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Rajput P, Brookshier A, Kothari S, Eckstein L, Chang H, Liska S, Lamb J, Sances S, Lyden P. Differential Vulnerability and Response to Injury among Brain Cell Types Comprising the Neurovascular Unit. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1093222024. [PMID: 38548341 PMCID: PMC11140689 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1093-22.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) includes multiple different cell types, including neurons, astrocytes, endothelial cells, and pericytes, which respond to insults on very different time or dose scales. We defined differential vulnerability among these cell types, using response to two different insults: oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and thrombin-mediated cytotoxicity. We found that neurons are most vulnerable, followed by endothelial cells and astrocytes. After temporary focal cerebral ischemia in male rats, we found significantly more injured neurons, compared with astrocytes in the ischemic area, consistent with differential vulnerability in vivo. We sought to illustrate different and shared mechanisms across all cell types during response to insult. We found that gene expression profiles in response to OGD differed among the cell types, with a paucity of gene responses shared by all types. All cell types activated genes relating to autophagy, apoptosis, and necroptosis, but the specific genes differed. Astrocytes and endothelial cells also activated pathways connected to DNA repair and antiapoptosis. Taken together, the data support the concept of differential vulnerability in the NVU and suggest that different elements of the unit will evolve from salvageable to irretrievable on different time scales while residing in the same brain region and receiving the same (ischemic) blood flow. Future work will focus on the mechanisms of these differences. These data suggest future stroke therapy development should target different elements of the NVU differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmesh Rajput
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California 90089-2821
| | - Allison Brookshier
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California 90089-2821
| | - Shweta Kothari
- Chinook Therapeutics, Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia V5T 4T5, Canada
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Lillie Eckstein
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California 90089-2821
| | - Heather Chang
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California 90089-2821
| | - Sophie Liska
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California 90089-2821
| | - Jessica Lamb
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California 90089-2821
| | - Samuel Sances
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Patrick Lyden
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California 90089-2821
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Kipp M. How to Use the Cuprizone Model to Study De- and Remyelination. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1445. [PMID: 38338724 PMCID: PMC10855335 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune and inflammatory disorder affecting the central nervous system whose cause is still largely unknown. Oligodendrocyte degeneration results in demyelination of axons, which can eventually be repaired by a mechanism called remyelination. Prevention of demyelination and the pharmacological support of remyelination are two promising strategies to ameliorate disease progression in MS patients. The cuprizone model is commonly employed to investigate oligodendrocyte degeneration mechanisms or to explore remyelination pathways. During the last decades, several different protocols have been applied, and all have their pros and cons. This article intends to offer guidance for conducting pre-clinical trials using the cuprizone model in mice, focusing on discovering new treatment approaches to prevent oligodendrocyte degeneration or enhance remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kipp
- Rostock University Medical Center, Institute of Anatomy, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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3
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Kipp M. Astrocytes: Lessons Learned from the Cuprizone Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16420. [PMID: 38003609 PMCID: PMC10671869 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A diverse array of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and schizophrenia, exhibit distinct myelin abnormalities at both the molecular and histological levels. These aberrations are closely linked to dysfunction of oligodendrocytes and alterations in myelin structure, which may be pivotal factors contributing to the disconnection of brain regions and the resulting characteristic clinical impairments observed in these conditions. Astrocytes, which significantly outnumber neurons in the central nervous system by a five-to-one ratio, play indispensable roles in the development, maintenance, and overall well-being of neurons and oligodendrocytes. Consequently, they emerge as potential key players in the onset and progression of a myriad of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, targeting astrocytes represents a promising avenue for therapeutic intervention in such disorders. To gain deeper insights into the functions of astrocytes in the context of myelin-related disorders, it is imperative to employ appropriate in vivo models that faithfully recapitulate specific aspects of complex human diseases in a reliable and reproducible manner. One such model is the cuprizone model, wherein metabolic dysfunction in oligodendrocytes initiates an early response involving microglia and astrocyte activation, culminating in multifocal demyelination. Remarkably, following the cessation of cuprizone intoxication, a spontaneous process of endogenous remyelination occurs. In this review article, we provide a historical overview of studies investigating the responses and putative functions of astrocytes in the cuprizone model. Following that, we list previously published works that illuminate various aspects of the biology and function of astrocytes in this multiple sclerosis model. Some of the studies are discussed in more detail in the context of astrocyte biology and pathology. Our objective is twofold: to provide an invaluable overview of this burgeoning field, and, more importantly, to inspire fellow researchers to embark on experimental investigations to elucidate the multifaceted functions of this pivotal glial cell subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kipp
