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McWilliams A, Bibby H, Steinbeis N, David AS, Fleming SM. Age-related decreases in global metacognition are independent of local metacognition and task performance. Cognition 2023; 235:105389. [PMID: 36764048 PMCID: PMC10632679 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Metacognition refers to a capacity to reflect on and control other cognitive processes, commonly quantified as the extent to which confidence tracks objective performance. There is conflicting evidence about how "local" metacognition (monitoring of individual judgments) and "global" metacognition (estimates of self-performance) change across the lifespan. Additionally, the degree to which metacognition generalises across cognitive domains may itself change with age due to increased experience with one's own abilities. Using a gamified suite of performance-controlled memory and visual perception tasks, we measured local and global metacognition in an age-stratified sample of 304 healthy volunteers (18-83 years; N = 50 in each of 6 age groups). We calculated both local and global metrics of metacognition and quantified how and whether domain-generality changes with age. First-order task performance was stable across the age range. People's global self-performance estimates and local metacognitive bias decreased with age, indicating overall lower confidence in performance. In contrast, local metacognitive efficiency was spared in older age and remained correlated across the two cognitive domains. A stability of local metacognition indicates distinct mechanisms contributing to local and global metacognition. Our study reveals how local and global metacognition change across the lifespan and provide a benchmark against which disease-related changes in metacognition can be compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew McWilliams
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK; Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, 26 Bedford Way, London WC1H 0AP, UK; Mental Health, Ethics and Law Research Group, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Room 3.21, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - Hannah Bibby
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, Alexandra House, 17-19 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AZ, UK
| | - Nikolaus Steinbeis
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, 26 Bedford Way, London WC1H 0AP, UK
| | - Anthony S David
- Institute of Mental Health, University College London, Wing A, 6th floor, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7NF, UK
| | - Stephen M Fleming
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK; Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, 26 Bedford Way, London WC1H 0AP, UK; Max Planck Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK
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2
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Eidelman Pozin I, Zabida A, Friedman Z, Ivry M, Friedman M, Zahavi G, Yahav Shafir DD, Orkin D, Berkenstadt H. Simulation training results in performance retention for the management of airway fires: A prospective observational study. Anaesth Intensive Care 2023; 51:114-119. [PMID: 36688353 DOI: 10.1177/0310057x221113591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Given the severity of the consequences of operating room fires, it is recommended that every anaesthesiologist master fire safety protocols and periodically participate in operating room fire drills. The aim of the present study was to evaluate skill retention one year after an airway fire training programme. Anaesthesiology residents were evaluated using an airway fire simulation-based scenario one year after an educational programme that included a one-h long problem-based learning session, a simulation-based airway fire drill with debriefing, and a formal group discussion. The same simulation scenario was used for both the initial training and the one-year assessment. Thirty-eight anaesthesiology residents participated as pairs in the initial training programme. Of these, 36 participated in the evaluation a year later. Performance after one year was better than performance during the initial simulation. Time to removal of tracheal tube was 7.0 (4.0-12.8) s (median (interquartile range)) at the one-year assessment compared with 22.0 (18.5-52.5) s at the time of initial training (P < 0.001). Performance improvement was also demonstrated by a higher incidence of performance of crucial action items (cessation of airway gases, removal of sponges and pouring of saline), as well as shorter duration of time necessary to perform these tasks. After controlling the fire, the time to re-establish ventilation by bag-mask ventilation or intubation was shorter at one year: 18.0 (11.0-29.0 ) s, compared with initial training 54.0 s (36.2-69.8) s (P = 0.001). We conclude that skills are effectively retained for a year after an airway fire management training session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Eidelman Pozin
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Amir Zabida
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Zeev Friedman
- Department of Anaesthesia, Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michal Ivry
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Maria Friedman
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Guy Zahavi
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Dana D Yahav Shafir
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Dina Orkin
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Haim Berkenstadt
