1
|
Bashore FM, Min SM, Chen X, Howell S, Rinderle CH, Morel G, Silvaroli JA, Wells CI, Bunnell BA, Drewry DH, Pabla NS, Ultanir SK, Bullock AN, Axtman AD. Discovery and Characterization of a Chemical Probe for Cyclin-Dependent Kinase-Like 2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.12.593776. [PMID: 38798634 PMCID: PMC11118373 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.12.593776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Acylaminoindazole-based inhibitors of CDKL2 were identified via analyses of cell-free binding and selectivity data. Compound 9 was selected as a CDKL2 chemical probe based on its potent inhibition of CDKL2 enzymatic activity, engagement of CDKL2 in cells, and excellent kinome-wide selectivity, especially when used in cells. Compound 16 was designed as a negative control to be used alongside compound 9 in experiments to interrogate CDKL2-mediated biology. A solved co-crystal structure of compound 9 bound to CDKL2 highlighted key interactions it makes within its ATP-binding site. Inhibition of downstream phosphorylation of EB2, a CDKL2 substrate, in rat primary neurons provided evidence that engagement of CDKL2 by compound 9 in cells resulted in inhibition of its activity. When used at relevant concentrations, compound 9 does not impact the viability of rat primary neurons or certain breast cancer cells nor elicit consistent changes in the expression of proteins involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frances M. Bashore
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sophia M. Min
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Xiangrong Chen
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Stefanie Howell
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Caroline H. Rinderle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Gabriel Morel
- Kinases and Brain Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Josie A. Silvaroli
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
| | - Carrow I. Wells
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Bruce A. Bunnell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - David H. Drewry
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Navjot S. Pabla
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
| | - Sila K. Ultanir
- Kinases and Brain Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Alex N. Bullock
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Alison D. Axtman
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Silvestre M, Dempster K, Mihaylov SR, Claxton S, Ultanir SK. Cell type-specific expression, regulation and compensation of CDKL5 activity in mouse brain. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02434-7. [PMID: 38326557 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02434-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
CDKL5 is a brain-enriched serine/threonine kinase, associated with a profound developmental and epileptic encephalopathy called CDKL5 deficiency disorder (CDD). To design targeted therapies for CDD, it is essential to determine where CDKL5 is expressed and is active in the brain and test if compensatory mechanisms exist at cellular level. We generated conditional Cdkl5 knockout mice in excitatory neurons, inhibitory neurons and astrocytes. To assess CDKL5 activity, we utilized a phosphospecific antibody for phosphorylated EB2, a well-known substrate of CDKL5. We found that CDKL5 and EB2 pS222 were prominent in excitatory and inhibitory neurons but were not detected in astrocytes. We observed that approximately 15-20% of EB2 pS222 remained in Cdkl5 knockout brains and primary neurons. Surprisingly, the remaining phosphorylation was modulated by NMDA and PP1/PP2A in neuronal CDKL5 knockout cultures, indicating the presence of a compensating kinase. Using a screen of candidate kinases with highest homology to the CDKL5 kinase domain, we found that CDKL2 and ICK can phosphorylate EB2 S222 in HEK293T cells and in primary neurons. We then generated Cdkl5/Cdkl2 dual knockout mice to directly test if CDKL2 phosphorylates EB2 in vivo and found that CDKL2 phosphorylates CDKL5 substrates in the brain. This study is the first indication that CDKL2 could potentially replace CDKL5 functions in the brain, alluding to novel therapeutic possibilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Silvestre
- Kinases and Brain Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Kelvin Dempster
- Kinases and Brain Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Simeon R Mihaylov
- Kinases and Brain Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Suzanne Claxton
- Kinases and Brain Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Sila K Ultanir