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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4
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Li S, Sakurai K, Ohgidani M, Kato TA, Hikida T. Ameliorative effects of Fingolimod (FTY720) on microglial activation and psychosis-related behavior in short term cuprizone exposed mice. Mol Brain 2023; 16:59. [PMID: 37438826 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-023-01047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder that affects around 1% of the population in widespread populations, with severe cases leading to long-term hospitalization and necessitation of lifelong treatment. Recent studies on schizophrenia have highlighted the involvement of inflammatory and immunoregulatory mechanisms with the onset of symptoms, and the usage of anti-inflammatory treatments are being tested against periods of rapid psychosis. In the central nervous system, microglia are the innate immune population which are activated in response to a wide range of physical and psychological stress factors and produce proinflammatory mediators such as cytokines. Microglial activation and neuroinflammation has been associated to numerous psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, especially during psychotic episodes. Thus, novel treatments which dampen microglial activation may be of great relevance in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Fingolimod (FTY720) is a drug used as an immunosuppressive treatment to multiple sclerosis. Recent clinical trials have focused on FTY720 as a treatment for the behavioral symptoms in schizophrenia. However, the mechanisms of Fingolimod in treating the symptoms of schizophrenia are not clear. In this study we use a recently developed neuroinflammatory psychosis model in mice: cuprizone short-term exposure, to investigate the effects of FTY720 administration. FTY720 administration was able to completely alleviate methamphetamine hypersensitivity caused by cuprizone exposure. Moreover, administration of FTY720 improved multiple measures of neuroinflammation (microglial activation, cytokine production, and leucocyte infiltration). In conclusion, our results highlight the future use of FTY720 as a direct anti-inflammatory treatment against microglial activation and psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyao Li
- Laboratory for Advanced Brain Functions, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koki Sakurai
- Laboratory for Advanced Brain Functions, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
- Laboratory of Protein Profiling and Functional Proteomics, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Ohgidani
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiro A Kato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Takatoshi Hikida
- Laboratory for Advanced Brain Functions, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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5
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Ibrahim Fouad G. Sulforaphane, an Nrf-2 Agonist, Modulates Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in a Rat Model of Cuprizone-Induced Cardiotoxicity and Hepatotoxicity. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2023; 23:46-60. [PMID: 36650404 PMCID: PMC9859885 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-022-09776-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cuprizone (CPZ) is a neurotoxic agent that is used to induce demyelination and neurotoxicity in rats. This study aimed to investigate the protective potential of sulforaphane (SF), nuclear factor E2 related factor (Nrf-2) activator, against CPZ-induced cardiotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. Male adult Wistar rats (n = 18) were fed with a regular diet or a CPZ-contained diet (0.2%) for four weeks. The rats were divided into three groups (n = 6): negative control rats, CPZ-exposed rats, and CPZ + SF treated rats. SF was intraperitoneally administrated (2 mg/kg/day) for two weeks. The anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative functions of SF were investigated biochemically, histologically, and immunohistochemically. CPZ increased serum levels of cardiac troponin 1 (CTn1), aspartate amino transaminase (AST), alanine amino transaminase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). In addition, serum levels of inflammatory interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and pro-inflammatory interleukin 1β (IL-1β) were significantly elevated. Moreover, CPZ administration provoked oxidative stress as manifested by declined serum levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), as well as, stimulated lipid peroxidation and decreased catalase activities in both cardiac and hepatic tissues. SF treatment reversed all these biochemical alterations through exerting anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities, and this was supported by histopathological investigations in both cardiac and hepatic tissues. This SF-triggered modulation of oxidative stress and inflammation is strongly associated with Nrf-2 activation, as evidenced by activated immunoexpression in both cardiac and hepatic tissues. This highlights the cardioprotective and hepatoprotective activities of SF via Nrf-2 activation and enhancing catalase function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghadha Ibrahim Fouad
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.
