGF in the brain, we created a forebrain-specific Ctgf knockout (FbCtgf KO) mouse model. By crossing Ctgffl/fl mice with Emx1-Cre transgenic mice, in which the expression of Cre is prenatally initiated, the full length Ctgf is removed in the forebrain structures. In young adult (2–3 months old) FbCtgf KO mice, subplate markers such as Nurr1 and Cplx3 are still expressed in the cortical layer VIb; however, the density of the subplate neurons is increased. Interestingly, in these mutants, we found a reduced structural complexity in the subplate neurons. The distribution patterns of neurons and glial cells, examined by immunohistochemistry, are comparable between genotypes in the somatosensory cortex. However, increased densities of mature oligodendrocytes, but not immature ones, were noticed in the external capsule underneath the cortical layer VIb in young adult FbCtgf KO mice. The features of myelinated axons in the external capsule were then examined using electron microscopy. Unexpectedly, the thickness of the myelin sheath was reduced in middle-aged (>12 months old), but not young adult FbCtgf KO mice. Our results suggest a secretory function of the subplate neurons, through the release of CTGF, which regulates the density and dendritic branching of subplate neurons as well as the maturation and function of nearby oligodendrocytes in the white matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Shing Yu
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Ching Chang
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Chien Chen
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Lu
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Tzer Shy
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chwen-Yu Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Yung Lee
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jen Lee
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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12
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Luhmann HJ, Kirischuk S, Kilb W. The Superior Function of the Subplate in Early Neocortical Development. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:97. [PMID: 30487739 PMCID: PMC6246655 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During early development the structure and function of the cerebral cortex is critically organized by subplate neurons (SPNs), a mostly transient population of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons located below the cortical plate. At the molecular and morphological level SPNs represent a rather diverse population of cells expressing a variety of genetic markers and revealing different axonal-dendritic morphologies. Electrophysiologically SPNs are characterized by their rather mature intrinsic membrane properties and firing patterns. They are connected via electrical and chemical synapses to local and remote neurons, e.g., thalamic relay neurons forming the first thalamocortical input to the cerebral cortex. Therefore SPNs are robustly activated at pre- and perinatal stages by the sensory periphery. Although SPNs play pivotal roles in early neocortical activity, development and plasticity, they mostly disappear by programmed cell death during further maturation. On the one hand, SPNs may be selectively vulnerable to hypoxia-ischemia contributing to brain damage, on the other hand there is some evidence that enhanced survival rates or alterations in SPN distribution may contribute to the etiology of neurological or psychiatric disorders. This review aims to give a comprehensive and up-to-date overview on the many functions of SPNs during early physiological and pathophysiological development of the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko J Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sergei Kirischuk
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Werner Kilb
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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13
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Martínez-Cerdeño V, Noctor SC. Cortical evolution 2018: Advantages of animal model species. J Comp Neurol 2018; 527:1766-1768. [PMID: 30394535 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Martínez-Cerdeño
- UC Davis School of Medicine; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children of Northern California, Sacramento, California.,UC Davis School of Medicine, MIND Institute, Sacramento, California
| | - Stephen C Noctor
- UC Davis School of Medicine, MIND Institute, Sacramento, California.,UC Davis School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Sacramento, California
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14
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Ozair MZ, Kirst C, van den Berg BL, Ruzo A, Rito T, Brivanlou AH. hPSC Modeling Reveals that Fate Selection of Cortical Deep Projection Neurons Occurs in the Subplate. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 23:60-73.e6. [PMID: 29937203 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cortical deep projection neurons (DPNs) are implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders. Although recent findings emphasize post-mitotic programs in projection neuron fate selection, the establishment of primate DPN identity during layer formation is not well understood. The subplate lies underneath the developing cortex and is a post-mitotic compartment that is transiently and disproportionately enlarged in primates in the second trimester. The evolutionary significance of subplate expansion, the molecular identity of its neurons, and its contribution to primate corticogenesis remain open questions. By modeling subplate formation with human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), we show that all classes of cortical DPNs can be specified from subplate neurons (SPNs). Post-mitotic WNT signaling regulates DPN class selection, and DPNs in the caudal fetal cortex appear to exclusively derive from SPNs. Our findings indicate that SPNs have evolved in primates as an important source of DPNs that contribute to cortical lamination prior to their known role in circuit formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zeeshan Ozair
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christoph Kirst
- Center for Studies in Physics and Biology and Kavli Neural Systems Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Bastiaan L van den Berg
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Sciencepark 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Ruzo
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tiago Rito
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ali H Brivanlou
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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15
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Lein ES, Belgard TG, Hawrylycz M, Molnár Z. Transcriptomic Perspectives on Neocortical Structure, Development, Evolution, and Disease. Annu Rev Neurosci 2017; 40:629-652. [PMID: 28661727 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-070815-013858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is the source of our most complex cognitive capabilities and a vulnerable target of many neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Transcriptomics offers a new approach to understanding the cortex at the level of its underlying genetic code, and rapid technological advances have propelled this field to the high-throughput study of the complete set of transcribed genes at increasingly fine resolution to the level of individual cells. These tools have revealed features of the genetic architecture of adult cortical areas, layers, and cell types, as well as spatiotemporal patterning during development. This has allowed a fresh look at comparative anatomy as well, illustrating surprisingly large differences between mammals while at the same time revealing conservation of some features from avians to mammals. Finally, transcriptomics is fueling progress in understanding the causes of neurodevelopmental diseases such as autism, linking genetic association studies to specific molecular pathways and affected brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed S Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103; ,
| | | | | | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, United Kingdom;
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Hoerder-Suabedissen
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, United Kingdom
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17
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Watson C, Puelles L. Developmental gene expression in the mouse clarifies the organization of the claustrum and related endopiriform nuclei. J Comp Neurol 2016; 525:1499-1508. [PMID: 27159785 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Studies on gene expression in the developing claustrum of the mouse have clarified the relationships and identity of the claustrum proper and related endopiriform nuclei. The cells of the claustrum primordium express Nr4a2; they are formed in combination with the Nr4a2-labeled subplate cells in the lateral pallium at the site of the future insular cortex. The insular cortex cells, which are born later and which are Nr4a2-negative, migrate through the claustrum toward the pial surface to form layers (2-6a) of the insular cortex. The claustrum is made up of distinct deep (subplate-like) and superficial (principal) parts. The cells of the dorsal endopiriform nucleus (which are also Nr4a2-positive) are formed in the deep part of the claustrum primordium in the lateral pallium, but they migrate ventrally to reach the ventral pallium deep to the piriform cortex at E14.5 in the mouse. On the other hand, the ventral endopiriform nucleus is formed by radially migrating Nr4a2-negative cells in the ventral pallium; it is therefore developmentally distinct from the Nr4a2-postive dorsal endopiriform nucleus, which is a lateral pallial derivative. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:1499-1508, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Watson
- Faculty of Health Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia
| | - Luis Puelles
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Human Anatomy, University of Murcia and Murcia Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIB), 30800, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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18
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Montiel JF, Vasistha NA, Garcia-Moreno F, Molnár Z. From sauropsids to mammals and back: New approaches to comparative cortical development. J Comp Neurol 2016; 524:630-45. [PMID: 26234252 PMCID: PMC4832283 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Evolution of the mammalian neocortex (isocortex) has been a persisting problem in neurobiology. While recent studies have attempted to understand the evolutionary expansion of the human neocortex from rodents, similar approaches have been used to study the changes between reptiles, birds, and mammals. We review here findings from the past decades on the development, organization, and gene expression patterns in various extant species. This review aims to compare cortical cell numbers and neuronal cell types to the elaboration of progenitor populations and their proliferation in these species. Several progenitors, such as the ventricular radial glia, the subventricular intermediate progenitors, and the subventricular (outer) radial glia, have been identified but the contribution of each to cortical layers and cell types through specific lineages, their possible roles in determining brain size or cortical folding, are not yet understood. Across species, larger, more diverse progenitors relate to cortical size and cell diversity. The challenge is to relate the radial and tangential expansion of the neocortex to the changes in the proliferative compartments during mammalian evolution and with the changes in gene expression and lineages evident in various sectors of the developing brain. We also review the use of recent lineage tracing and transcriptomic approaches to revisit theories and to provide novel understanding of molecular processes involved in specification of cortical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Montiel
- Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Navneet A Vasistha
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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19
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Whitaker EE, Bissonnette B, Miller AD, Koppert TL, Tobias JD, Pierson CR, Christofi FL. A novel, clinically relevant use of a piglet model to study the effects of anesthetics on the developing brain. Clin Transl Med 2016; 5:2. [PMID: 26757938 PMCID: PMC4710621 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-015-0079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity research in the developing brain must rely upon an unimpeachable animal model and a standardized treatment approach. In this manner, identification of mechanisms of action may be undertaken. The goal of this study was to develop a novel, clinically relevant, translational way to use a piglet model to investigate anesthesia effects on the developing brain. Methods 29 newborn piglets were assigned to either: (1) control (no intervention, n = 10); (2) lipopolysaccharide (LPS; positive inflammatory control, n = 9); or (3) isoflurane anesthesia (n = 10). Positive inflammatory control animals were given 100 mcg/kg LPS from Escherichia coli intraperitoneally (IP) on the same day as those receiving isoflurane. Isoflurane was administered for 3 h while care was taken to ensure human perioperative conditions. To establish a clinical scenario, each animal was intubated and monitored with pulse oximetry, invasive and non-invasive blood pressure, electrocardiogram, temperature, end-tidal CO2, anesthetic concentration, and iSTAT blood analysis. All animals were sacrificed after 48 h using transcardiac perfusion of ice-cold, heparinized phosphate buffered saline (PBS) followed by 4 % paraformaldehyde (PFA). Brains were collected and histopathological analysis focused on the entorhinal cortex looking for degenerative changes due to its critical role in learning and memory. Reliable identification of entorhinal cortex was achieved by using colored ink on the surface of the brains, which was then cross-referenced with microscopic anatomy. Hematoxylin & eosin-stained high-power fields was used to quantify cells. ImageJ™ (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA) was used to count absolute number of progenitor glial cells (PGC) and number of PGCs per cluster. Immunohistochemistry was also utilized to ensure positive identification of cellular structures. Results Histopathological sections of 28 brains were analyzed. One animal in the LPS group died shortly after administration, presumably from inadvertent intravascular injection. There was an acute basal ganglia ischemic infarct in one isoflurane-treated animal. A large number of small, round nucleated cells were seen throughout layer II of the entorhinal cortex in all animals. These cells were identified as PGCs using immunohistochemistry and light microscopy. Although there was no difference in the absolute number of PGCs between the groups, animals given isoflurane or LPS demonstrated a significant increase in cells forming ‘clusters’ in the entorhinal cortex. An apparent change in the pattern of doublecortin labeling also suggests changes in neuronal precursors and undifferentiated neurons. Conclusions This study represents the first novel use of a clinically relevant neonatal piglet model to study anesthesia effects on the developing brain. LPS induces neuroinflammation, and this is a potential mechanism for LPS and perhaps isoflurane in causing a change in progenitor cell distribution. We postulate that the isoflurane-induced change in glial progenitor cell distribution could have important implications for cell differentiation, maturation and neural circuit behavior in the rapidly developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmett E Whitaker