- Kinases and Brain Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bhuiyan P, Chuwdhury GS, Sun Z, Chen Y, Dong H, Ahmed FF, Nana L, Rahman MH, Qian Y. Network Biology Approaches to Uncover Therapeutic Targets Associated with Molecular Signaling Pathways from circRNA in Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction Pathogenesis. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:1875-1901. [PMID: 35792980 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-02042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a cognitive deterioration and dementia that arise after a surgical procedure, affecting up to 40% of surgery patients over the age of 60. The precise etiology and molecular mechanisms underlying POCD remain uncovered. These reasons led us to employ integrative bioinformatics and machine learning methodologies to identify several biological signaling pathways involved and molecular signatures to better understand the pathophysiology of POCD. A total of 223 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) comprising 156 upregulated and 67 downregulated genes were identified from the circRNA microarray dataset by comparing POCD and non-POCD samples. Gene ontology (GO) analyses of DEGs were significantly involved in neurogenesis, autophagy regulation, translation in the postsynapse, modulating synaptic transmission, regulation of the cellular catabolic process, macromolecule modification, and chromatin remodeling. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated some key molecular pathways, including mTOR signaling pathway, AKT phosphorylation of cytosolic targets, MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway, PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, nitric oxide signaling pathway, chaperones that modulate interferon signaling pathway, apoptosis signaling pathway, VEGF signaling pathway, cellular senescence, RANKL/RARK signaling pathway, and AGE/RAGE pathway. Furthermore, seven hub genes were identified from the PPI network and also determined transcription factors and protein kinases. Finally, we identified a new predictive drug for the treatment of SCZ using the LINCS L1000, GCP, and P100 databases. Together, our results bring a new era of the pathogenesis of a deeper understanding of POCD, identified novel therapeutic targets, and predicted drug inhibitors in POCD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piplu Bhuiyan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - G S Chuwdhury
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Zhaochu Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongquan Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Fee Faysal Ahmed
- Department of Mathematics, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Li Nana
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia, 7003, Bangladesh.
| | - Yanning Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen Z, Lv Y, He L, Wu S, Wu Z. Decreased CDKL2 Expression in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Predicts Worse Overall Survival. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:657672. [PMID: 35096961 PMCID: PMC8793634 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.657672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most frequent and lethal type of kidney cancer. Although differential expression of cyclin-dependent kinase-like 2 (CDKL2) has been reported to be associated with tumor progression in other cancers, its prognostic value, and potential mechanism in patients with ccRCC still remain unknown. Methods: Gene expression analysis was conducted using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Gene Expression Omnibus, and International Cancer Genome Consortium databases. Further, clinicopathologic analysis; Kaplan–Meier survival analysis; weighted gene co-expression network analysis; gene set enrichment analysis; gene ontology enrichment; methylation; and immune infiltration analyses were performed using TCGA-kidney renal clear cell carcinoma profiles. CDKL2 translational levels were analyzed using The Human Protein Atlas database. Results:CDKL2 expression was decreased in ccRCC samples retrieved from the four databases. Gender, survival status, histologic grade, clinical stage, TNM classification, and tumor status were closely related to CDKL2 expression. In addition, CDKL2 downregulation was an independent prognostic factor for poor prognosis in multivariate analysis. Enrichment analyses using multiple tests revealed that CDKL2 is not just closely related to immune response but this association is highly correlated as well. Further, we found that CDKL2 expression was significantly correlated with the infiltration levels of T cell CD4 memory resting; monocytes; macrophages M0, M1, and M2; dendritic cells resting; mast cells resting; plasma cells; T cell CD8; and T cell regulatory. Conclusion: This is the first report to study the expression of CDKL2 in ccRCC, wherein we suggest that decreased CDKL2 expression is closely correlated with poor prognosis in ccRCC. We consider that CDKL2 is a novel and potential prognostic biomarker associated with immune infiltrates in ccRCC.