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Asiminas A, Lyon SA, Langston RF, Wood ER. Developmental trajectory of episodic-like memory in rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:969871. [PMID: 36523755 PMCID: PMC9745197 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.969871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Episodic memory formation requires the binding of multiple associations to a coherent episodic representation, with rich detail of times, places, and contextual information. During postnatal development, the ability to recall episodic memories emerges later than other types of memory such as object recognition. However, the precise developmental trajectory of episodic memory, from weaning to adulthood has not yet been established in rats. Spontaneous object exploration tasks do not require training, and allow repeated testing of subjects, provided novel objects are used on each trial. Therefore, these tasks are ideally suited for the study of the ontogeny of episodic memory and its constituents (e.g., object, spatial, and contextual memory). Methods In the present study, we used four spontaneous short-term object exploration tasks over two days: object (OR), object-context (OCR), object-place (OPR), and object-place-context (OPCR) recognition to characterise the ontogeny of episodic-like memory and its components in three commonly used outbred rat strains (Lister Hooded, Long Evans Hooded, and Sprague Dawley). Results In longitudinal studies starting at 3-4 weeks of age, we observed that short term memory for objects was already present at the earliest time point we tested, indicating that it is established before the end of the third week of life (consistent with several other reports). Object-context memory developed during the fifth week of life, while both object-in-place and the episodic-like object-place-context memory developed around the seventh postnatal week. To control for the effects of previous experience in the development of associative memory, we confirmed these developmental trajectories using a cross-sectional protocol. Discussion Our work provides robust evidence for different developmental trajectories of recognition memory in rats depending on the content and/or complexity of the associations and emphasises the utility of spontaneous object exploration tasks to assess the ontogeny of memory systems with high temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis Asiminas
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephanie A. Lyon
- Cellular and Systems Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Rosamund F. Langston
- Cellular and Systems Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Emma R. Wood
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Bengaluru, India
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Individual differences in behavioral and electrophysiological signatures of familiarity- and recollection-based recognition memory. Neuropsychologia 2022; 173:108287. [PMID: 35690114 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Our everyday memories can vary in terms of accuracy and phenomenology. According to one theoretical account, these differences hinge on whether the memories contain information about both an item itself as well as associated details (remember) versus those that are devoid of these associated contextual details (familiar). This distinction has been supported by computational modeling of behavior, studies in patients, and neuroimaging work including differences both in electrophysiological and functional magnetic resonance imaging. At present, however, little evidence has emerged to suggest that neurophysiological measures track individual differences in estimates of recollection and familiarity. Here, we conducted electrophysiological recordings of brain activity during a recognition memory task designed to differentiate between behavioral indices of recollection and familiarity. Non-parametric cluster-based permutation analyses revealed associations between electrophysiological signatures of familiarity and recollection with their respective behavioral estimates. These results support the idea that recollection and familiarity are distinct phenomena and is the first, to our knowledge, to identify distinct electrophysiological signatures that track individual differences in these processes.
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Viard A, Eustache F, Segobin S. History of Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Trip Down Memory Lane. Neuroscience 2021; 474:3-13. [PMID: 34242731 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The history of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is closely linked to our improved understanding of memory systems, be it in normal functioning or altered due to pathologies. Over the years, brain imaging using MRI has moved from simple volumetric imaging to complex analysis using multiple sequences, allowing the measurement of microstructural integrity and brain activation through a dedicated task or at rest. This review aims at showing how the advent and evolution of magnetic resonance imaging has shaped a better understanding of memory and brain function in humans. We will give a brief overview on the history of MRI, how its evolution brought about concomitant improvement in our understanding of memory systems, going from final-stage observation to risk-prediction via the detection of subtle, but important, alterations in normal brain functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armelle Viard
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, PSL Research University, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, GIP Cyceron, CHU de Caen, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, 14000 Caen, France.
