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Gerchen MF, Glock C, Weiss F, Kirsch P. The truth is in there: Belief processes in the human brain. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14561. [PMID: 38459783 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Belief, defined by William James as the mental state or function of cognizing reality, is a core psychological function with strong influence on emotion and behavior. Furthermore, strong and aberrant beliefs about the world and oneself play important roles in mental disorders. The underlying processes of belief have been the matter of a long debate in philosophy and psychology, and modern neuroimaging techniques can provide insight into the underlying neural processes. Here, we conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging study with N = 30 healthy participants in which we presented statements about facts, politics, religion, conspiracy theories, and superstition. Participants judged whether they considered them as true (belief) or not (disbelief) and reported their certainty in the decision. We found belief-associated activations in bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left superior parietal cortex, and left lateral frontopolar cortex. Disbelief-associated activations were found in an anterior temporal cluster extending into the amygdala. We found a larger deactivation for disbelief than belief in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex that was most pronounced during decisions, suggesting a role of the vmPFC in belief-related decision-making. As a category-specific effect, we found disbelief-associated activation in retrosplenial cortex and parahippocampal gyrus for conspiracy theory statements. Exploratory analyses identified networks centered at anterior cingulate cortex for certainty, and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex for uncertainty. The uncertainty effect identifies a neural substrate for Alexander Bain's notion from 1859 of uncertainty as the real opposite of belief. Taken together, our results suggest a two-factor neural process model of belief with falsehood/veracity and uncertainty/certainty factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fungisai Gerchen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Heidelberg/Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carina Glock
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franziska Weiss
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Kirsch
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Heidelberg/Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
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Sonnberger M, Widmann C, Potthoff D, Seitz RJ, Kleiser R. Emotion recognition in evolving facial expressions: A matter of believing. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 16:951974. [PMID: 36710955 PMCID: PMC9875561 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.951974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carola Widmann
- Institute of Neuroradiology, Kepler-University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Denise Potthoff
- Department of Neurology, Center of Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rüdiger J. Seitz
- Department of Neurology, Center of Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Raimund Kleiser
- Institute of Neuroradiology, Kepler-University Linz, Linz, Austria,*Correspondence: Raimund Kleiser ✉
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Han S. Default beliefs as a basis of social decision-making. Trends Cogn Sci 2022; 26:1026-1028. [PMID: 36243672 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Default beliefs are implicit assumptions about the future existence of oneself, others, and the environment. They differ from individual and cultural beliefs in that they are held universally, implicitly, and with high confidence. What is the content of default beliefs? How are they represented in the brain? And what is their role in social decision-making?
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Han
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Angel HF. Pathways and crossroads to creditions: Insights from a retrospective view. Front Psychol 2022; 13:942590. [PMID: 36405173 PMCID: PMC9673172 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.942590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
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Bretas R, Tia B, Yamazaki Y, Iriki A. Multisensory integration and belief in the self. Front Psychol 2022; 13:983592. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.983592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Wagner-Skacel J, Tietz S, Fleischmann E, Fellendorf FT, Bengesser SA, Lenger M, Reininghaus EZ, Mairinger M, Körner C, Pieh C, Seitz RJ, Hick H, Angel HF, Dalkner N. Believing Processes during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11997. [PMID: 36231317 PMCID: PMC9565181 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191911997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cognition, emotion, emotional regulation, and believing play a special role in psychosocial functioning, especially in times of crisis. So far, little is known about the process of believing during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to examine the process of believing (using the Model of Credition) and the associated psychosocial strain/stress during the first lockdown in the COVID-19 pandemic. An online survey via LimeSurvey was conducted using the Brief Symptom Inventory-18 (BSI-18), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and a dedicated Believing Questionnaire, which assesses four parameters of credition (propositions, certainty, emotion, mightiness) between April and June, 2020, in Austria. In total, n = 156 mentally healthy participants completed all questionnaires. Negative credition parameters were associated with higher global symptom load (from BSI-18): narratives: r = 0.29, p < 0.001; emotions r = 0.39, p < 0.001. These findings underline the importance of credition as a link between cognition and emotion and their impact on psychosocial functioning and stress regulation in implementing novel strategies to promote mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolana Wagner-Skacel
- Department of Medical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Sophie Tietz
- Clinical Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
- Department of Psychology, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Fleischmann
- Clinical Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Frederike T. Fellendorf
- Clinical Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Susanne A. Bengesser
- Clinical Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Melanie Lenger
- Clinical Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Z. Reininghaus
- Clinical Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Marco Mairinger
- Clinical Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Christof Körner
- Department of Psychology, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Pieh
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Continuous Education Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Rüdiger J. Seitz
- Department of Neurology, Centre of Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, Medical Faculty, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40625 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hannes Hick
- Institute of Machine Components and Methods of Development, University of Technology Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Hans-Ferdinand Angel
- Department of Catechetics and Religious Education, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nina Dalkner
- Clinical Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
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Forman J. Believing is seeing: A Buddhist theory of creditions. Front Psychol 2022; 13:938731. [PMID: 35992400 PMCID: PMC9384695 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.938731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The creditions model is incredibly powerful at explaining both how beliefs are formed and how they influence our perceptions. The model contains several cognitive loops, where beliefs not only influence conscious interpretations of perceptions downstream but are active in the subconscious construction of perceptions out of sensory information upstream. This paper shows how this model is mirrored in the epistemology of two central Buddhist figures, Dignāga (480–540 CE) and Dharmakı̄rti (c. 550–650 CE). In addition to showing these parallels, the paper also demonstrates that by drawing on Dignāga and Dharmakı̄rti's theory, we can extend the explanatory power of the creditions model. Namely, while creditions explain how beliefs influence both the conscious interpretation and subconscious construction of sensory information, Dignāga and Dharmakı̄rti suggest beliefs can even be generative of sensory-like information. I recruit ancient Buddhist texts in conjunction with contemporary cognitive science scholarship to offer a hypothesis for the cognitive mechanisms responsible for this.
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Meissner K. Placebo, nocebo: Believing in the field of medicine. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2022; 3:972169. [PMID: 35965595 PMCID: PMC9372488 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.972169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Meissner
- Division of Health Promotion, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Coburg, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Karin Meissner
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Han S. Cultural differences in beliefs and believing about the self – A brain imaging approach. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:962225. [PMID: 35935110 PMCID: PMC9354584 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.962225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Holzer P. Gut Signals and Gut Feelings: Science at the Interface of Data and Beliefs. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:929332. [PMID: 35874652 PMCID: PMC9296981 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.929332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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