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6
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Kole K, Voesenek BJB, Brinia ME, Petersen N, Kole MHP. Parvalbumin basket cell myelination accumulates axonal mitochondria to internodes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7598. [PMID: 36494349 PMCID: PMC9734141 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35350-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) basket cells are fast-spiking inhibitory interneurons that exert critical control over local circuit activity and oscillations. PV+ axons are often myelinated, but the electrical and metabolic roles of interneuron myelination remain poorly understood. Here, we developed viral constructs allowing cell type-specific investigation of mitochondria with genetically encoded fluorescent probes. Single-cell reconstructions revealed that mitochondria selectively cluster to myelinated segments of PV+ basket cells, confirmed by analyses of a high-resolution electron microscopy dataset. In contrast to the increased mitochondrial densities in excitatory axons cuprizone-induced demyelination abolished mitochondrial clustering in PV+ axons. Furthermore, with genetic deletion of myelin basic protein the mitochondrial clustering was still observed at internodes wrapped by noncompacted myelin, indicating that compaction is dispensable. Finally, two-photon imaging of action potential-evoked calcium (Ca2+) responses showed that interneuron myelination attenuates both the cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca2+ transients. These findings suggest that oligodendrocyte ensheathment of PV+ axons assembles mitochondria to branch selectively fine-tune metabolic demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Kole
- grid.418101.d0000 0001 2153 6865Axonal Signaling Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bas J. B. Voesenek
- grid.418101.d0000 0001 2153 6865Axonal Signaling Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maria E. Brinia
- grid.418101.d0000 0001 2153 6865Axonal Signaling Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands ,grid.5216.00000 0001 2155 0800Medical School, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 11527 Greece
| | - Naomi Petersen
- grid.418101.d0000 0001 2153 6865Axonal Signaling Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten H. P. Kole
- grid.418101.d0000 0001 2153 6865Axonal Signaling Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands ,grid.5477.10000000120346234Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
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7
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Zirngibl M, Assinck P, Sizov A, Caprariello AV, Plemel JR. Oligodendrocyte death and myelin loss in the cuprizone model: an updated overview of the intrinsic and extrinsic causes of cuprizone demyelination. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:34. [PMID: 35526004 PMCID: PMC9077942 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00538-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The dietary consumption of cuprizone – a copper chelator – has long been known to induce demyelination of specific brain structures and is widely used as model of multiple sclerosis. Despite the extensive use of cuprizone, the mechanism by which it induces demyelination are still unknown. With this review we provide an updated understanding of this model, by showcasing two distinct yet overlapping modes of action for cuprizone-induced demyelination; 1) damage originating from within the oligodendrocyte, caused by mitochondrial dysfunction or reduced myelin protein synthesis. We term this mode of action ‘intrinsic cell damage’. And 2) damage to the oligodendrocyte exerted by inflammatory molecules, brain resident cells, such as oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia or peripheral immune cells – neutrophils or T-cells. We term this mode of action ‘extrinsic cellular damage’. Lastly, we summarize recent developments in research on different forms of cell death induced by cuprizone, which could add valuable insights into the mechanisms of cuprizone toxicity. With this review we hope to provide a modern understanding of cuprizone-induced demyelination to understand the causes behind the demyelination in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Zirngibl
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Peggy Assinck
- Wellcome Trust- MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anastasia Sizov
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Andrew V Caprariello
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jason R Plemel
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. .,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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8
