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Ye Z, Shelton AM, Shaker JR, Boussard J, Colonell J, Birman D, Manavi S, Chen S, Windolf C, Hurwitz C, Namima T, Pedraja F, Weiss S, Raducanu B, Ness TV, Jia X, Mastroberardino G, Rossi LF, Carandini M, Häusser M, Einevoll GT, Laurent G, Sawtell NB, Bair W, Pasupathy A, Lopez CM, Dutta B, Paninski L, Siegle JH, Koch C, Olsen SR, Harris TD, Steinmetz NA. Ultra-high density electrodes improve detection, yield, and cell type identification in neuronal recordings. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.08.23.554527. [PMID: 37662298 PMCID: PMC10473688 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.23.554527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
To understand the neural basis of behavior, it is essential to sensitively and accurately measure neural activity at single neuron and single spike resolution. Extracellular electrophysiology delivers this, but it has biases in the neurons it detects and it imperfectly resolves their action potentials. To minimize these limitations, we developed a silicon probe with much smaller and denser recording sites than previous designs, called Neuropixels Ultra (NP Ultra). This device samples neuronal activity at ultra-high spatial density (~10 times higher than previous probes) with low noise levels, while trading off recording span. NP Ultra is effectively an implantable voltage-sensing camera that captures a planar image of a neuron's electrical field. We use a spike sorting algorithm optimized for these probes to demonstrate that the yield of visually-responsive neurons in recordings from mouse visual cortex improves up to ~3-fold. We show that NP Ultra can record from small neuronal structures including axons and dendrites. Recordings across multiple brain regions and four species revealed a subset of extracellular action potentials with unexpectedly small spatial spread and axon-like features. We share a large-scale dataset of these brain-wide recordings in mice as a resource for studies of neuronal biophysics. Finally, using ground-truth identification of three major inhibitory cortical cell types, we found that these cell types were discriminable with approximately 75% success, a significant improvement over lower-resolution recordings. NP Ultra improves spike sorting performance, detection of subcellular compartments, and cell type classification to enable more powerful dissection of neural circuit activity during behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Ye
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew M. Shelton
- MindScope Program, Allen Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jordan R. Shaker
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Julien Boussard
- Department of Neuroscience, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Daniel Birman
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sahar Manavi
- MindScope Program, Allen Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Susu Chen
- Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Charlie Windolf
- Department of Neuroscience, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cole Hurwitz
- Department of Neuroscience, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tomoyuki Namima
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Federico Pedraja
- Department of Neuroscience, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shahaf Weiss
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | - Xiaoxuan Jia
- Center for Life Sciences & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, China
| | - Giulia Mastroberardino
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - L. Federico Rossi
- Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Matteo Carandini
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Häusser
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gaute T. Einevoll
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gilles Laurent
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nathaniel B. Sawtell
- Department of Neuroscience, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wyeth Bair
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anitha Pasupathy
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Liam Paninski
- Department of Neuroscience, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Christof Koch
- MindScope Program, Allen Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shawn R. Olsen
- MindScope Program, Allen Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Timothy D. Harris
- Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Kalia AK, Rösseler C, Granja-Vazquez R, Ahmad A, Pancrazio JJ, Neureiter A, Zhang M, Sauter D, Vetter I, Andersson A, Dussor G, Price TJ, Kolber BJ, Truong V, Walsh P, Lampert A. How to differentiate induced pluripotent stem cells into sensory neurons for disease modelling: a functional assessment. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:99. [PMID: 38581069 PMCID: PMC10998320 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03696-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived peripheral sensory neurons present a valuable tool to model human diseases and are a source for applications in drug discovery and regenerative medicine. Clinically, peripheral sensory neuropathies can result in maladies ranging from a complete loss of pain to severe painful neuropathic disorders. Sensory neurons are located in the dorsal root ganglion and are comprised of functionally diverse neuronal types. Low efficiency, reproducibility concerns, variations arising due to genetic factors and time needed to generate functionally mature neuronal populations from iPSCs remain key challenges to study human nociception in vitro. Here, we report a detailed functional characterization of iPSC-derived sensory neurons with an accelerated differentiation protocol ("Anatomic" protocol) compared to the most commonly used small molecule approach ("Chambers" protocol). Anatomic's commercially available RealDRG™ were further characterized for both functional and expression phenotyping of key nociceptor markers. METHODS Multiple iPSC clones derived from different reprogramming methods, genetics, age, and somatic cell sources were used to generate sensory neurons. Manual patch clamp was used to functionally characterize both control and patient-derived neurons. High throughput techniques were further used to demonstrate that RealDRGs™ derived from the Anatomic protocol are amenable to high throughput technologies for disease modelling. RESULTS The Anatomic protocol rendered a purer culture without the use of mitomycin C to suppress non-neuronal outgrowth, while Chambers differentiations yielded a mix of cell types. Chambers protocol results in predominantly tonic firing when compared to Anatomic protocol. Patient-derived nociceptors displayed higher frequency firing compared to control subject with both, Chambers and Anatomic differentiation approaches, underlining their potential use for clinical phenotyping as a disease-in-a-dish model. RealDRG™ sensory neurons show heterogeneity of nociceptive markers indicating that the cells may be useful as a humanized model system for translational studies. CONCLUSIONS We validated the efficiency of two differentiation protocols and their potential application for functional assessment and thus understanding the disease mechanisms from patients suffering from pain disorders. We propose that both differentiation methods can be further exploited for understanding mechanisms and development of novel treatments in pain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Kalia
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Research Training Group 2416 MultiSenses-MultiScales, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Corinna Rösseler
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rafael Granja-Vazquez
- Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Ayesha Ahmad
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Joseph J Pancrazio
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Anika Neureiter
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mei Zhang
- Sophion Bioscience Inc., Bedford, MA, 01730, USA
| | | | - Irina Vetter
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Asa Andersson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Gregory Dussor
- Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Theodore J Price
- Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Benedict J Kolber
- Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Vincent Truong
- Anatomic Incorporated, 2112 Broadway Street NE #135, Minneapolis, MN, 55413, USA
| | - Patrick Walsh
- Anatomic Incorporated, 2112 Broadway Street NE #135, Minneapolis, MN, 55413, USA
| | - Angelika Lampert
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
- Research Training Group 2416 MultiSenses-MultiScales, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
- Scientific Center for Neuropathic Pain Aachen - SCN-Aachen, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Brosens N, Simon C, Kessels HW, Lucassen PJ, Krugers HJ. Early life stress lastingly alters the function and AMPA-receptor composition of glutamatergic synapses in the hippocampus of male mice. J Neuroendocrinol 2023; 35:e13346. [PMID: 37901923 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Early postnatal life is a sensitive period of development that shapes brain structure and function later in life. Exposure to stress during this critical time window can alter brain development and may enhance the susceptibility to psychopathology and neurodegenerative disorders later in life. The developmental effects of early life stress (ELS) on synaptic function are not fully understood, but could provide mechanistic insights into how ELS modifies later brain function and disease risk. We here assessed the effects of ELS on synaptic function and composition in the hippocampus of male mice. Mice were subjected to ELS by housing dams and pups with limited bedding and nesting material from postnatal days (P) 2-9. Synaptic strength was measured in terms of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) in the hippocampal dentate gyrus at three different developmental stages: the early postnatal phase (P9), preadolescence (P21, at weaning) and adulthood at 3 months of age (3MO). Hippocampal synaptosome fractions were isolated from P9 and 3MO tissue and analyzed for protein content to assess postsynaptic composition. Finally, dendritic spine density was assessed in the DG at 3MO. At P9, ELS increased mEPSC frequency and amplitude. In parallel, synaptic composition was altered as PSD-95, GluA3 and GluN2B content were significantly decreased. The increased mEPSC frequency was sustained up to 3MO, at which age, GluA3 content was significantly increased. No differences were found in dendritic spine density. These findings highlight how ELS affects the development of hippocampal synapses, which could provide valuable insight into mechanisms how ELS alters brain function later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niek Brosens
- SILS-CNS, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carla Simon
- SILS-CNS, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Paul J Lucassen