| | - Francis Eustache
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, PSL Research University, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, GIP Cyceron, CHU de Caen, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Shailendra Segobin
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, PSL Research University, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, GIP Cyceron, CHU de Caen, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, 14000 Caen, France
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Yang Y, Himmelberger ZM, Robinson T, Davis M, Conners F, Merrill E. Everyday Memory in People with Down Syndrome. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11050551. [PMID: 33925503 PMCID: PMC8147093 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Although memory functions in people with Down Syndrome (DS) have been studied extensively, how well people with DS remember things about everyday life is not well understood. In the current study, 31 adolescents/young adults with DS and 26 with intellectual disabilities (ID) of mixed etiology (not DS) participated. They completed an everyday memory questionnaire about personal facts and recent events (e.g., school name, breakfast). They also completed a standard laboratory task of verbal long-term memory (LTM) where they recalled a list of unrelated words over trials. Results did not indicate impaired everyday memory, but impaired verbal LTM, in people with DS relative to people with mixed ID. Furthermore, the laboratory verbal LTM task predicted everyday memory for both groups after taking into account mental age equivalent. Our research showed both an independence and a connection between everyday memory and the standard laboratory memory task and has important research and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Yang
- Department of Psychology, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Trent Robinson
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA; (T.R.); (M.D.); (F.C.); (E.M.)
| | - Megan Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA; (T.R.); (M.D.); (F.C.); (E.M.)
| | - Frances Conners
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA; (T.R.); (M.D.); (F.C.); (E.M.)
| | - Edward Merrill
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA; (T.R.); (M.D.); (F.C.); (E.M.)
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Anger M, Wantzen P, Le Vaillant J, Malvy J, Bon L, Guénolé F, Moussaoui E, Barthelemy C, Bonnet-Brilhault F, Eustache F, Baleyte JM, Guillery-Girard B. Positive Effect of Visual Cuing in Episodic Memory and Episodic Future Thinking in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1513. [PMID: 31354565 PMCID: PMC6629950 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive studies generally report impaired autobiographical memory in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but mostly using verbal paradigms. In the present study, we therefore investigated the properties of both past and future autobiographical productions using visual cues in 16 boys with ASD and 16 typically developing (TD) participants aged between 10 and 18 years. We focused on sensory properties, emotional properties, and recollection, probing past and future productions for both near and distant time periods. Results showed that the ASD group performed more poorly than controls on free recall for recent periods, but performed like them when provided with visual cues. In addition, the ASD group reported fewer sensory details than controls and exhibited difficulties in the experience of recollection for the most remote events. These data suggest a combination of consolidation and binding deficits. Finally, our findings reveal the relevance of using visual cues to probe autobiographical memory, with possible perspectives for memory rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Anger
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, PSL Universités Paris, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, Caen, France
- Service de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, CHU de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Prany Wantzen
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, PSL Universités Paris, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, Caen, France
| | - Justine Le Vaillant
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, PSL Universités Paris, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, Caen, France
- Service de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, CHU de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Joëlle Malvy
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, Centre Universitaire de Pédopsychiatrie, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Laetitia Bon
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, PSL Universités Paris, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, Caen, France
- Service de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, CHU de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Fabian Guénolé
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, PSL Universités Paris, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, Caen, France
- Service de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, CHU de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Edgar Moussaoui
- Service de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, CHU de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Catherine Barthelemy
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, Centre Universitaire de Pédopsychiatrie, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Frédérique Bonnet-Brilhault
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, Centre Universitaire de Pédopsychiatrie, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Francis Eustache
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, PSL Universités Paris, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, Caen, France