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Zhao ZJ, Zheng RZ, Wang XJ, Li TQ, Dong XH, Zhao CY, Li XY. Integrating Lipidomics and Transcriptomics Reveals the Crosstalk Between Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in Central Nervous System Demyelination. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:870957. [PMID: 35547618 PMCID: PMC9083465 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.870957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an incurable and progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects more than 2.5 million people worldwide and brings tremendous economic pressures to society. However, the pathophysiology of MS is still not fully elucidated, and there is no effective treatment. Demyelination is thought to be the primary pathophysiological alteration in MS, and our previous study found abnormal lipid metabolism in the demyelinated corpus callosum. Growing evidence indicates that central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating diseases never result from one independent factor, and the simultaneous participation of abnormal lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation could potentiate each other in the pathogenesis of MS. Therefore, a single omics analysis cannot provide a full description of any neurodegenerative disease. It has been demonstrated that oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are two reciprocal causative reasons for the progression of MS disease. However, the potential crosstalk between oxidative stress and neuroinflammation remains elusive so far. With an integrated analysis of targeted lipidomics and transcriptomics, our research presents the potential interaction between abnormalities of lipid metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation in CNS demyelinating diseases. The findings of this paper may be used to identify possible targets for the therapy of CNS demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-jie Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui-zhe Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-jing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Tong-qi Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-hua Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang-yi Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Chang-yi Zhao,
| | - Xin-yuan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Xin-yuan Li,
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9
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The mechanistic target of rapamycin as a regulator of metabolic function in oligodendroglia during remyelination. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2022; 63:102193. [PMID: 35245799 PMCID: PMC8995382 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2022.102193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite evidence for prominent metabolic dysfunction within multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions, the mechanisms controlling metabolic shifts in oligodendroglia are poorly understood. The cuprizone model of demyelination and remyelination is a valuable tool for assessing metabolic insult during oligodendrocyte death and myelin degradation, closely resembling the distal oligodendrogliopathy seen in Pattern III MS lesions. In this review we discuss how metabolic processes in oligodendrocytes are disrupted in both MS and the cuprizone model, as well as the evidence for mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling as a key regulator of oligodendroglial metabolic function and efficient remyelination.
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10
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Liu M, Zheng M, Zhang W, Yang F, Hong L, Yu X, Xu H. Cuprizone-induced dopaminergic hyperactivity and locomotor deficit in zebrafish larvae. Brain Res 2022; 1780:147802. [PMID: 35085574 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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11
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Cuprizone-Induced Neurotoxicity in Human Neural Cell Lines Is Mediated by a Reversible Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Relevance for Demyelination Models. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11020272. [PMID: 33671675 PMCID: PMC7926891 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Suitable in vivo and in vitro models are instrumental for the development of new drugs aimed at improving symptoms or progression of multiple sclerosis (MS). The cuprizone (CPZ)-induced murine model has gained momentum in recent decades, aiming to address the demyelination component of the disease. This work aims at assessing the differential cytotoxicity of CPZ in cells of different types and from different species: human oligodendroglial (HOG), human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y), human glioblastoma (T-98), and mouse microglial (N-9) cell lines. Moreover, the effect of CPZ was investigated in primary rat brain cells. Cell viability was assayed by oxygen rate consumption and by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide-based (MTT) method. Our results demonstrated that CPZ did not cause death in any of the assayed cell models but affected mitochondrial function and aerobic cell respiration, thus compromising cell metabolism in neural cells and neuron-glia co-cultures. In this sense, we found differential vulnerability between glial cells and neurons as is the case of the CPZ-induced mouse model of MS. In addition, our findings demonstrated that reduced viability was spontaneous reverted in a time-dependent manner by treatment discontinuation. This reversible cell-based model may help to further investigate the role of mitochondria in the disease, and study the molecular intricacies underlying the pathophysiology of the MS and other demyelinating diseases.