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 410 W 10th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.
| | - Bruno Bissonnette
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 410 W 10th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA. .,Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Toronto, 123 Edward Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1E2, Canada.
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, T5-006A Veterinary Research Tower, Tower Rd., Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Tanner L Koppert
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 410 W 10th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.
| | - Joseph D Tobias
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 410 W 10th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.
| | - Christopher R Pierson
- Department of Pathology and Anatomy, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 410 W 10th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.
| | - Fievos L Christofi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 410 W 10th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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20
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Barber M, Pierani A. Tangential migration of glutamatergic neurons and cortical patterning during development: Lessons from Cajal-Retzius cells. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 76:847-81. [PMID: 26581033 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tangential migration is a mode of cell movement, which in the developing cerebral cortex, is defined by displacement parallel to the ventricular surface and orthogonal to the radial glial fibers. This mode of long-range migration is a strategy by which distinct neuronal classes generated from spatially and molecularly distinct origins can integrate to form appropriate neural circuits within the cortical plate. While it was previously believed that only GABAergic cortical interneurons migrate tangentially from their origins in the subpallial ganglionic eminences to integrate in the cortical plate, it is now known that transient populations of glutamatergic neurons also adopt this mode of migration. These include Cajal-Retzius cells (CRs), subplate neurons (SPs), and cortical plate transient neurons (CPTs), which have crucial roles in orchestrating the radial and tangential development of the embryonic cerebral cortex in a noncell-autonomous manner. While CRs have been extensively studied, it is only in the last decade that the molecular mechanisms governing their tangential migration have begun to be elucidated. To date, the mechanisms of SPs and CPTs tangential migration remain unknown. We therefore review the known signaling pathways, which regulate parameters of CRs migration including their motility, contact-redistribution and adhesion to the pial surface, and discuss this in the context of how CR migration may regulate their signaling activity in a spatial and temporal manner. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 76: 847-881, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Barber
- Institut Jacques-Monod, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Cité, Paris, France.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra Pierani
- Institut Jacques-Monod, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Cité, Paris, France
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21
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Puelles L, Ayad A, Alonso A, Sandoval J, MartÍnez-de-la-Torre M, Medina L, Ferran J. Selective early expression of the orphan nuclear receptorNr4a2identifies the claustrum homolog in the avian mesopallium: Impact on sauropsidian/mammalian pallium comparisons. J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:665-703. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Puelles
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine; University of Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria; Murcia 30071 Spain
| | - A. Ayad
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine; University of Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria; Murcia 30071 Spain
| | - A. Alonso
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine; University of Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria; Murcia 30071 Spain
| | - J.E. Sandoval
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine; University of Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria; Murcia 30071 Spain
| | - M. MartÍnez-de-la-Torre
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine; University of Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria; Murcia 30071 Spain
| | - L. Medina
- Laboratory of Brain Development and Evolution, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine; University of Lleida, and IRBLleida Institute of Biomedical Research of Lleida; Lleida 25198 Spain
| | - J.L. Ferran
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine; University of Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria; Murcia 30071 Spain
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22
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Ashwell KWS. Quantitative analysis of somatosensory cortex development in eutherians, with a comparison with metatherians and monotremes. Somatosens Mot Res 2015; 32:137-52. [DOI: 10.3109/08990220.2015.1004046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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23
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Hoerder-Suabedissen A, Molnár Z. Development, evolution and pathology of neocortical subplate neurons. Nat Rev Neurosci 2015; 16:133-46. [DOI: 10.1038/nrn3915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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24
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Alfano C, Magrinelli E, Harb K, Hevner RF, Studer M. Postmitotic control of sensory area specification during neocortical development. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5632. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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25
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Ashwell KWS. Quantitative analysis of somatosensory cortex development in metatherians and monotremes, with comparison to the laboratory rat. Somatosens Mot Res 2014; 32:87-98. [DOI: 10.3109/08990220.2014.978849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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26
