1
|
Quaglieri A, Pizzo A, Cricenti C, Tagliaferri G, Frisari FV, Burrai J, Mari E, Lausi G, Giannini AM, Zivi P. Gambling and virtual reality: unraveling the illusion of near-misses effect. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1322631. [PMID: 38362030 PMCID: PMC10867214 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1322631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Studying gambling behavior is a crucial element in reducing the impact of problem gambling. Nevertheless, most current research is carried out in controlled laboratory settings rather than real-life situations, which raises concerns about how applicable the findings are in the broader context. Virtual reality (VR) has proven to be a valuable tool and has been utilized in various experimental scenarios. A limited number of studies have employed VR to investigate gambling behaviors, and few have explored them in an older adolescent context. Methods This study examined the behavioral and physiological effects of gambling behavior, including problem gambling, gaming addiction, and risk-taking decision-making in a sample of 36 high-school students aged between 18 to 20 years using an ad-hoc constructed VR scenario designed to simulate a slot-machine platform. Results The behavioral results highlighted that participants reporting more problem gambling were sensitive to near-misses: i.e., they bet more after near-misses than after losses. This result may reflect the false belief that gamblers, after near-misses, are closer to winning. Physiological data showed that participants exhibited heart rate deceleration during the anticipation of the outcome, which has been suggested to represent a marker of feedback anticipation processing and hyposensitivity to losses. Discussion Overall, this study provides evidence for a new VR tool to assess gambling behaviors and new insights into gambling-related behavioral and physiological factors. Implications for the treatment of problem gambling are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandra Pizzo
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesca Valeria Frisari
- Department of Psychology of Development and Socialization Processes, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Jessica Burrai
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Mari
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Lausi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Pierpaolo Zivi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Robinson MJF, Bonmariage QSA, Samaha AN. Unpredictable, intermittent access to sucrose or water promotes increased reward pursuit in rats. Behav Brain Res 2023; 453:114612. [PMID: 37544370 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Reward uncertainty can sensitize reward pathways, promoting increased reward-seeking and -taking behaviours. This is relevant to human conditions such as pathological gambling, eating disorders and drug addiction. In the context of addiction, preclinical self-administration procedures have been developed to model the intermittency of human drug use. These intermittent-access (IntA) procedures involve intermittent but predictable access to drug during self-administration sessions. However, human drug use typically involves intermittent and unpredictable drug access. We introduce a new procedure modeling unpredictable, intermittent access (UIntA) to a reinforcer, and we compare it to procedures that provide predictable reinforcer availability; continuous (ContA) or intermittent (IntA) access. Female rats self-administered water or liquid sucrose in daily hour-long sessions. IntA and ContA rats had access to a fixed volume of water or sucrose (0.1 ml), under a fixed ratio 3 schedule of reinforcement. IntA rats had predictable 5-min reinforcer ON and 25-min reinforcer OFF periods. ContA rats had 60 min of reinforcer access during each session. For UIntA rats, variation in the length of ON and OFF periods (1, 5 or 9 min/period), response requirement (variable ratio 3 schedule of reinforcement), reinforcer probability (50%) and quantity (0, 0.1 or 0.2 ml) introduced reward uncertainty. Following 14 daily self-administration sessions, UIntA rats showed the highest levels of responding for water or sucrose under progressive ratio conditions, responding under extinction conditions, and cue-induced reinstatement of sucrose seeking. Thus, unpredictable, intermittent reward access promotes increased reward pursuit. This has implications for modeling addiction and other disorders of increased reward seeking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mike J F Robinson
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Qi Shan A Bonmariage
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Anne-Noël Samaha
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Neural Signaling and Circuitry Research Group (SNC), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on the Brain and Learning (CIRCA), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Neuroscience and Mental Health Strategy of the Université de Montréal (SENSUM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Engineered highs: Reward variability and frequency as potential prerequisites of behavioural addiction. Addict Behav 2023; 140:107626. [PMID: 36701907 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Influential learning-based accounts of substance addictions posit the attribution of incentive salience to drug-associated cues, and its escalation by the direct dopaminergic effects of drugs. In translating this account to disordered gambling, we have noted how the intermittent nature of monetary rewards in gambling (i.e. the variable ratio) may allow for analogous learning processes, via effects on dopaminergic signalling. The aim of the present article is to consider how multiple sources of reward variability operate within modern gambling products, and how similar sources of variability, as well as some novel sources of variability, also apply to other digital products implicated in behavioural addictions, including gaming, shopping, social media and online pornography. Online access to these activities facilitates not only unparalleled accessibility but also introduces novel forms of reward variability, as seen in the effects of infinite scrolls and personalized recommendations. We use the term uncertainty to refer to the subjective experience of reward variability. We further highlight two psychological factors that appear to moderate the effects of uncertainty: 1) the timecourse of uncertainty, especially with regard to its resolution, 2) the frequency of exposure, allowing temporal compression. Collectively, the evidence illustrates how qualitative and quantitative variability of reward can confer addictive potential to non-drug reinforcers by exploiting the psychological and neural processes that rely on predictability to guide reward seeking behaviour.