Collapse
|
5
|
Gomi H, Hinata A, Yasui T, Torii S, Hosaka M. Expression Pattern of the LacZ Reporter in Secretogranin III Gene-trapped Mice. J Histochem Cytochem 2021; 69:229-243. [PMID: 33622062 DOI: 10.1369/0022155421996845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretogranin III (SgIII) is a granin protein involved in secretory granule formation in peptide-hormone-producing endocrine cells. In this study, we analyzed the expression of the LacZ reporter in the SgIII knockout mice produced by gene trapping (SgIII-gtKO) for the purpose of comprehensively clarifying the expression patterns of SgIII at the cell and tissue levels. In the endocrine tissues of SgIII-gtKO mice, LacZ expression was observed in the pituitary gland, adrenal medulla, and pancreatic islets, where SgIII expression has been canonically revealed. LacZ expression was extensively observed in brain regions, especially in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamic nuclei, cerebellum, and spinal cord. In peripheral nervous tissues, LacZ expression was observed in the retina, optic nerve, and trigeminal ganglion. LacZ expression was particularly prominent in astrocytes, in addition to neurons and ependymal cells. In the cerebellum, at least four cell types expressed SgIII under basal conditions. The expression of SgIII in the glioma cell lines C6 and RGC-6 was enhanced by excitatory glutamate treatment. It also became clear that the expression level of SgIII varied among neuron and astrocyte subtypes. These results suggest that SgIII is involved in glial cell function, in addition to neuroendocrine functions, in the nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Gomi
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Airi Hinata
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yasui
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Seiji Torii
- Center for Food Science and Wellness, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hosaka
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
CDKL2 Is Associated with HER2 Status and Overall Survival in Gastric Cancer: Comparative Analysis of CDKL2 Protein Expression and Gene Copy Number. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1712723. [PMID: 33178818 PMCID: PMC7648667 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1712723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Cyclin-dependent kinase-like 2 (CDKL2) is a member of the CDKL family and recognized as a novel regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition of breast cancer cells, but its role has not been explored in gastric cancer (GC). This study was to characterize the CDKL2 protein expression and gene copy number in relation to human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status, clinicopathological features, and overall survival (OS) in GC. Methods This study detected the CDKL2 protein expression and gene copy number by immunochemistry (IHC) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), respectively, in 334 GC samples. HER2 status was determined according to established criteria. Associations of the CDKL2 protein expression and gene copy number with OS in GC were evaluated, and the association between CDKL2 mRNA expression and OS in GC was also analyzed using TCGA data. Results The detection results suggested that 34.1% cases showed high CDKL2 protein expression; 11.4% cases had ≥5 copies of CDKL2 gene or a ratio of CDKL2 to chromosome of ≥2. The CDKL2 protein expression was markedly correlated with its gene copy number. High protein expression and high gene copy number were both significantly associated with positive HER2 status, and they both could predicted a shorter OS, although not as independent markers suggested by the multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. The TCGA data indicated that higher CDKL2 mRNA level also predicted a shorter OS in GC. Conclusions The combined detection of the CDKL2 protein level and gene copy number could be of important value in predicting HER2 status and prognosis of patients with GC.
Collapse
|
7
|
Khurshid Ahmed NA, Lim SK, Pandian GN, Sugiyama H, Lee CY, Khoo BY, Chan KL. Differentially expressed genes on the growth of mouse Leydig cells treated with standardised Eurycoma longifolia extract. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:3645-3658. [PMID: 32901880 PMCID: PMC7533519 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Eurycoma (E.) longifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali) is a widely applied medicine that has been reported to boost serum testosterone and increase muscle mass. However, its actual biological targets and effects on an in vitro level remain poorly understood. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of a standardised E. longifolia extract (F2) on the growth and its associated gene expression profile in mouse Leydig cells. F2, even at lower doses, was found to induce a high level of testosterone by ELISA. The level was as high as the levels induced by eurycomanone and formestane in Leydig cells. However, Leydig cells treated with F2 demonstrated reduced viability, which was likely due to the diminished cell population at the G0/G1 phase and increased cell population arrested at the S phase in the cell cycle, as assessed by MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Cell viability was revived when the treatment time‑point was prolonged to 96 h. Genome‑wide gene analysis by reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR of F2‑treated Leydig cells at 72 h, when the cell growth was not revived, and 96 h, when the cell growth had started to revive, revealed cyclin‑dependent kinase‑like 2 (CDKL2) to be a potential target in regulating the viability of F2‑treated Leydig cells. Functional analysis, as analysed using GeneMANIA Cytoscape program v.3.6.0 (https://genemania.org/), further suggested that CDKL2 could act in concert with Casitas B‑lineage lymphoma and sphingosine kinase 1 interactor‑A‑kinase anchoring protein domain‑containing genes to regulate the viability of F2‑treated Leydig cells. The findings of the present study provide new insights regarding the potential molecular targets associated with the biological effect of E. longifolia extract on cell growth, particularly on the cell cycle, which could aid in enhancing the bioefficacy and reducing the toxicity of this natural product in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nor Amira Khurshid Ahmed