- SILS-CNS, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harm J Krugers
- SILS-CNS, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Kalia AK, Rösseler C, Granja-Vazquez R, Ahmad A, Pancrazio JJ, Neureiter A, Zhang M, Sauter D, Vetter I, Andersson A, Dussor G, Price TJ, Kolber BJ, Truong V, Walsh P, Lampert A. How to differentiate induced pluripotent stem cells into sensory neurons for disease modelling: a comparison of two protocols. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3127017. [PMID: 37961300 PMCID: PMC10635298 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3127017/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived peripheral sensory neurons present a valuable tool to model human diseases and are a source for applications in drug discovery and regenerative medicine. Clinically, peripheral sensory neuropathies can result in maladies ranging from a complete loss of pain to severe painful neuropathic symptoms. Sensory neurons are located in the dorsal root ganglion and are comprised of functionally diverse neuronal types. Low efficiency, reproducibility concerns, variations arising due to genetic factors and time needed to generate functionally mature neuronal populations from iPSCs for disease modelling remain key challenges to study human nociception in vitro. Here, we report a detailed characterization of iPSC-derived sensory neurons with an accelerated differentiation protocol ("Anatomic" protocol) compared to the most commonly used small molecule approach ("Chambers" protocol). Methods Multiple iPSC clones derived from different reprogramming methods, genetics, age, and somatic cell sources were used to generate sensory neurons. Expression profiling of sensory neurons was performed with Immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization techniques. Manual patch clamp and high throughput cellular screening systems (Fluorescence imaging plate reader, automated patch clamp and multi-well microelectrode arrays recordings) were applied to functionally characterize the generated sensory neurons. Results The Anatomic protocol rendered a purer culture without the use of mitomycin C to suppress non-neuronal outgrowth, while Chambers differentiations yielded a mix of cell types. High throughput systems confirmed functional expression of Na+ and K+ ion channels. Multi-well microelectrode recordings display spontaneously active neurons with sensitivity to increased temperature indicating expression of heat sensitive ion channels. Patient-derived nociceptors displayed higher frequency firing compared to control subject with both, Chambers and Anatomic differentiation approaches, underlining their potential use for clinical phenotyping as a disease-in-a-dish model. Conclusions We validated the efficiency of two differentiation protocols and their potential application for understanding the disease mechanisms from patients suffering from pain disorders. We propose that both differentiation methods can be further exploited for understanding mechanisms and development of novel treatments in pain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mei Zhang
- Sophion Bioscience A/S: Biolin Scientific AB
| | | | - Irina Vetter
- The University of Queensland Institute for Molecular Bioscience
| | - Asa Andersson
- The University of Queensland Institute for Molecular Bioscience
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5
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Shridhar S, Mishra P, Narayanan R. Dominant role of adult neurogenesis-induced structural heterogeneities in driving plasticity heterogeneity in dentate gyrus granule cells. Hippocampus 2022; 32:488-516. [PMID: 35561083 PMCID: PMC9322436 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Neurons and synapses manifest pronounced variability in the amount of plasticity induced by identical activity patterns. The mechanisms underlying such plasticity heterogeneity, which have been implicated in context‐specific resource allocation during encoding, have remained unexplored. Here, we employed a systematic physiologically constrained parametric search to identify the cellular mechanisms behind plasticity heterogeneity in dentate gyrus granule cells. We used heterogeneous model populations to ensure that our conclusions were not biased by parametric choices in a single hand‐tuned model. We found that each of intrinsic, synaptic, and structural heterogeneities independently yielded heterogeneities in synaptic plasticity profiles obtained with two different induction protocols. However, among the disparate forms of neural‐circuit heterogeneities, our analyses demonstrated the dominance of neurogenesis‐induced structural heterogeneities in driving plasticity heterogeneity in granule cells. We found that strong relationships between neuronal intrinsic excitability and plasticity emerged only when adult neurogenesis‐induced heterogeneities in neural structure were accounted for. Importantly, our analyses showed that it was not imperative that the manifestation of neural‐circuit heterogeneities must translate to heterogeneities in plasticity profiles. Specifically, despite the expression of heterogeneities in structural, synaptic, and intrinsic neuronal properties, similar plasticity profiles were attainable across all models through synergistic interactions among these heterogeneities. We assessed the parametric combinations required for the manifestation of such degeneracy in the expression of plasticity profiles. We found that immature cells showed physiological plasticity profiles despite receiving afferent inputs with weak synaptic strengths. Thus, the high intrinsic excitability of immature granule cells was sufficient to counterbalance their low excitatory drive in the expression of plasticity profile degeneracy. Together, our analyses demonstrate that disparate forms of neural‐circuit heterogeneities could mechanistically drive plasticity heterogeneity, but also caution against treating neural‐circuit heterogeneities as proxies for plasticity heterogeneity. Our study emphasizes the need for quantitatively characterizing the relationship between neural‐circuit and plasticity heterogeneities across brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameera Shridhar