Collapse
|
4
|
Hagfors H, Castrén S, Salonen AH. How gambling motives are associated with socio-demographics and gambling behavior - A Finnish population study. J Behav Addict 2022; 11:63-74. [PMID: 35275094 PMCID: PMC9109631 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2022.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The aims were to examine how socio-demographics and gambling behavior relate to both primary and additional gambling motives, and whether the gambling motives change during a one-year-period. METHODS The Finnish Gambling Harms Survey data was used. Gambling motives were measured with a categorical question. Gambling severity was measured using the Problem and Pathological Gambling Measure (PPGM). Using the first-wave data including only past-year gamblers (n = 5,684), five logistic regression models were utilized to explore the associations of gambling motives with socio-demographics and gambling behavior. The stability of gambling motives was assessed with McNemar's test using longitudinal data (n = 2,078). RESULTS Gambling for positive feeling was associated with younger age, high income, high gambling involvement and at-risk gambling. Monetary motive was associated with female gender, high gambling involvement, online or mixed-mode and at-risk gambling. Supporting worthy causes was associated with older age, monthly and weekly gambling, and land-based gambling. Socializing was associated with younger age and gambling occasionally on land-based venues with multiple game types. Finally, the motive to escape was intensified among 25-34-year-olds, homemakers, and those with high gambling involvement and at-risk or problem gambling. Gambling motives remained relatively stable for one year. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Gender and age profiles varied in different motives. Positive feeling, socializing and escape motive was heightened among younger respondents while supporting worthy causes was heightened among the oldest. Women gambled for money more often than men. Escape motive was associated with problem gambling. Longer follow-up is needed to confirm the longitudinal results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heli Hagfors
- Tampere University, Faculty of Social Science, Finland,Corresponding author. Tel.: +358 45 884 3583. E-mail:
| | - Sari Castrén
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Health and Well-Being Promotion Unit, Finland,University of Turku, Department of Psychology and Speech Language Pathology, Finland,University of Helsinki, Faculty of Medicine, Finland
| | - Anne H. Salonen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Health and Well-Being Promotion Unit, Finland,University of Eastern Finland, Faculty of Health Sciences, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Problem gamblers discount delayed rewards more rapidly than do non-gambling controls. Understanding this impulsivity is important for developing treatment options. In this article, we seek to make two contributions: First, we ask which of the currently debated economic models of intertemporal choice (exponential versus hyperbolic versus quasi-hyperbolic) provides the best description of gamblers' discounting behavior. Second, we ask how problem gamblers differ from habitual gamblers and non-gambling controls within the most favored parametrization. Our analysis reveals that the quasi-hyperbolic discounting model is strongly favored over the other two parametrizations. Within the quasi-hyperbolic discounting model, problem gamblers have both a significantly stronger present bias and a smaller long-run discount factor, which suggests that gamblers' impulsivity has two distinct sources.