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Shern Kwok Lim
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ganesh N Pandian
- World Premier International Research Initiative‑Institute for Integrated Cell‑Material Sciences (WPI‑iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugiyama
- World Premier International Research Initiative‑Institute for Integrated Cell‑Material Sciences (WPI‑iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Chong Yew Lee
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Boon Yin Khoo
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Kit Lam Chan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Baram TZ, Donato F, Holmes GL. Construction and disruption of spatial memory networks during development. Learn Mem 2019; 26:206-218. [PMID: 31209115 PMCID: PMC6581006 DOI: 10.1101/lm.049239.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Spatial memory, the aspect of memory involving encoding and retrieval of information regarding one's environment and spatial orientation, is a complex biological function incorporating multiple neuronal networks. Hippocampus-dependent spatial memory is not innate and emerges during development in both humans and rodents. In children, nonhippocampal dependent egocentric (self-to-object) memory develops before hippocampal-dependent allocentric (object-to-object) memory. The onset of allocentric spatial memory abilities in children around 22 mo of age occurs at an age-equivalent time in rodents when spatially tuned grid and place cells arise from patterned activity propagating through the entorhinal-hippocampal circuit. Neuronal activity, often driven by specific sensory signals, is critical for the normal maturation of brain circuits This patterned activity fine-tunes synaptic connectivity of the network and drives the emergence of specific firing necessary for spatial memory. Whereas normal activity patterns are required for circuit maturation, aberrant neuronal activity during development can have major adverse consequences, disrupting the development of spatial memory. Seizures during infancy, involving massive bursts of synchronized network activity, result in impaired spatial memory when animals are tested as adolescents or adults. This impaired spatial memory is accompanied by alterations in spatial and temporal coding of place cells. The molecular mechanisms by which early-life seizures lead to disruptions at the cellular and network levels are now becoming better understood, and provide a target for intervention, potentially leading to improved cognitive outcome in individuals experiencing early-life seizures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tallie Z Baram
- Department of Anatomy/Neurobiology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Flavio Donato
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
- Biozentrum, Department of Cell Biology, University of Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Gregory L Holmes
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05401, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhao Y, Yang J, Liu Y, Fan J, Yang H. HSV-2-encoded miRNA-H4 Regulates Cell Cycle Progression and Act-D-induced Apoptosis in HeLa Cells by Targeting CDKL2 and CDKN2A. Virol Sin 2019; 34:278-286. [PMID: 30953292 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00101-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) encoded by latency-associated transcript are associated with both latent and acute stages of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) infection. In this study, miRNA-H4-5p and miRNA-H4-3p were ectopically expressed in HeLa cells to explore potential cellular targets of viral miRNAs and demonstrate their potential biological functions. The results showed that miRNA-H4-5p could reverse apoptosis induced by actinomycin D (Act-D) and promote cell cycle progression, but miRNA-H4-3p had no such obvious functions. Bioinformatics analysis, luciferase report assay, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and Western blotting demonstrated that miRNA-H4-5p could bind to the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) and cyclin-dependent kinase-like 2 (CDKL2) to negatively regulate their expression. We verified that these two targeted genes were associated with cell apoptosis and cell cycle. Furthermore, in HeLa cells infected with HSV-2, we detected significantly reduced expression of CDKN2A and CDKL2 and demonstrated the negative regulation effect of miRNA-H4-5p on these two target genes. Our findings show that viral miRNAs play a vital role in regulating the expression of the host's cellular genes that participate in cell apoptosis and progression to reshape the cellular environment in response to HSV-2 infection, providing further information on the roles of encoded herpesvirus miRNAs in pathogen-host interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Guangzhou School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510010, China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Guangzhou School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510010, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Dermatology, General Hospital of Southern Theatre Command of PLA, Guangzhou, 510010, China