- Cellular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Poonam Mishra
- Cellular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Rishikesh Narayanan
- Cellular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Sawchuk SD, Reid HMO, Neale KJ, Shin J, Christie BR. Effects of Ethanol on Synaptic Plasticity and NMDA Currents in the Juvenile Rat Dentate Gyrus. Brain Plast 2020; 6:123-136. [PMID: 33680851 PMCID: PMC7903019 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-200110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: We examined how acute ethanol (EtOH) exposure affects long term depression (LTD) in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus in juvenile rats. EtOH is thought to directly modulate n-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAr) currents, which are believed important for LTD induction. LTD in turn is believed to play an important developmental role in the hippocampus by facilitating synaptic pruning. Methods: Hippocampal slices (350μm) were obtained at post-natal day (PND) 14, 21, or 28. Field EPSPs (excitatory post-synaptic potential) or whole-cell EPSCs (excitatory post-synaptic conductance) were recorded from the DG (dentate gyrus) in response to medial perforant path activation. Low-frequency stimulation (LFS; 900 pulses; 120 s pulse) was used to induce LTD. Results: Whole-cell recordings indicated that EtOH exposure at 50mM did not significantly impact ensemble NMDAr EPSCs in slices obtained from animals in the PND14 or 21 groups, but it reliably produced a modest inhibition in the PND28 group. Increasing the concentration to 100 mM resulted in a modest inhibition of NMDAr EPSCs in all three groups. LTD induction and maintenance was equivalent in magnitude in all three age groups in control conditions, however, and surprisingly, NMDA antagonist AP5 only reliably blocked LTD in the PND21 and 28 age groups. The application of 50 mM EtOH attenuated LTD in all three age groups, however increasing the concentration to 100 mM did not reliably inhibit LTD. Conclusions: These results indicate that the effect of EtOH on NMDAr-EPSCs recorded from DGCs is both age and concentration dependent in juveniles. Low concentrations of EtOH can attenuate, but did not block LTD in the DG. The effects of EtOH on LTD do not align well with it’s effects on NNMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Sawchuk
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Hannah M O Reid
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Katie J Neale
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - James Shin
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Brian R Christie
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Island Medical Program and Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC, Canada
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7
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Cushman JD, Drew MR, Krasne FB. The environmental sculpting hypothesis of juvenile and adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 199:101961. [PMID: 33242572 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We propose that a major contribution of juvenile and adult hippocampal neurogenesis is to allow behavioral experience to sculpt dentate gyrus connectivity such that sensory attributes that are relevant to the animal's environment are more strongly represented. This "specialized" dentate is then able to store a larger number of discriminable memory representations. Our hypothesis builds on accumulating evidence that neurogenesis declines to low levels prior to adulthood in many species. Rather than being necessary for ongoing hippocampal function, as several current theories posit, we argue that neurogenesis has primarily a prospective function, in that it allows experience to shape hippocampal circuits and optimize them for future learning in the particular environment in which the animal lives. Using an anatomically-based simulation of the hippocampus (BACON), we demonstrate that environmental sculpting of this kind would reduce overlap among hippocampal memory representations and provide representation cells with more information about an animal's current situation; consequently, it would allow more memories to be stored and accurately recalled without significant interference. We describe several new, testable predictions generated by the sculpting hypothesis and evaluate the hypothesis with respect to existing evidence. We argue that the sculpting hypothesis provides a strong rationale for why juvenile and adult neurogenesis occurs specifically in the dentate gyrus and why it declines significantly prior to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D Cushman
- Neurobehavioral Core Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC 27709, United States.
| | - Michael R Drew
- Center for Learning and Memory, Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
| | - Franklin B Krasne
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, United States.