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Hadders-Algra M. Early diagnosis and early intervention in cerebral palsy. Front Neurol 2014; 5:185. [PMID: 25309506 PMCID: PMC4173665 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews the opportunities and challenges for early diagnosis and early intervention in cerebral palsy (CP). CP describes a group of disorders of the development of movement and posture, causing activity limitation that is attributed to disturbances that occurred in the fetal or infant brain. Therefore, the paper starts with a summary of relevant information from developmental neuroscience. Most lesions underlying CP occur in the second half of gestation, when developmental activity in the brain reaches its summit. Variations in timing of the damage not only result in different lesions but also in different neuroplastic reactions and different associated neuropathologies. This turns CP into a heterogeneous entity. This may mean that the best early diagnostics and the best intervention methods may differ for various subgroups of children with CP. Next, the paper addresses possibilities for early diagnosis. It discusses the predictive value of neuromotor and neurological exams, neuroimaging techniques, and neurophysiological assessments. Prediction is best when complementary techniques are used in longitudinal series. Possibilities for early prediction of CP differ for infants admitted to neonatal intensive care and other infants. In the former group, best prediction is achieved with the combination of neuroimaging and the assessment of general movements, in the latter group, best prediction is based on carefully documented milestones and neurological assessment. The last part reviews early intervention in infants developing CP. Most knowledge on early intervention is based on studies in high-risk infants without CP. In these infants, early intervention programs promote cognitive development until preschool age; motor development profits less. The few studies on early intervention in infants developing CP suggest that programs that stimulate all aspects of infant development by means of family coaching are most promising. More research is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijna Hadders-Algra
- Department of Pediatrics - Developmental Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
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27
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Kumamoto T, Hanashima C. Neuronal subtype specification in establishing mammalian neocortical circuits. Neurosci Res 2014; 86:37-49. [PMID: 25019611 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The functional integrity of the neocortical circuit relies on the precise production of diverse neuron populations and their assembly during development. In recent years, extensive progress has been made in the understanding of the mechanisms that control differentiation of each neuronal type within the neocortex. In this review, we address how the elaborate neocortical cytoarchitecture is established from a simple neuroepithelium based on recent studies examining the spatiotemporal mechanisms of neuronal subtype specification. We further discuss the critical events that underlie the conversion of the stem amniotes cerebrum to a mammalian-type neocortex, and extend these key findings in the light of mammalian evolution to understand how the neocortex in humans evolved from common ancestral mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Kumamoto
- Laboratory for Neocortical Development, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Carina Hanashima
- Laboratory for Neocortical Development, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
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28
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Kirischuk S, Luhmann HJ, Kilb W. Cajal-Retzius cells: update on structural and functional properties of these mystic neurons that bridged the 20th century. Neuroscience 2014; 275:33-46. [PMID: 24931764 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cajal-Retzius cells (CRc) represent a mostly transient neuronal cell type localized in the uppermost layer of the developing neocortex. The observation that CRc are a major source of the extracellular matrix protein reelin, which is essential for the laminar development of the cerebral cortex, attracted the interest in this unique cell type. In this review we will (i) describe the morphological and molecular properties of neocortical CRc, with a special emphasize on the question which markers can be used to identify CRc, (ii) summarize reports that identified the different developmental origins of CRc, (iii) discuss the fate of CRc, including recent evidence for apoptotic cell death and a possible persistence of some CRc, (iv) provide a detailed description of the electrical membrane properties and transmitter receptors of CRc, and (v) address the role of CRc in early neuronal circuits and cortical development. Finally, we speculate whether CRc may provide a link between early network activity and the structural maturation of neocortical circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kirischuk
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - H J Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - W Kilb
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
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29
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Miller JA, Ding SL, Sunkin SM, Smith KA, Ng L, Szafer A, Ebbert A, Riley ZL, Royall JJ, Aiona K, Arnold JM, Bennet C, Bertagnolli D, Brouner K, Butler S, Caldejon S, Carey A, Cuhaciyan C, Dalley RA, Dee N, Dolbeare TA, Facer BAC, Feng D, Fliss TP, Gee G, Goldy J, Gourley L, Gregor BW, Gu G, Howard RE, Jochim JM, Kuan CL, Lau C, Lee CK, Lee F, Lemon TA, Lesnar P, McMurray B, Mastan N, Mosqueda N, Naluai-Cecchini T, Ngo NK, Nyhus J, Oldre A, Olson E, Parente J, Parker PD, Parry SE, Stevens A, Pletikos M, Reding M, Roll K, Sandman D, Sarreal M, Shapouri S, Shapovalova NV, Shen EH, Sjoquist N, Slaughterbeck CR, Smith M, Sodt AJ, Williams D, Zöllei L, Fischl B, Gerstein MB, Geschwind DH, Glass IA, Hawrylycz MJ, Hevner RF, Huang H, Jones AR, Knowles JA, Levitt P, Phillips JW, Sestan N, Wohnoutka P, Dang C, Bernard A, Hohmann JG, Lein ES. Transcriptional landscape of the prenatal human brain. Nature 2014; 508:199-206. [PMID: 24695229 PMCID: PMC4105188 DOI: 10.1038/nature13185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 859] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The anatomical and functional architecture of the human brain is largely determined by prenatal transcriptional processes. We describe an anatomically comprehensive atlas of mid-gestational human brain, including de novo reference atlases, in situ hybridization, ultra-high resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and microarray analysis on highly discrete laser microdissected brain regions. In developing cerebral cortex, transcriptional differences are found between different proliferative and postmitotic layers, wherein laminar signatures reflect cellular composition and developmental processes. Cytoarchitectural differences between human and mouse have molecular correlates, including species differences in gene expression in subplate, although surprisingly we find minimal differences between the inner and human-expanded outer subventricular zones. Both germinal and postmitotic cortical layers exhibit fronto-temporal gradients, with particular enrichment in frontal lobe. Finally, many neurodevelopmental disorder and human evolution-related genes show patterned expression, potentially underlying unique features of human cortical formation. These data provide a rich, freely-accessible resource for understanding human brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Miller
- 1] Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA [2]
| | - Song-Lin Ding
- 1] Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA [2]
| | - Susan M Sunkin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Kimberly A Smith
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Lydia Ng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Aaron Szafer
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Amanda Ebbert
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Zackery L Riley
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Joshua J Royall
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Kaylynn Aiona
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - James M Arnold
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Crissa Bennet