| | - Jianyong Fan
- Department of Dermatology, General Hospital of Southern Theatre Command of PLA, Guangzhou, 510010, China
| | - Huilan Yang
- Guangzhou School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510010, China. .,Department of Dermatology, General Hospital of Southern Theatre Command of PLA, Guangzhou, 510010, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fang CL, Uen YH, Chen HK, Hseu YC, Lin CC, Hung ST, Sun DP, Lin KY. Loss of cyclin-dependent kinase-like 2 predicts poor prognosis in gastric cancer, and its overexpression suppresses cells growth and invasion. Cancer Med 2018; 7:2993-3002. [PMID: 29790675 PMCID: PMC6051174 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase-like 2 (CDKL2), a new member of the cyclin-dependent kinase family, may be involved in gastric cancer (GC) progression. Thus, we conducted this study to explore the clinical effect of CDKL2 in GC. Immunohistochemistry was used to measure CDKL2 levels in gastric tissues. The association of a high CDKL2 level with clinical and pathological characteristics, and the correlation between the CDKL2 level and disease-free and overall survival were analyzed. Transfection was employed to overexpress CDKL2 in GC cells and to investigate the effect of CDKL2 overexpression on cell proliferation and invasion. Loss of CDKL2 was positively correlated with several clinical and pathological characteristics, and patients with a low CDKL2 level had significantly poorer disease-free and overall survival than those with a high level (P = .005 and .001, respectively). Univariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model indicated that a low CDKL2 level was a prognosticator for inferior disease-free survival (P = .007). Based on immmunoblotting data, AGS and HGC-27 GC cells were chosen for CDKL2 overexpression. Cellular studies revealed that CDKL2 overexpression impaired cell proliferation and invasion. Loss of CDKL2 may serve as a biomarker for predicting GC patient outcomes and a potential therapeutic target for GC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Lang Fang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Huei Uen
- Department of Surgery, Asia University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Han-Kun Chen
- Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - You-Cheng Hseu
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chan Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ting Hung
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ding-Ping Sun
- Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Nutrition, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Yuan Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yi R, Yang S, Wen E, Hu Z, Long H, Zeng Y, Wang X, Huang X, Liao Y, Luo M, Wang J, Zhou M, Wang W, Xu A, Lin J, Wu Z, Song Y. Negative nuclear expression of CDKL2 correlates with disease progression and poor prognosis of glioma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2018; 11:712-719. [PMID: 31938157 PMCID: PMC6958001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to investigate the nuclear expression status of cyclin dependent kinase like 2 (CDKL2) in glioma and its correlation with the characteristics of clinical pathology, including patient survival. METHODS AND RESULTS In the present study, the expression of CDKL2 mRNA was detected by real-time QPCR in freshly collected glioma and para-carcinoma tissues. Moreover, immunohistochemistry was used to identified nuclear expression of CDKL2, and the characteristics of clinical pathology from glioma cases (n = 144) and non-cancerous brain tissues (n = 32) were counted. Low mRNA and nuclear protein expression of CDKL2 was observed in glioma tissues compared to non-cancerous tissues. Glioma patients with negative nuclear expression of CDKL2 were correlated with histologic type, clinical World Health Organization (WHO) grade, tumor location, and KI-67 expression status. Negative nuclear expression of CDKL2 in glioma patients predicted an observably shorter overall survival time than did positive expression. However, as demonstrated by multivariate analysis, nuclear expression of CDKL2 was not an independent prognostic biomarker for the survival of patients with glioma. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicated that negative nuclear expression of CDKL2 may represent a potential unfavorable marker for progression and poor prognostic in glioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renhui Yi
- Gannan Medical UniversityGanzhou, Jiangxi, P. R. China
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical UniversityGanzhou, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Shaochun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical UniversityGanzhou, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Ersheng Wen
- Gannan Medical UniversityGanzhou, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical UniversityGanzhou, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Hao Long
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xizhao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- Gannan Medical UniversityGanzhou, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Liao
