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Copperi F, Kim JD, Diano S. Melanocortin Signaling Connecting Systemic Metabolism With Mood Disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:879-887. [PMID: 34344535 PMCID: PMC8643363 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and mood disorders are often overlapping pathologies that are prevalent public health concerns. Many studies have indicated a positive correlation between depression and obesity, although weight loss and decreased appetite are also recognized as features of depression. Accordingly, DSM-5 defines two subtypes of depression associated with changes in feeding: melancholic depression, characterized by anhedonia and associated with decreased feeding and appetite; and atypical depression, characterized by fatigue, sleepiness, hyperphagia, and weight gain. The central nervous system plays a key role in the regulation of feeding and mood, thus suggesting that overlapping neuronal circuits may be involved in their modulation. However, these circuits have yet to be completely characterized. The central melanocortin system, a circuitry characterized by the expression of specific peptides (pro-opiomelanocortins, agouti-related protein, and neuropeptide Y) and their melanocortin receptors, has been shown to be a key player in the regulation of feeding. In addition, the melanocortin system has also been shown to affect anxiety and depressive-like behavior, thus suggesting a possible role of the melanocortin system as a biological substrate linking feeding and depression. However, more studies are needed to fully understand this complex system and its role in regulating metabolic and mood disorders. In this review, we will discuss the current literature on the role of the melanocortin system in human and animal models in feeding and mood regulation, providing evidence of the biological interplay between anxiety, major depressive disorders, appetite, and body weight regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Copperi
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032
| | - Jung Dae Kim
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032
| | - Sabrina Diano
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York; Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York.
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Slomp M, Belegri E, Blancas‐Velazquez AS, Diepenbroek C, Eggels L, Gumbs MC, Joshi A, Koekkoek LL, Lamuadni K, Ugur M, Unmehopa UA, la Fleur SE, Mul JD. Stressing the importance of choice: Validity of a preclinical free-choice high-caloric diet paradigm to model behavioural, physiological and molecular adaptations during human diet-induced obesity and metabolic dysfunction. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12718. [PMID: 30958590 PMCID: PMC6593820 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Humans have engineered a dietary environment that has driven the global prevalence of obesity and several other chronic metabolic diseases to pandemic levels. To prevent or treat obesity and associated comorbidities, it is crucial that we understand how our dietary environment, especially in combination with a sedentary lifestyle and/or daily-life stress, can dysregulate energy balance and promote the development of an obese state. Substantial mechanistic insight into the maladaptive adaptations underlying caloric overconsumption and excessive weight gain has been gained by analysing brains from rodents that were eating prefabricated nutritionally-complete pellets of high-fat diet (HFD). Although long-term consumption of HFDs induces chronic metabolic diseases, including obesity, they do not model several important characteristics of the modern-day human diet. For example, prefabricated HFDs ignore the (effects of) caloric consumption from a fluid source, do not appear to model the complex interplay in humans between stress and preference for palatable foods, and, importantly, lack any aspect of choice. Therefore, our laboratory uses an obesogenic free-choice high-fat high-sucrose (fc-HFHS) diet paradigm that provides rodents with the opportunity to choose from several diet components, varying in palatability, fluidity, texture, form and nutritive content. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding how the fc-HFHS diet disrupts peripheral metabolic processes and produces adaptations in brain circuitries that govern homeostatic and hedonic components of energy balance. Current insight suggests that the fc-HFHS diet has good construct and face validity to model human diet-induced chronic metabolic diseases, including obesity, because it combines the effects of food palatability and energy density with the stimulating effects of variety and choice. We also highlight how behavioural, physiological and molecular adaptations might differ from those induced by prefabricated HFDs that lack an element of choice. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of using the fc-HFHS diet for preclinical studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margo Slomp
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of EndocrinologyDepartment of Clinical ChemistryAmsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Metabolism and Reward GroupNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Evita Belegri
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of EndocrinologyDepartment of Clinical ChemistryAmsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Metabolism and Reward GroupNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Aurea S. Blancas‐Velazquez
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of EndocrinologyDepartment of Clinical ChemistryAmsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Metabolism and Reward GroupNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Charlene Diepenbroek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of EndocrinologyDepartment of Clinical ChemistryAmsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Metabolism and Reward GroupNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Leslie Eggels
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of EndocrinologyDepartment of Clinical ChemistryAmsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Metabolism and Reward GroupNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Myrtille C.R. Gumbs
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of EndocrinologyDepartment of Clinical ChemistryAmsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Metabolism and Reward GroupNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Anil Joshi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of EndocrinologyDepartment of Clinical ChemistryAmsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Metabolism and Reward GroupNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Laura L. Koekkoek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of EndocrinologyDepartment of Clinical ChemistryAmsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Metabolism and Reward GroupNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Khalid Lamuadni
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of EndocrinologyDepartment of Clinical ChemistryAmsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Metabolism and Reward GroupNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Muzeyyen Ugur
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of EndocrinologyDepartment of Clinical ChemistryAmsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Metabolism and Reward GroupNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Unga A. Unmehopa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of EndocrinologyDepartment of Clinical ChemistryAmsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Metabolism and Reward GroupNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Susanne E. la Fleur
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of EndocrinologyDepartment of Clinical ChemistryAmsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Metabolism and Reward GroupNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Joram D. Mul
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of EndocrinologyDepartment of Clinical ChemistryAmsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Metabolism and Reward GroupNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
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