Collapse
|
6
|
Dezza IC, Noel X, Cleeremans A, Yu AJ. Distinct motivations to seek out information in healthy individuals and problem gamblers. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:408. [PMID: 34312367 PMCID: PMC8313706 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01523-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As massive amounts of information are becoming available to people, understanding the mechanisms underlying information-seeking is more pertinent today than ever. In this study, we investigate the underlying motivations to seek out information in healthy and addicted individuals. We developed a novel decision-making task and a novel computational model which allows dissociating the relative contribution of two motivating factors to seek out information: a desire for novelty and a general desire for knowledge. To investigate whether/how the motivations to seek out information vary between healthy and addicted individuals, in addition to healthy controls we included a sample of individuals with gambling disorder-a form of addiction without the confound of substance consumption and characterized by compulsive gambling. Our results indicate that healthy subjects and problem gamblers adopt distinct information-seeking "modes". Healthy information-seeking behavior was mostly motivated by a desire for novelty. Problem gamblers, on the contrary, displayed reduced novelty-seeking and an increased desire for accumulating knowledge compared to healthy controls. Our findings not only shed new light on the motivations driving healthy and addicted individuals to seek out information, but they also have important implications for the treatment and diagnosis of behavioral addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cogliati Dezza
- grid.4989.c0000 0001 2348 0746Centre for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201The Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK ,grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xavier Noel
- grid.4989.c0000 0001 2348 0746Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Axel Cleeremans
- grid.4989.c0000 0001 2348 0746Centre for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Angela J. Yu
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xu P, Vincent BT, Sang H, Li X. Examining the role of risk in waiting preference and dynamic preference reversal: An experience intertemporal choice study. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xu
- College of Education Wenzhou University Wenzhou China
| | | | - Hui Sang
- School of Management Shanghai University of International Business and Economics Shanghai China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- School of Psychology Shenzhen University Shenzhen China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gorzelańczyk EJ, Walecki P, Błaszczyszyn M, Laskowska E, Kawala-Sterniuk A. Evaluation of Risk Behavior in Gambling Addicted and Opioid Addicted Individuals. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:597524. [PMID: 33488346 PMCID: PMC7817611 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.597524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that both opioid addicted and gambling addicted individuals are characterized by higher levels of risky behavior in comparison to healthy people. It has been shown that the administration of substitution drugs can reduce cravings for opioids and the risky decisions made by individuals addicted to opioids. Although it is suggested that the neurobiological foundations of addiction are similar, it is possible that risk behaviors in opioid addicts may differ in detail from those addicted to gambling. The aim of this work was to compare the level of risk behavior in individuals addicted to opioid, with that of individuals addicted to gambling, using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). The score and response time during the task were measured. It was also observed, in the basis of the whole IGT test, that individuals addicted to gambling make riskier decisions in comparison to healthy individuals from the control group but less riskier decisions in comparison to individuals addicted to opioids, before administration of methadone and without any statistically significant difference after administration of methadone-as there has been growing evidence that methadone administration is strongly associated with a significant decrease in risky behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Gorzelańczyk
- Department of Theoretical Basis of Bio-Medical Sciences and Medical Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University - Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland.,Institute of Philosophy, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.,Babinski Specialist Psychiatric Healthcare Center, Outpatient Addiction Treatment, Lodz, Poland.,The Society for the Substitution Treatment of Addiction "Medically Assisted Recovery", Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Piotr Walecki
- Department of Bioinformatics and Telemedicine, Jagiellonian University - Collegium Medicum, Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Błaszczyszyn
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Opole University of Technology, Opole, Poland
| | - Ewa Laskowska
- Faculty of Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University - Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kawala-Sterniuk
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatic Control and Informatics, Opole University of Technology, Opole, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Deo N, Johnson E, Kancharla K, O'Horo JC, Kashyap R. Instant Gratification as a Method to Promote Physician Practice Guideline Adherence: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2020; 12:e9381. [PMID: 32850248 PMCID: PMC7445093 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.9381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Inadequate adherence to best practice guidelines may have a negative impact on the processes of critical care and patient outcomes. Instant gratification has been used to modify human behavior in industries such as gaming, lottery, and social media. We hypothesize that, if properly and purposefully utilized, IG can become a successful tool for encouraging best practice guideline adherence among critical care providers. Four major databases were searched with a medial librarian. Covidence application was used to identify studies pertaining to the instant gratification being used to improve provider adherence with best practice guidelines. A total of 712 studies were identified, and, through duplicates removal, title and abstract screening, and full-text screening, a total of 13 studies were included in the final review. The exclusion criteria used included the following: no provider gratification, wrong focus/intervention, wrong study design, patient-focused intervention, not generalizable, and no conclusion. There is a knowledge gap regarding instant gratification utilization to influence practice guideline adherence among providers. The intervention functions of the Behavior Change Wheel (BCW) were evident, especially 'persuasion' and 'incentivization', which are most pertinent to our field. The restorative process that promotes positive reinforcement can be a potential solution for alleviating inadequacies in guideline adherence. Examining interventions based on functions of the BCW has shown that an instant gratification process may have the potential in altering critical care providers' behavior and improving guideline adherence. This review is the first step towards creating smart algorithms to instantly alert providers for their actions compliant with best practices. Developing, testing, and validating the algorithms will be the next several steps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Deo