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | | | - Krissy Brouner
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Stephanie Butler
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Shiella Caldejon
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Anita Carey
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | | | - Rachel A Dalley
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Nick Dee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Tim A Dolbeare
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | | | - David Feng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Tim P Fliss
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Garrett Gee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Jeff Goldy
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Lindsey Gourley
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | | | - Guangyu Gu
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Robert E Howard
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Jayson M Jochim
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Chihchau L Kuan
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Christopher Lau
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Chang-Kyu Lee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Felix Lee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Tracy A Lemon
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Phil Lesnar
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Bergen McMurray
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Naveed Mastan
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Nerick Mosqueda
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Theresa Naluai-Cecchini
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, 1959 North East Pacific Street, Box 356320, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Nhan-Kiet Ngo
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Julie Nyhus
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Aaron Oldre
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Eric Olson
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Jody Parente
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Patrick D Parker
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Sheana E Parry
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Allison Stevens
- 1] Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA [2] Computer Science and AI Lab, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Mihovil Pletikos
- Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Melissa Reding
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Kate Roll
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - David Sandman
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Melaine Sarreal
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Sheila Shapouri
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | | | - Elaine H Shen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Nathan Sjoquist
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | | | - Michael Smith
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Andy J Sodt
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Derric Williams
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Lilla Zöllei
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Bruce Fischl
- 1] Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA [2] Computer Science and AI Lab, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Mark B Gerstein
- 1] Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [2] Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology and Semel Institute David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Ian A Glass
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, 1959 North East Pacific Street, Box 356320, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | | | - Robert F Hevner
- 1] Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA [2] Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA
| | - Hao Huang
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Allan R Jones
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - James A Knowles
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Pat Levitt
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA [2] Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - John W Phillips
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Nenad Sestan
- Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Paul Wohnoutka
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Chinh Dang
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Amy Bernard
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - John G Hohmann
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Ed S Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
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30
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Tekko T, Lilleväli K, Luuk H, Sütt S, Truu L, Örd T, Möls M, Vasar E. Initiation and developmental dynamics of Wfs1 expression in the context of neural differentiation and ER stress in mouse forebrain. Int J Dev Neurosci 2014; 35:80-8. [PMID: 24694561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Wolframin (Wfs1) is a membrane glycoprotein that resides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and regulates cellular Ca(2+) homeostasis. In pancreas Wfs1 attenuates unfolded protein response (UPR) and protects cells from apoptosis. Loss of Wfs1 function results in Wolfram syndrome (OMIM 222300) characterized by early-onset diabetes mellitus, progressive optic atrophy, diabetes insipidus, deafness, and psychiatric disorders. Similarly, Wfs1-/- mice exhibit diabetes and increased basal anxiety. In the adult central nervous system Wfs1 is prominent in central extended amygdala, striatum and hippocampus, brain structures largely involved in behavioral adaptation of the organism. Here, we describe the initiation pattern of Wfs1 expression in mouse forebrain using mRNA in situ hybridization and compare it with Synaptophysin (Syp1), a gene encoding synaptic vesicle protein widely used as neuronal differentiation marker. We show that the expression of Wfs1 starts during late embryonic development in the dorsal striatum and amygdala, then expands broadly at birth, possessing several transitory regions during maturation. Syp1 expression precedes Wfs1 and it is remarkably upregulated during the period of Wfs1 expression initiation and maturation, suggesting relationship between neural activation and Wfs1 expression. Using in situ hybridization and quantitative real-time PCR we show that UPR-related genes (Grp78, Grp94, and Chop) display dynamic expression in the perinatal brain when Wfs1 is initiated and their expression pattern is not altered in the brain lacking functional Wfs1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triin Tekko
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kersti Lilleväli
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, 46 Vanemuise Street, 51014 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Hendrik Luuk
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Silva Sütt
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Laura Truu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, 46 Vanemuise Street, 51014 Tartu, Estonia; Competence Centre for Cancer Research, Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Tiit Örd
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Märt Möls
- Institute of Mathematical Statistics, University of Tartu, J. Liivi 2, 50409 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eero Vasar
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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31