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Jafari Z, Kolb BE, Mohajerani MH. Noise exposure accelerates the risk of cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: Adulthood, gestational, and prenatal mechanistic evidence from animal studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 117:110-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Reelin Mediates Hippocampal Cajal-Retzius Cell Positioning and Infrapyramidal Blade Morphogenesis. J Dev Biol 2020; 8:jdb8030020. [PMID: 32962021 PMCID: PMC7558149 DOI: 10.3390/jdb8030020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously described hypomorphic reelin (Reln) mutant mice, RelnCTRdel, in which the morphology of the dentate gyrus is distinct from that seen in reeler mice. In the RelnCTRdel mutant, the infrapyramidal blade of the dentate gyrus fails to extend, while the suprapyramidal blade forms with a relatively compact granule neuron layer. Underlying this defect, we now report several developmental anomalies in the RelnCTRdel dentate gyrus. Most strikingly, the distribution of Cajal-Retzius cells was aberrant; Cajal-Retzius neurons were increased in the suprapyramidal blade, but were greatly reduced along the subpial surface of the prospective infrapyramidal blade. We also observed multiple abnormalities of the fimbriodentate junction. Firstly, progenitor cells were distributed abnormally; the “neurogenic cluster” at the fimbriodentate junction was absent, lacking the normal accumulation of Tbr2-positive intermediate progenitors. However, the number of dividing cells in the dentate gyrus was not generally decreased. Secondly, a defect of secondary glial scaffold formation, limited to the infrapyramidal blade, was observed. The densely radiating glial fibers characteristic of the normal fimbriodentate junction were absent in mutants. These fibers might be required for migration of progenitors, which may account for the failure of neurogenic cluster formation. These findings suggest the importance of the secondary scaffold and neurogenic cluster of the fimbriodentate junction in morphogenesis of the mammalian dentate gyrus. Our study provides direct genetic evidence showing that normal RELN function is required for Cajal-Retzius cell positioning in the dentate gyrus, and for formation of the fimbriodentate junction to promote infrapyramidal blade extension.
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Decimo I, Dolci S, Panuccio G, Riva M, Fumagalli G, Bifari F. Meninges: A Widespread Niche of Neural Progenitors for the Brain. Neuroscientist 2020; 27:506-528. [PMID: 32935634 PMCID: PMC8442137 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420954826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence highlights the several roles that meninges play in
relevant brain functions as they are a protective membrane for the
brain, produce and release several trophic factors important for
neural cell migration and survival, control cerebrospinal fluid
dynamics, and embrace numerous immune interactions affecting neural
parenchymal functions. Furthermore, different groups have identified
subsets of neural progenitors residing in the meninges during
development and in the adulthood in different mammalian species,
including humans. Interestingly, these immature neural cells are able
to migrate from the meninges to the neural parenchyma and
differentiate into functional cortical neurons or oligodendrocytes.
Immature neural cells residing in the meninges promptly react to brain
disease. Injury-induced expansion and migration of meningeal neural
progenitors have been observed following experimental demyelination,
traumatic spinal cord and brain injury, amygdala lesion, stroke, and
progressive ataxia. In this review, we summarize data on the function
of meninges as stem cell niche and on the presence of immature neural
cells in the meninges, and discuss their roles in brain health and
disease. Furthermore, we consider the potential exploitation of
meningeal neural progenitors for the regenerative medicine to treat
neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Decimo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Sissi Dolci
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gabriella Panuccio
- Enhanced Regenerative Medicine, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Riva
- Unit of Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Guido Fumagalli
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Bifari
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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11
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Netsyk O, Hammoud H, Korol SV, Jin Z, Tafreshiha AS, Birnir B. Tonic
GABA
‐activated synaptic and extrasynaptic currents in dentate gyrus granule cells and
CA3
pyramidal neurons along the mouse hippocampal dorsoventral axis. Hippocampus 2020; 30:1146-1157. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Netsyk
- Department of Medical Cell Biology Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Hayma Hammoud
- Department of Medical Cell Biology Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Sergiy V. Korol
- Department of Medical Cell Biology Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Zhe Jin
- Department of Medical Cell Biology Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | | | - Bryndis Birnir
- Department of Medical Cell Biology Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
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12
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Moutin E, Hemonnot AL, Seube V, Linck N, Rassendren F, Perroy J, Compan V. Procedures for Culturing and Genetically Manipulating Murine Hippocampal Postnatal Neurons. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2020; 12:19. [PMID: 32425766 PMCID: PMC7204911 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2020.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal hippocampal cultures are simple and valuable models for studying neuronal function. While embryonic cultures are widely used for different applications, mouse postnatal cultures are still challenging, lack reproducibility and/or exhibit inappropriate neuronal activity. Yet, postnatal cultures have major advantages such as allowing genotyping of pups before culture and reducing the number of experimental animals. Herein we describe a simple and fast protocol for culturing and genetically manipulating hippocampal neurons from P0 to P3 mice. This protocol provides reproducible cultures exhibiting a consistent neuronal development, normal excitatory over inhibitory neuronal ratio and a physiological neuronal activity. We also describe simple and efficient procedures for genetic manipulation of neurons using transfection reagent or lentiviral particles. Overall, this method provides a detailed and validated protocol allowing to explore cellular mechanisms and neuronal activity in postnatal hippocampal neurons in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enora Moutin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne-Laure Hemonnot