- Medicine, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, USA
| | - Emily Johnson
- Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, USA
| | | | - John C O'Horo
- Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - Rahul Kashyap
- Critical Care, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ashar M, Thaliath L, Sali K, Chaudhury S, Jagtap BL, Patil AA, Devabhaktuni S. Correlates of excessive Pokemon Go playing among medical students. Ind Psychiatry J 2019; 28:301-305. [PMID: 33223726 PMCID: PMC7660007 DOI: 10.4103/ipj.ipj_92_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A new virus "Pokémon GO" is infecting Homo sapiens at an exponential rate. The symptoms include swaying your cell phone in air and focusing in blankness, straying into the unknown in search "Pikachu". In the "Pokedemiological" triad, the host is a medical student, agent is Pokémon GO, and the environment is a chaos of childhood fantasies and peer pressure turning into a vicious cycle of addiction, stress, anxiety, and depression. AIM The aim was to study the correlates of excessive playing of Pokemon Go in medical students. MATERIALS AND METHODS By purposive sampling, fifty MBBS students who were regularly playing Pokémon GO for more than 2 weeks and equal number of age-and sex-matched students who were not playing any computer games were included in this study with their consent. They were assessed with a pro forma asking information about their habit and the depression, anxiety, and stress scale. Statistical analysis was done using t-test, Chi-square test, and Mann- Whitney U-test. RESULTS Reasons for starting to play Pokemon Go included liking the concept (n = 39), peer pressure (n = 8), and free availability (n = 3). Wandering outside their residence alone until way after dark to play the game was reported by 27 players, and six admitted to stopping in the middle of a road to catch a rare pokemon. Twenty-eight players admitted that the game had adversely affected their behavior. Twenty players play much longer than they originally planned, whereas 22 lost track of time while playing the game. The players were under significantly more stress, anxiety, and depression compared to nonplayers. CONCLUSION Regular playing of Pokemon Go results in adverse consequences including exposure to dangerous situations, stress, anxiety, and depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mili Ashar
- Department of Psychiatry, Rural Medical College, PIMS (DU), Loni, Maharashtra, India
| | - Liz Thaliath
- Department of Psychiatry, Rural Medical College, PIMS (DU), Loni, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kimaya Sali
- Department of Psychiatry, Rural Medical College, PIMS (DU), Loni, Maharashtra, India
| | - Suprakash Chaudhury
- Department of Psychiatry, Dr. DY Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. DY Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Biswajit L Jagtap
- Department of Psychiatry, Rural Medical College, PIMS (DU), Loni, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anand A Patil
- Department of Psychiatry, Rural Medical College, PIMS (DU), Loni, Maharashtra, India
| | - Spandana Devabhaktuni
- Department of Psychiatry, Dr. DY Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. DY Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hellberg SN, Russell TI, Robinson MJF. Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 19:737-758. [PMID: 30357661 PMCID: PMC6482104 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-00662-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gambling disorder is an impairing condition confounded by psychiatric co-morbidity, particularly with substance use and anxiety disorders. Yet, our knowledge of the mechanisms that cause these disorders to coalesce remains limited. The Incentive Sensitization Theory suggests that sensitization of neural "wanting" pathways, which attribute incentive salience to rewards and their cues, is responsible for the excessive desire for drugs and cue-triggered craving. The resulting hyper-reactivity of the "wanting' system is believed to heavily influence compulsive drug use and relapse. Notably, evidence for sensitization of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway has been seen across gambling and substance use, as well as anxiety and stress-related pathology, with stress playing a major role in relapse. Together, this evidence highlights a phenomenon known as cross-sensitization, whereby sensitization to stress, drugs, or gambling behaviors enhance the sensitivity and dopaminergic response to any of those stimuli. Here, we review the literature on how cue attraction and reward uncertainty may underlie gambling pathology, and examine how this framework may advance our understanding of co-mordidity with substance-use disorders (e.g., alcohol, nicotine) and anxiety disorders. We argue that reward uncertainty, as seen in slot machines and games of chance, increases dopaminergic activity in the mesolimbic pathway and enhances the incentive value of reward cues. We propose that incentive sensitization by reward uncertainty may interact with and predispose individuals to drug abuse and stress, creating a mechanism through which co-mordidity of these disorders may emerge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha N Hellberg
- Psychology Department and the Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Wesleyan University, 207 High Street, Middletown, CT, 06457, USA
- University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Trinity I Russell
- Psychology Department and the Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Wesleyan University, 207 High Street, Middletown, CT, 06457, USA
- National Institutes on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mike J F Robinson