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12
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Zeng H, Zhang X, Wang W, Shen Z, Dai Z, Yu Z, Xu S, Yan G, Huang Q, Wu R, Chen X, Xu H. Maternal separation with early weaning impairs neuron-glia integrity: non-invasive evaluation and substructure demonstration. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19440. [PMID: 33173142 PMCID: PMC7656452 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76640-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes play essential roles in regulating neural signal transduction along neural circuits in CNS. The perfect coordination of neuron/astrocyte and neuron/oligodendrocyte entities was termed as neuron-glia integrity recently. Here we monitored the status of neuron-glia integrity via non-invasive neuroimaging methods and demonstrated the substructures of it using other approaches in an animal model of maternal separation with early weaning (MSEW), which mimics early life neglect and abuse in humans. Compared to controls, MSEW rats showed higher glutamate level, but lower GABA in prefrontal cortex (PFC) detected by chemical exchange saturation transfer and 1H-MRS methods, lower levels of glial glutamate transporter-1 and ATP-α, but increased levels of glutamate decarboxylase-65 and glutamine synthetase in PFC; reduced fractional anisotropy in various brain regions revealed by diffusion tensor imaging, along with increased levels of N-acetyl-aspartate measured by 1H-MRS; and hypomyelination in PFC as evidenced by relevant cellular and molecular changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zeng
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Xianyue Hospital/Xiamen Mental Health Center, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Wenqiang Wang
- Xianyue Hospital/Xiamen Mental Health Center, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhiwei Shen
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zhuozhi Dai
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zhijia Yu
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Shuqin Xu
- Department of Anatomy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Gen Yan
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Qingjun Huang
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Renhua Wu
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xi Chen
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, USA
| | - Haiyun Xu
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
- Department of Anatomy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
- The School of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
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13
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Yang L, Su Y, Guo F, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Huang Q, Xu H. Deep rTMS Mitigates Behavioral and Neuropathologic Anomalies in Cuprizone-Exposed Mice Through Reducing Microglial Proinflammatory Cytokines. Front Integr Neurosci 2020; 14:556839. [PMID: 33250722 PMCID: PMC7674917 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2020.556839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In comparison to conventional repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), theta burst stimulation is stronger and more effective as a brain stimulation approach within short periods. Although this deep rTMS technique is being applied in treating neuropsychiatric disorders, few animal studies have attempted to clarify the neurobiological mechanisms underlying its beneficial effects. This animal study examined the effects of deep rTMS on the cuprizone-induced neuropathologic and behavioral anomalies and explored the underlying mechanism. Adolescent male C57BL/6 mice were fed a rodent chow without or with cuprizone (CPZ; 0.2% w/w) for 5 weeks. Another two groups of mice were subjected to deep rTMS or sham rTMS once a day during weeks 2-5 of the CPZ-feeding period. The behaviors of all mice were assessed after the withdrawal of CPZ before neuropathological and immunological analyses. Compared to the CNT group, mice in CPZ and CPZ + Sham groups showed deficits in social recognition and spatial working memory as well as anxiety-like behavior, in addition to myelin breakdown and OL loss in the corpus callosum (CC), caudate putamen, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus of the brain. Deep rTMS effectively reduced behavioral anomalies and blocked myelin breakdown and OL loss in CPZ-fed mice. Besides, it also dampened microglia activation at lesion sites and rectified cytokines levels (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10) in CPZ-affected regions. The most significant effect was seen in the cerebral cortex where alleviated neuropathology co-existed with less microglia activation and higher IL-10 level. These data provided experimental evidence for the beneficial effects of deep rTMS in CPZ-fed mice and revealed a neurobiological mechanism of the modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yawen Su
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Fannv Guo
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Handi Zhang
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yinglin Zhao
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Qinjun Huang
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- *Correspondence: Qinjun Huang Haiyun Xu
| | - Haiyun Xu
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- The School of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qinjun Huang Haiyun Xu
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