- Department of Ultrasonography, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical UniversityGanzhou, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Muyun Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical UniversityGanzhou, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Jizhou Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Mingfeng Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Anqi Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Ye Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Canning P, Park K, Gonçalves J, Li C, Howard CJ, Sharpe TD, Holt LJ, Pelletier L, Bullock AN, Leroux MR. CDKL Family Kinases Have Evolved Distinct Structural Features and Ciliary Function. Cell Rep 2018; 22:885-894. [PMID: 29420175 PMCID: PMC5846859 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Various kinases, including a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) family member, regulate the growth and functions of primary cilia, which perform essential roles in signaling and development. Neurological disorders linked to CDK-Like (CDKL) proteins suggest that these underexplored kinases may have similar functions. Here, we present the crystal structures of human CDKL1, CDKL2, CDKL3, and CDKL5, revealing their evolutionary divergence from CDK and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including an unusual ?J helix important for CDKL2 and CDKL3 activity. C. elegans CDKL-1, most closely related to CDKL1-4 and localized to neuronal cilia transition zones, modulates cilium length; this depends on its kinase activity and ?J helix-containing C terminus. Human CDKL5, linked to Rett syndrome, also localizes to cilia, and it impairs ciliogenesis when overexpressed. CDKL5 patient mutations modeled in CDKL-1 cause localization and/or cilium length defects. Together, our studies establish a disease model system suggesting cilium length defects as a pathomechanism for neurological disorders, including epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Canning
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Kwangjin Park
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, and Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - João Gonçalves
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Chunmei Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, and Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Conor J Howard
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Timothy D Sharpe
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Liam J Holt
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Laurence Pelletier
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Alex N Bullock
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - Michel R Leroux
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, and Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li L, Liu C, Amato RJ, Chang JT, Du G, Li W. CDKL2 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and breast cancer progression. Oncotarget 2015; 5:10840-53. [PMID: 25333262 PMCID: PMC4279414 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) confers mesenchymal properties on epithelial cells and has been closely associated with the acquisition of aggressive traits by epithelial cancer cells. To identify novel regulators of EMT, we carried out cDNA screens that covered 500 human kinases. Subsequent characterization of candidate kinases led us to uncover cyclin-dependent kinase-like 2 (CDKL2) as a novel potent promoter for EMT and breast cancer progression. CDKL2-expressing human mammary gland epithelial cells displayed enhanced mesenchymal traits and stem cell-like phenotypes, which was acquired through activating a ZEB1/E-cadherin/β-catenin positive feedback loop and regulating CD44 mRNA alternative splicing to promote conversion of CD24high cells to CD44high cells. Furthermore, CDKL2 enhanced primary tumor formation and metastasis in a breast cancer xenograft model. Notably, CDKL2 is expressed significantly higher in mesenchymal human breast cancer cell lines than in epithelial lines, and its over-expression/amplification in human breast cancers is associated with shorter disease-free survival. Taken together, our study uncovered a major role for CDKL2 in promoting EMT and breast cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linna Li
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chunping Liu
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Robert J Amato
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, and Memorial Hermann Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Jeffrey T Chang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas. School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Guangwei Du
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Wenliang Li
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas. Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, and Memorial Hermann Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas. Cancer Biology Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Whole organism-based small-molecule screens have proven powerful in identifying novel therapeutic chemicals, yet this approach has not been exploited to identify new cognitive enhancers. Here we present an automated high-throughput system for measuring nonassociative learning behaviors in larval zebrafish. Using this system, we report that spaced training blocks of repetitive visual stimuli elicit protein synthesis-dependent long-term habituation in larval zebrafish, lasting up to 24 h. Moreover, repetitive acoustic stimulation induces robust short-term habituation that can be modulated by stimulation frequency and instantaneously dishabituated through cross-modal stimulation. To characterize the neurochemical pathways underlying short-term habituation, we screened 1,760 bioactive compounds with known targets. Although we found extensive functional conservation of short-term learning between larval zebrafish and mammalian models, we also discovered several compounds with previously unknown roles in learning. These compounds included a myristic acid analog known to interact with Src family kinases and an inhibitor of cyclin dependent kinase 2, demonstrating that high-throughput chemical screens combined with high-resolution behavioral assays provide a powerful approach for the discovery of novel cognitive modulators.
Collapse
|