| | - Jean-Marc Baleyte
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, PSL Universités Paris, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, Caen, France
- Service de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, CHI de Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Bérengère Guillery-Girard
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, PSL Universités Paris, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, Caen, France
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Cox BM, Cox CD, Gunn BG, Le AA, Inshishian VC, Gall CM, Lynch G. Acquisition of temporal order requires an intact CA3 commissural/associational (C/A) feedback system in mice. Commun Biol 2019; 2:251. [PMID: 31286068 PMCID: PMC6610080 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0494-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Episodic memory, an essential element of orderly thinking, requires the organization of serial events into narratives about the identity of cues along with their locations and temporal order (what, where, and when). The hippocampus plays a central role in the acquisition and retrieval of episodes with two of its subsystems being separately linked to what and where information. The substrates for the third element are poorly understood. Here we report that in hippocampal slices field CA3 maintains self-sustained activity for remarkable periods following a brief input and that this effect is extremely sensitive to minor network perturbations. Using behavioral tests, that do not involve training or explicit rewards, we show that partial silencing of the CA3 commissural/associational network in mice blocks acquisition of temporal order, but not the identity or location, of odors. These results suggest a solution to the question of how hippocampus adds time to episodic memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney M. Cox
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Conor D. Cox
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Benjamin G. Gunn
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Aliza A. Le
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | | | - Christine M. Gall
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Gary Lynch
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
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Lugnegård T, Bejerot S. Retrospective parental assessment of childhood neurodevelopmental problems: the use of the Five to Fifteen questionnaire in adults. BJPsych Open 2019; 5:e42. [PMID: 31530308 PMCID: PMC6537455 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2019.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism are increasingly recognised in adults. For a diagnostic evaluation, parental information on childhood development is needed. However, no instruments that retrospectively describe neurodevelopmental problems in childhood are validated for evaluating adults. The 181-item parent-report questionnaire Five to Fifteen (FTF) is nevertheless frequently used for assessments in adulthood. AIMS To examine if FTF is reliable for obtaining retrospective neurodevelopmental history among young adults. METHOD Details of parents who had assessed their children with the FTF for neuropsychiatric evaluation were retrieved and they were asked to complete the FTF again 10-19 years later. Agreements between original and retrospective scorings were analysed. RESULTS Long-term reliability for FTF varies considerably between individual items. Several difficulties are reported as more severe at the retrospective scoring than at the original scoring. A selection of 24 items (FTF-Brief) with good agreement over time, is presented for use in adult psychiatry settings. CONCLUSION Neuropsychiatric symptoms may fluctuate over time and become more prominent when demands increase. Informants' recollections of their child's neurodevelopmental symptoms may be a selection of symptoms that are longstanding rather than present at a specific age in childhood. DECLARATION OF INTEREST None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove Lugnegård
- Doctor, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Susanne Bejerot
- Doctor, School of Medical Sciences and the University Health Care Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Sweden
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Treating a novel plasticity defect rescues episodic memory in Fragile X model mice. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1798-1806. [PMID: 29133950 PMCID: PMC5951717 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Episodic memory, a fundamental component of human cognition, is significantly impaired in autism. We believe we report the first evidence for this problem in the Fmr1-knockout (KO) mouse model of Fragile X syndrome and describe potentially treatable underlying causes. The hippocampus is critical for the formation and use of episodes, with semantic (cue identity) information relayed to the structure via the lateral perforant path (LPP). The unusual form of synaptic plasticity expressed by the LPP (lppLTP) was profoundly impaired in Fmr1-KOs relative to wild-type mice. Two factors contributed to this defect: (i) reduced GluN1 subunit levels in synaptic NMDA receptors and related currents, and (ii) impaired retrograde synaptic signaling by the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Studies using a novel serial cue paradigm showed that episodic encoding is dependent on both the LPP and the endocannabinoid receptor CB1, and is strikingly impaired in Fmr1-KOs. Enhancing 2-AG signaling rescued both lppLTP and learning in the mutants. Thus, two consequences of the Fragile-X mutation converge on plasticity at one site in hippocampus to prevent encoding of a basic element of cognitive memory. Collectively, the results suggest a clinically plausible approach to treatment.