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Aboitiz F, Zamorano F. Neural progenitors, patterning and ecology in neocortical origins. Front Neuroanat 2013; 7:38. [PMID: 24273496 PMCID: PMC3824149 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2013.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The anatomical organization of the mammalian neocortex stands out among vertebrates for its laminar and columnar arrangement, featuring vertically oriented, excitatory pyramidal neurons. The evolutionary origin of this structure is discussed here in relation to the brain organization of other amniotes, i.e., the sauropsids (reptiles and birds). Specifically, we address the developmental modifications that had to take place to generate the neocortex, and to what extent these modifications were shared by other amniote lineages or can be considered unique to mammals. In this article, we propose a hypothesis that combines the control of proliferation in neural progenitor pools with the specification of regional morphogenetic gradients, yielding different anatomical results by virtue of the differential modulation of these processes in each lineage. Thus, there is a highly conserved genetic and developmental battery that becomes modulated in different directions according to specific selective pressures. In the case of early mammals, ecological conditions like nocturnal habits and reproductive strategies are considered to have played a key role in the selection of the particular brain patterning mechanisms that led to the origin of the neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Aboitiz
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina y Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
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32
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Sorensen SA, Bernard A, Menon V, Royall JJ, Glattfelder KJ, Desta T, Hirokawa K, Mortrud M, Miller JA, Zeng H, Hohmann JG, Jones AR, Lein ES. Correlated gene expression and target specificity demonstrate excitatory projection neuron diversity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 25:433-49. [PMID: 24014670 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The neocortex contains diverse populations of excitatory neurons segregated by layer and further definable by their specific cortical and subcortical projection targets. The current study describes a systematic approach to identify molecular correlates of specific projection neuron classes in mouse primary somatosensory cortex (S1), using a combination of in situ hybridization (ISH) data mining, marker gene colocalization, and combined retrograde labeling with ISH for layer-specific marker genes. First, we identified a large set of genes with specificity for each cortical layer, and that display heterogeneous patterns within those layers. Using these genes as markers, we find extensive evidence for the covariation of gene expression and projection target specificity in layer 2/3, 5, and 6, with individual genes labeling neurons projecting to specific subsets of target structures. The combination of gene expression and target specificity imply a great diversity of projection neuron classes that is similar to or greater than that of GABAergic interneurons. The covariance of these 2 phenotypic modalities suggests that these classes are both discrete and genetically specified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy Bernard
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98040, USA
| | - Vilas Menon
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98040, USA
| | | | | | - Tsega Desta
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98040, USA
| | - Karla Hirokawa
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98040, USA
| | - Marty Mortrud
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98040, USA
| | | | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98040, USA
| | - John G Hohmann
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98040, USA
| | - Allan R Jones
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98040, USA
| | - Ed S Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98040, USA
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33
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Judaš M, Sedmak G, Kostović I. The significance of the subplate for evolution and developmental plasticity of the human brain. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:423. [PMID: 23935575 PMCID: PMC3731572 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The human life-history is characterized by long development and introduction of new developmental stages, such as childhood and adolescence. The developing brain had important role in these life-history changes because it is expensive tissue which uses up to 80% of resting metabolic rate (RMR) in the newborn and continues to use almost 50% of it during the first 5 postnatal years. Our hominid ancestors managed to lift-up metabolic constraints to increase in brain size by several interrelated ecological, behavioral and social adaptations, such as dietary change, invention of cooking, creation of family-bonded reproductive units, and life-history changes. This opened new vistas for the developing brain, because it became possible to metabolically support transient patterns of brain organization as well as developmental brain plasticity for much longer period and with much greater number of neurons and connectivity combinations in comparison to apes. This included the shaping of cortical connections through the interaction with infant's social environment, which probably enhanced typically human evolution of language, cognition and self-awareness. In this review, we propose that the transient subplate zone and its postnatal remnant (interstitial neurons of the gyral white matter) probably served as the main playground for evolution of these developmental shifts, and describe various features that makes human subplate uniquely positioned to have such a role in comparison with other primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloš Judaš
- Section of Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine Zagreb, Croatia
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34
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Montiel JF, Kaune H, Maliqueo M. Maternal-fetal unit interactions and eutherian neocortical development and evolution. Front Neuroanat 2013; 7:22. [PMID: 23882189 PMCID: PMC3715729 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2013.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The conserved brain design that primates inherited from early mammals differs from the variable adult brain size and species-specific brain dominances observed across mammals. This variability relies on the emergence of specialized cerebral cortical regions and sub-compartments, triggering an increase in brain size, areal interconnectivity and histological complexity that ultimately lies on the activation of developmental programs. Structural placental features are not well correlated with brain enlargement; however, several endocrine pathways could be tuned with the activation of neuronal progenitors in the proliferative neocortical compartments. In this article, we reviewed some mechanisms of eutherians maternal-fetal unit interactions associated with brain development and evolution. We propose a hypothesis of brain evolution where proliferative compartments in primates become activated by "non-classical" endocrine placental signals participating in different steps of corticogenesis. Changes in the inner placental structure, along with placenta endocrine stimuli over the cortical proliferative activity would allow mammalian brain enlargement with a concomitant shorter gestation span, as an evolutionary strategy to escape from parent-offspring conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F. Montiel
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Diego PortalesSantiago, Chile.