- Psychology Department and the Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Wesleyan University, 207 High Street, Middletown, CT, 06457, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jacob L, Haro JM, Koyanagi A. Relationship between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and problem gambling: A mediation analysis of influential factors among 7,403 individuals from the UK. J Behav Addict 2018; 7:781-791. [PMID: 30238788 PMCID: PMC6426384 DOI: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Our goal was to examine the association between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and gambling problems, and to identify potential mediating factors of this association. METHODS This study used cross-sectional, community-based data from 7,403 people aged ≥16 years who participated in the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2007. ADHD symptoms were assessed using the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) Screener. Problem gambling was assessed using a questionnaire based on the 10 DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for pathological gambling. Respondents were classified as having no problem, at-risk, or problem gambling. Logistic regression and mediation analyses were conducted to analyze the association between ADHD symptoms (i.e., ASRS score ≥14) and problem gambling and the role of several variables in this association. RESULTS The prevalence of at-risk (5.3% vs. 2.4%) and problem gambling (2.4% vs. 0.6%) was higher in individuals with ADHD symptoms than in those without ADHD symptoms. ADHD symptoms were significantly associated with both at-risk (OR = 2.15; 95% CI = 1.22-3.79) and problem gambling (OR = 3.57; 95% CI = 1.53-8.31) when adjusted for age, sex, and ethnicity. Common mental disorders (CMDs; i.e., depression and anxiety disorders) (mediated percentage = 22.4%), borderline personality disorder (BPD) traits (22.1%), stressful life events (13.2%), stress at work or home (12.6%), alcohol dependence (11.8%), and impulsivity (11.2%) were significant mediators in the ADHD-gambling association. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Overall, ADHD symptoms were positively associated with problem gambling. CMDs, BPD traits, and stressful life events were important mediators in this relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louis Jacob
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Paris 5, Paris, France,Corresponding author: Dr. Louis Jacob; Faculty of Medicine, University of Paris 5, 15 rue de l’École de Médecine, Paris 75006, France; Phone: +33 6 27 88 37 06; E-mail:
| | - Josep Maria Haro
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Spirou A, Liu PP, Natsheh JY, Neuteboom E, Dobryakova E. Neural Correlates of Outcome Anticipation in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2018; 9:572. [PMID: 30140247 PMCID: PMC6094992 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Outcome anticipation is not only a mental preparation for upcoming consequences, but also an essential component of learning and decision-making. Thus, anticipation of consequences is a key process in everyday functioning. The striatum and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex are among the key regions that have been shown to be involved in outcome anticipation. However, while structural abnormalities of these regions as well as altered decision-making have been noted in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS), neural correlates of outcome anticipation have not been explored in this population. Thus, we examined the neural correlates of outcome anticipation in MS by analyzing brain activation in individuals with MS while they performed a modified version of a card-guessing task. Seventeen MS and 13 healthy controls performed the task while functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was obtained. To achieve maximal anticipatory response and prevent the possibility of differential performance on the task, participants were presented with monetary rewards only on 50% of the trials. While replicating previous evidence of structural abnormalities of the striatum in MS, our results further showed that individuals with MS exhibited greater activation in the putamen, right hippocampus, and posterior cingulate cortex during outcome anticipation compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, even though there was no strategy that participants could learn in order to predict outcomes, 76% of participants with MS indicated that they used strategies while performing the task. We thus propose that the increased neural activation observed in MS during outcome anticipation might be explained by a failure in recognizing the lack of regularity in the task structure that could result in using strategies to perform the task.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Spirou
- Traumatic Brain Injury Research, Kessler Foundation, East Hanover, NJ, United States
| | - Pei-Pei Liu
- Traumatic Brain Injury Research, Kessler Foundation, East Hanover, NJ, United States.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Joman Y Natsheh
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States.,Neuropsychology and Neuroscience Research, Kessler Foundation, East Hanover, NJ, United States
| | - Eliane Neuteboom
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ekaterina Dobryakova
- Traumatic Brain Injury Research, Kessler Foundation, East Hanover, NJ, United States.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Food uncertainty has the effect of invigorating food-related responses. Psychologists have noted that mammals and birds respond more to a conditioned stimulus that unreliably predicts food delivery, and ecologists have shown that animals (especially small passerines) consume and/or hoard more food and can get fatter when access to that resource is unpredictable. Are these phenomena related? We think they are. Psychologists have proposed several mechanistic interpretations, while ecologists have suggested a functional interpretation: The effect of unpredictability on fat reserves and hoarding behavior is an evolutionary strategy acting against the risk of starvation when food is in short supply. Both perspectives are complementary, and we argue that the psychology of incentive motivational processes can shed some light on the causal mechanisms leading animals to seek and consume more food under uncertainty in the wild. Our theoretical approach is in agreement with neuroscientific data relating to the role of dopamine, a neurotransmitter strongly involved in incentive motivation, and its plausibility has received some explanatory and predictive value with respect to Pavlovian phenomena. Overall, we argue that the occasional and unavoidable absence of food rewards has motivational effects (called incentive hope) that facilitate foraging effort. We show that this hypothesis is computationally tenable, leading foragers in an unpredictable environment to consume more food items and to have higher long-term energy storage than foragers in a predictable environment.