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11
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Riva G. The neuroscience of body memory: From the self through the space to the others. Cortex 2017; 104:241-260. [PMID: 28826604 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Our experience of the body is not direct; rather, it is mediated by perceptual information, influenced by internal information, and recalibrated through stored implicit and explicit body representation (body memory). This paper presents an overview of the current investigations related to body memory by bringing together recent studies from neuropsychology, neuroscience, and evolutionary and cognitive psychology. To do so, in the paper, I explore the origin of representations of human body to elucidate their developmental process and, in particular, their relationship with more explicit concepts of self. First, it is suggested that our bodily experience is constructed from early development through the continuous integration of sensory and cultural data from six different representations of the body, i.e., the Sentient Body (Minimal Selfhood), the Spatial Body (Self Location), the Active Body (Agency), the Personal Body (Whole Body Ownership - Me); the Objectified Body (Objectified Self - Mine), and the Social Body (Body Satisfaction - Ideal Me). Then, it is suggested that these six representations can be combined in a coherent supramodal representation, i.e. the "body matrix", through a predictive, multisensory processing activated by central, top-down, attentional processes. From an evolutionary perspective, the main goal of the body matrix is to allow the self to protect and extend its boundaries at both the homeostatic and psychological levels. From one perspective, the self extends its boundaries (peripersonal space) through the enactment and recognition of motor schemas. From another perspective, the body matrix, by defining the boundaries of the body, also defines where the self is present, i.e., in the body that is processed by the body matrix as the most likely to be its one, and in the space surrounding it. In the paper I also introduce and discuss the concept of "embodied medicine": the use of advanced technology for altering the body matrix with the goal of improving our health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Riva
- Centro Studi e Ricerche di Psicologia Della Comunicazione, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy; Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.
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12
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Bostelmann M, Schneider M, Padula MC, Maeder J, Schaer M, Scariati E, Debbané M, Glaser B, Menghetti S, Eliez S. Visual memory profile in 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome: are there differences in performance and neurobiological substrates between tasks linked to ventral and dorsal visual brain structures? A cross-sectional and longitudinal study. J Neurodev Disord 2016; 8:41. [PMID: 27843501 PMCID: PMC5105283 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-016-9174-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Children affected by the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) have a specific neuropsychological profile with strengths and weaknesses in several cognitive domains. Specifically, previous evidence has shown that patients with 22q11.2DS have more difficulties memorizing faces and visual-object characteristics of stimuli. In contrast, they have better performance in visuo-spatial memory tasks. The first focus of this study was to replicate these results in a larger sample of patients affected with 22q11.2DS and using a range of memory tasks. Moreover, we analyzed if the deficits were related to brain morphology in the structures typically underlying these abilities (ventral and dorsal visual streams). Finally, since the longitudinal development of visual memory is not clearly characterized in 22q11.2DS, we investigated its evolution from childhood to adolescence. Methods Seventy-one patients with 22q11.2DS and 49 control individuals aged between 9 and 16 years completed the Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT) and specific subtests assessing visual memory from the Children’s Memory Scale (CMS). The BVRT was used to compute spatial and object memory errors. For the CMS, specific subtests were classified into ventral, dorsal, and mixed subtests. Longitudinal data were obtained from a subset of 26 patients and 22 control individuals. Results Cross-sectional results showed that patients with 22q11.2DS were impaired in all visual memory measures, with stronger deficits in visual-object memory and memory of faces, compared to visuo-spatial memory. No correlations between morphological brain impairments and visual memory were found in patients with 22q11.2DS. Longitudinal findings revealed that participants with 22q11.2DS made more object memory errors than spatial memory errors at baseline. This difference was no longer significant at follow-up. Conclusions Individuals with 22q11.2DS have impairments in visual memory abilities, with more pronounced difficulties in memorizing faces and visual-object characteristics. From childhood to adolescence, the visual cognitive profile of patients with 22q11.2DS seems globally stable even though some processes show an evolution with time. We hope that our results will help clinicians and caregivers to better understand the memory difficulties of young individuals with 22q11.2DS. This has a particular importance at school to facilitate recommendations concerning intervention strategies for these young patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Bostelmann
- Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland ; Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maude Schneider
- Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland ; Center for Contextual Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maria Carmela Padula
- Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Maeder
- Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie Schaer
- Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland ; Stanford Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA
| | - Elisa Scariati
- Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Martin Debbané
- Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland ; Adolescence Clinical Psychology Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland ; Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Bronwyn Glaser
- Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Menghetti
- Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Eliez
- Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland ; Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Lecouvey G, Quinette P, Kalpouzos G, Guillery-Girard B, Bejanin A, Gonneaud J, Abbas A, Viader F, Eustache F, Desgranges B. Binding in working memory and frontal lobe in normal aging: is there any similarity with autism? Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:90. [PMID: 25852510 PMCID: PMC4362406 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Some studies highlight similarities between Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and healthy aging. Indeed, the decline in older individuals’ ability to create a unified representation of the individual features of an event is thought to arise from a disruption of binding within the episodic buffer of working memory (WM) as the same way as observed in ASD. In both cases, this deficit may result from an abnormal engagement of a frontohippocampal network. The objective of the present study is to identify both cognitive processes and neural substrates associated with the deficit of binding in WM in healthy aging. We studied the capacity of binding and the cognitive processes that might subtend its decline in 72 healthy participants aged 18–84 years. We examined the behavioral data in relation to the changes in brain metabolism associated with the age-related decline in a subgroup of 34 healthy participants aged 20–77 years using the resting-state [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET). Forward stepwise regression analyses showed that the age-related decline in binding was partially explained by a decline in inhibition and processing speed. PET correlation analyses indicated that metabolism of the frontal regions, anterior and middle cingulate cortices is implicated in this phenomenon. These data suggest that executive functions and processing speed may play a crucial role in the capacity to integrate unified representations in memory in aging. Possible implications are discussed in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Lecouvey
- INSERM, U1077 Caen, France ; UMR-S1077, Université de Caen/Basse-Normandie Caen, France ; UMR-S1077, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes Caen, France ; UMR-S1077, Caen University Hospital Caen, France
| | - Peggy Quinette
- INSERM, U1077 Caen, France ; UMR-S1077, Université de Caen/Basse-Normandie Caen, France ; UMR-S1077, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes Caen, France ; UMR-S1077, Caen University Hospital Caen, France
| | - Grégoria Kalpouzos
- INSERM, U1077 Caen, France ; UMR-S1077, Université de Caen/Basse-Normandie Caen, France ; UMR-S1077, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes Caen, France ; UMR-S1077, Caen University Hospital Caen, France ; Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institute and Stockholm University Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bérengère Guillery-Girard
- INSERM, U1077 Caen, France ; UMR-S1077, Université de Caen/Basse-Normandie Caen, France ; UMR-S1077, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes Caen, France ; UMR-S1077, Caen University Hospital Caen, France
| | - Alexandre Bejanin
- INSERM, U1077 Caen, France ; UMR-S1077, Université de Caen/Basse-Normandie Caen, France ; UMR-S1077, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes Caen, France ; UMR-S1077, Caen University Hospital Caen, France
| | - Julie Gonneaud
- INSERM, U1077 Caen, France ; UMR-S1077, Université de Caen/Basse-Normandie Caen, France ; UMR-S1077, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes Caen, France ; UMR-S1077, Caen University Hospital Caen, France
| | - Ahmed Abbas
- INSERM, U1077 Caen, France ; UMR-S1077, Université de Caen/Basse-Normandie Caen, France ; UMR-S1077, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes Caen, France ; UMR-S1077, Caen University Hospital Caen, France
| | - Fausto Viader
- INSERM, U1077 Caen, France ; UMR-S1077, Université de Caen/Basse-Normandie Caen, France ; UMR-S1077, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes Caen, France ; Department of Neurology, Caen University Hospital Caen, France
| | - Francis Eustache
- INSERM, U1077 Caen, France ; UMR-S1077, Université de Caen/Basse-Normandie Caen, France ; UMR-S1077, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes Caen, France ; UMR-S1077, Caen University Hospital Caen, France
| | - Béatrice Desgranges
- INSERM, U1077 Caen, France ; UMR-S1077, Université de Caen/Basse-Normandie Caen, France ; UMR-S1077, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes Caen, France ; UMR-S1077, Caen University Hospital Caen, France