| | - Heidy Kaune
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Diego PortalesSantiago, Chile.
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of OxfordOxford, UK.
| | - Manuel Maliqueo
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Departamento de Medicina Occidente, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile.
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35
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Alfano C, Studer M. Neocortical arealization: evolution, mechanisms, and open questions. Dev Neurobiol 2013; 73:411-47. [PMID: 23239642 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian neocortex is a structure with no equals in the vertebrates and is the seat of the highest cerebral functions, such as thoughts and consciousness. It is radially organized into six layers and tangentially subdivided into functional areas deputed to the elaboration of sensory information, association between different stimuli, and selection and triggering of voluntary movements. The process subdividing the neocortical field into several functional areas is called "arealization". Each area has its own cytoarchitecture, connectivity, and peculiar functions. In the last century, several neuroscientists have investigated areal structure and the mechanisms that have led during evolution to the rising of the neocortex and its organization. The extreme conservation in the positioning and wiring of neocortical areas among different mammalian families suggests a conserved genetic program orchestrating neocortical patterning. However, the impressive plasticity of the neocortex, which is able to rewire and reorganize areal structures and connectivity after impairments of sensory pathways, argues for a more complex scenario. Indeed, even if genetics and molecular biology helped in identifying several genes involved in the arealization process, the logic underlying the neocortical bauplan is still beyond our comprehension. In this review, we will introduce the present knowledge and hypotheses on the ontogenesis and evolution of neocortical areas. Then, we will focus our attention on some open issues, which are still unresolved, and discuss some recent studies that might open new directions to be explored in the next few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Alfano
- Institute of Biology Valrose, iBV, UMR INSERM1091/CNRS7277/UNS, Nice, F-06108, France.
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36
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Grant E, Hoerder-Suabedissen A, Molnár Z. Development of the corticothalamic projections. Front Neurosci 2012; 6:53. [PMID: 22586359 PMCID: PMC3343305 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2012.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review we discuss recent advances in the understanding of corticothalamic axon guidance; patterning of the early telencephalon, the sequence and choreography of the development of projections from subplate, layers 5 and 6. These cortical subpopulations display different axonal outgrowth kinetics and innervate distinct thalamic nuclei in a temporal pattern determined by cortical layer identity and subclass specificity. Guidance by molecular cues, structural cues, and activity-dependent mechanisms contribute to this development. There is a substantial rearrangement of the corticofugal connectivity outside the thalamus at the border of and within the reticular thalamic nucleus, a region that shares some of the characteristics of the cortical subplate during development. The early transient circuits are not well understood, nor the extent to which this developmental pattern may be driven by peripheral sensory activity. We hypothesize that transient circuits during embryonic and early postnatal development are critical in the matching of the cortical and thalamic representations and forming the cortical circuits in the mature brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Grant
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
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37
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Viswanathan S, Bandyopadhyay S, Kao JPY, Kanold PO. Changing microcircuits in the subplate of the developing cortex. J Neurosci 2012; 32:1589-601. [PMID: 22302801 PMCID: PMC3517995 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4748-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Subplate neurons (SPNs) are a population of neurons in the mammalian cerebral cortex that exist predominantly in the prenatal and early postnatal period. Loss of SPNs prevents the functional maturation of the cerebral cortex. SPNs receive subcortical input from the thalamus and relay this information to the developing cortical plate and thereby can influence cortical activity in a feedforward manner. Little is known about potential feedback projections from the cortical plate to SPNs. Thus, we investigated the spatial distribution of intracortical synaptic inputs to SPNs in vitro in mouse auditory cortex by photostimulation. We find that SPNs fell into two broad classes based on their distinct spatial patterns of synaptic inputs. The first class of SPNs receives inputs from only deep cortical layers, while the second class of SPNs receives inputs from deep as well as superficial layers including layer 4. We find that superficial cortical inputs to SPNs emerge in the second postnatal week and that SPNs that receive superficial cortical input are located more superficially than those that do not. Our data thus suggest that distinct circuits are present in the subplate and that, while SPNs participate in an early feedforward circuit, they are also involved in a feedback circuit at older ages. Together, our results show that SPNs are tightly integrated into the developing thalamocortical and intracortical circuit. The feedback projections from the cortical plate might enable SPNs to amplify thalamic inputs to SPNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarada Viswanathan
- Department of Biology, Institute for Systems Research, and Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, and
| | - Sharba Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biology, Institute for Systems Research, and Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, and