Collapse
|
15
|
Self-deception as affective coping. An empirical perspective on philosophical issues. Conscious Cogn 2016; 41:119-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
16
|
Robinson MJF, Anselme P, Suchomel K, Berridge KC. Amphetamine-induced sensitization and reward uncertainty similarly enhance incentive salience for conditioned cues. Behav Neurosci 2015; 129:502-11. [PMID: 26076340 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Amphetamine and stress can sensitize mesolimbic dopamine-related systems. In Pavlovian autoshaping, repeated exposure to uncertainty of reward prediction can enhance motivated sign-tracking or attraction to a discrete reward-predicting cue (lever-conditioned stimulus; CS+), as well as produce cross-sensitization to amphetamine. However, it remains unknown how amphetamine sensitization or repeated restraint stress interact with uncertainty in controlling CS+ incentive salience attribution reflected in sign-tracking. Here rats were tested in 3 successive phases. First, different groups underwent either induction of amphetamine sensitization or repeated restraint stress, or else were not sensitized or stressed as control groups (either saline injections only, or no stress or injection at all). All next received Pavlovian autoshaping training under either certainty conditions (100% CS-UCS association) or uncertainty conditions (50% CS-UCS association and uncertain reward magnitude). During training, rats were assessed for sign-tracking to the CS+ lever versus goal-tracking to the sucrose dish. Finally, all groups were tested for psychomotor sensitization of locomotion revealed by an amphetamine challenge. Our results confirm that reward uncertainty enhanced sign-tracking attraction toward the predictive CS+ lever, at the expense of goal-tracking. We also reported that amphetamine sensitization promoted sign-tracking even in rats trained under CS-UCS certainty conditions, raising them to sign-tracking levels equivalent to the uncertainty group. Combining amphetamine sensitization and uncertainty conditions did not add together to elevate sign-tracking further above the relatively high levels induced by either manipulation alone. In contrast, repeated restraint stress enhanced subsequent amphetamine-elicited locomotion, but did not enhance CS+ attraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Anselme
- Département de Psychologie, Cognition & Comportement, Université de Liège
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Anselme P. Incentive salience attribution under reward uncertainty: A Pavlovian model. Behav Processes 2014; 111:6-18. [PMID: 25444780 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
There is a vast literature on the behavioural effects of partial reinforcement in Pavlovian conditioning. Compared with animals receiving continuous reinforcement, partially rewarded animals typically show (a) a slower development of the conditioned response (CR) early in training and (b) a higher asymptotic level of the CR later in training. This phenomenon is known as the partial reinforcement acquisition effect (PRAE). Learning models of Pavlovian conditioning fail to account for it. In accordance with the incentive salience hypothesis, it is here argued that incentive motivation (or 'wanting') plays a more direct role in controlling behaviour than does learning, and reward uncertainty is shown to have an excitatory effect on incentive motivation. The psychological origin of that effect is discussed and a computational model integrating this new interpretation is developed. Many features of CRs under partial reinforcement emerge from this model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Anselme
- Département de Psychologie, Cognition & Comportement, Université de Liège, 5 Boulevard du Rectorat (B 32), B 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Singer BF, Anselme P, Robinson MJF, Vezina P. Neuronal and psychological underpinnings of pathological gambling. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:230. [PMID: 25071487 PMCID: PMC4076739 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan F Singer
- Department of Psychology, The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Patrick Anselme
- Department of Psychology, The University of Liège Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Paul Vezina
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|