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Brezis RS. Memory integration in the autobiographical narratives of individuals with autism. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:76. [PMID: 25741270 PMCID: PMC4327287 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S Brezis
- Sagol Center for Applied Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya, Israel
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15
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Staniloiu A, Woermann FG, Markowitsch HJ. Impairments in Episodic-Autobiographical Memory and Emotional and Social Information Processing in CADASIL during Mid-Adulthood. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:227. [PMID: 25009481 PMCID: PMC4069576 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) - is the most common genetic source of vascular dementia in adults, being caused by a mutation in NOTCH3 gene. Spontaneous de novo mutations may occur, but their frequency is largely unknown. Ischemic strokes and cognitive impairments are the most frequent manifestations, but seizures affect up to 10% of the patients. Herein, we describe a 47-year-old male scholar with a genetically confirmed diagnosis of CADASIL (Arg133Cys mutation in the NOTCH3 gene) and a seemingly negative family history of CADASIL illness, who was investigated with a comprehensive neuropsychological testing battery and neuroimaging methods. The patient demonstrated on one hand severe and accelerated deteriorations in multiple cognitive domains such as concentration, long-term memory (including the episodic-autobiographical memory domain), problem solving, cognitive flexibility and planning, affect recognition, discrimination and matching, and social cognition (theory of mind). Some of these impairments were even captured by abbreviated instruments for investigating suspicion of dementia. On the other hand the patient still possessed high crystallized (verbal) intelligence and a capacity to put forth a façade of well-preserved intellectual functioning. Although no definite conclusions can be drawn from a single case study, our findings point to the presence of additional cognitive changes in CADASIL in middle adulthood, in particular to impairments in the episodic-autobiographical memory domain and social information processing (e.g., social cognition). Whether these identified impairments are related to the patient's specific phenotype or to an ascertainment bias (e.g., a paucity of studies investigating these cognitive functions) requires elucidation by larger scale research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Staniloiu
- Physiological Psychology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
- Hanse Institute of Advanced Science, Delmenhorst, Germany
| | | | - Hans J. Markowitsch
- Physiological Psychology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
- Center of Excellence “Cognitive Interaction Technology” (CITEC), University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
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Riva G. Out of my real body: cognitive neuroscience meets eating disorders. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:236. [PMID: 24834042 PMCID: PMC4018545 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical psychology is starting to explain eating disorders (ED) as the outcome of the interaction among cognitive, socio-emotional and interpersonal elements. In particular two influential models—the revised cognitive-interpersonal maintenance model and the transdiagnostic cognitive behavioral theory—identified possible key predisposing and maintaining factors. These models, even if very influential and able to provide clear suggestions for therapy, still are not able to provide answers to several critical questions: why do not all the individuals with obsessive compulsive features, anxious avoidance or with a dysfunctional scheme for self-evaluation develop an ED? What is the role of the body experience in the etiology of these disorders? In this paper we suggest that the path to a meaningful answer requires the integration of these models with the recent outcomes of cognitive neuroscience. First, our bodily representations are not just a way to map an external space but the main tool we use to generate meaning, organize our experience, and shape our social identity. In particular, we will argue that our bodily experience evolves over time by integrating six different representations of the body characterized by specific pathologies—body schema (phantom limb), spatial body (unilateral hemi-neglect), active body (alien hand syndrome), personal body (autoscopic phenomena), objectified body (xenomelia) and body image (body dysmorphia). Second, these representations include either schematic (allocentric) or perceptual (egocentric) contents that interact within the working memory of the individual through the alignment between the retrieved contents from long-term memory and the ongoing egocentric contents from perception. In this view EDs may be the outcome of an impairment in the ability of updating a negative body representation stored in autobiographical memory (allocentric) with real-time sensorimotor and proprioceptive data (egocentric).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Riva
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, Istituto Auxologico Italiano Milan, Italy ; Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Milan, Italy
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