| | - Joseph P. Y. Kao
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology and Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Patrick O. Kanold
- Department of Biology, Institute for Systems Research, and Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, and
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38
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Abstract
Rodents and primates both show considerable variation in the overall size, the radial and tangential dimensions, folding and subdivisions into distinct areas of their cerebral cortex. Our current understanding of brain development is based on a handful of model systems. A detailed comparative analysis of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate neural progenitor production, cell migration, and circuit assembly can provide much needed insights into the working of neocortical evolution. From the limited comparative data currently available, it is apparent that the emergence and variation of the neuronal progenitor cells have led to the production of increased neuronal populations and the evolution of the cortex. Further diversification and compartmentalization of the germinal zone together with changing proportions of radial glia in the ventricular zone and various intermediate progenitors in the subventricular zone may have been the driving force behind increased cell numbers in larger brains both in rodents and primates. Radial and tangential migratory patterns are both present in rodents and primates, but in different proportions. There are apparent differences between mouse and human in the generation and elaboration of the interneuronal subtypes and also in gene expression patterns associated with the appearance of distinct cortical areas. The increased cortical dimensions and the formation of a more elaborate cortical architecture in primates require a larger and more compartmentalized transient subplate zone during development. More comparative analysis in rodent and primate species with large, small, and smooth and folded brains is needed to reveal the biological significance of the alterations in these cortical developmental programs.
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40
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Ashwell KWS, Hardman CD. Distinct development of the cerebral cortex in platypus and echidna. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2011; 79:57-72. [PMID: 22143038 DOI: 10.1159/000334188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Both lineages of the modern monotremes have distinctive features in the cerebral cortex, but the developmental mechanisms that produce such different adult cortical architecture remain unknown. Similarly, nothing is known about the differences and/or similarities between monotreme and therian cortical development. We have used material from the Hill embryological collection to try to answer key questions concerning cortical development in monotremes. Our findings indicate that gyrencephaly begins to emerge in the echidna brain shortly before birth (crown-rump length 12.5 mm), whereas the cortex of the platypus remains lissencephalic throughout development. The cortices of both monotremes are very immature at the time of hatching, much like that seen in marsupials, and both have a subventricular zone (SubV) within both the striatum and pallium during post-hatching development. It is particularly striking that in the platypus, this region has an extension from the palliostriatal angle beneath the developing trigeminoreceptive part of the somatosensory cortex of the lateral cortex. The putative SubV beneath the trigeminal part of S1 appears to accommodate at least two distinct types of cell and many mitotic figures and (particularly in the platypus) appears to be traversed by large numbers of thalamocortical axons as these grow in. The association with putative thalamocortical fibres suggests that this region may also serve functions similar to the subplate zone of Eutheria. These findings suggest that cortical development in each monotreme follows distinct paths from at least the time of birth, consistent with a long period of independent and divergent cortical evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken W S Ashwell
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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42
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Molnár Z. Evolution of cerebral cortical development. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2011; 78:94-107. [PMID: 21691047 DOI: 10.1159/000327325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how the human cerebral cortex evolved to its present complex state is a fascinating topic for neuroscience, genetics, bioinformatics and comparative biology. To gain further insights into the origins of the mammalian neocortex and to understand how the cortex evolved to be able to serve more complex cognitive functions, we study the development of various extant species. Our aim is to correlate cortical cell numbers and neuronal cell types with the elaboration of cortical progenitor populations and their modes of proliferation in different species. There are several progenitors, i.e. the ventricular radial glia, the subventricular intermediate progenitors and subventricular (outer) radial glia types, but the contribution of each to cortical layers and cell types through specific lineages is not fully understood. Recent comparisons of the proportions of these progenitors in various species during embryonic neurogenesis have revealed the elaboration and cytoarchitectonic compartmentalization of the germinal zone, with alterations in the proportions of various types that can be included among the intermediate progenitors. Across species, larger and more diverse intermediate progenitor populations correlate with brain size and cortical cell diversity. Understanding the molecular and cellular interactions regulating the divisions of these intermediate progenitors not only has implications for cortical evolution but also relates to stem cell biology and illuminates the pathomechanisms of several cortical developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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