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Canaux Ioniques d'Intérêt Thérapeutique (LabEx ICST), Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Seube
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Canaux Ioniques d'Intérêt Thérapeutique (LabEx ICST), Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Linck
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Canaux Ioniques d'Intérêt Thérapeutique (LabEx ICST), Montpellier, France
| | - François Rassendren
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Canaux Ioniques d'Intérêt Thérapeutique (LabEx ICST), Montpellier, France
| | - Julie Perroy
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Compan
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Canaux Ioniques d'Intérêt Thérapeutique (LabEx ICST), Montpellier, France
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13
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Lattanzi D, Di Palma M, Cuppini R, Ambrogini P. GABAergic Input Affects Intracellular Calcium Levels in Developing Granule Cells of Adult Rat Hippocampus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051715. [PMID: 32138257 PMCID: PMC7084234 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the dentate gyrus (DG) of the mammalian hippocampus, granule neurons are generated from neural stem cells (NSCs) throughout the life span and are integrated into the hippocampal network. Adult DG neurogenesis is regulated by multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors that control NSC proliferation, maintenance, and differentiation into mature neurons. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), released by local interneurons, regulates the development of neurons born in adulthood by activating extrasynaptic and synaptic GABAA receptors. In the present work, patch-clamp and calcium imaging techniques were used to record very immature granule cells of adult rat dentate gyrus for investigating the actual role of GABAA receptor activation in intracellular calcium level regulation at an early stage of maturation. Our findings highlight a novel molecular and electrophysiological mechanism, involving calcium-activated potassium channels (BK) and T-type voltage-dependent calcium channels, through which GABA fine-tunes intracellular calcium homeostasis in rat adult-born granule neurons early during their maturation. This mechanism might be instrumental in promoting newborn cell survival.
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14
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Mishra P, Narayanan R. Heterogeneities in intrinsic excitability and frequency-dependent response properties of granule cells across the blades of the rat dentate gyrus. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:755-772. [PMID: 31913748 PMCID: PMC7052640 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00443.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG), the input gate to the hippocampus proper, is anatomically segregated into three different sectors, namely, the suprapyramidal blade, the crest region, and the infrapyramidal blade. Although there are well-established differences between these sectors in terms of neuronal morphology, connectivity patterns, and activity levels, differences in electrophysiological properties of granule cells within these sectors have remained unexplored. Here, employing somatic whole cell patch-clamp recordings from the rat DG, we demonstrate that granule cells in these sectors manifest considerable heterogeneities in their intrinsic excitability, temporal summation, action potential characteristics, and frequency-dependent response properties. Across sectors, these neurons showed positive temporal summation of their responses to inputs mimicking excitatory postsynaptic currents and showed little to no sag in their voltage responses to pulse currents. Consistently, the impedance amplitude profile manifested low-pass characteristics and the impedance phase profile lacked positive phase values at all measured frequencies and voltages and for all sectors. Granule cells in all sectors exhibited class I excitability, with broadly linear firing rate profiles, and granule cells in the crest region fired significantly fewer action potentials compared with those in the infrapyramidal blade. Finally, we found weak pairwise correlations across the 18 different measurements obtained individually from each of the three sectors, providing evidence that these measurements are indeed reporting distinct aspects of neuronal physiology. Together, our analyses show that granule cells act as integrators of afferent information and emphasize the need to account for the considerable physiological heterogeneities in assessing their roles in information encoding and processing.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We employed whole cell patch-clamp recordings from granule cells in the three subregions of the rat dentate gyrus to demonstrate considerable heterogeneities in their intrinsic excitability, temporal summation, action potential characteristics, and frequency-dependent response properties. Across sectors, granule cells did not express membrane potential resonance, and their impedance profiles lacked inductive phase leads at all measured frequencies. Our analyses also show that granule cells manifest class I excitability characteristics, categorizing them as integrators of afferent information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Mishra
- Cellular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Rishikesh Narayanan
- Cellular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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15
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Ma Y, Bayguinov PO, Jackson MB. Optical Studies of Action Potential Dynamics with hVOS probes. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2019; 12:51-58. [PMID: 32864524 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The detection of action potentials and the characterization of their waveform represent basic benchmarks for evaluating optical sensors of voltage. The effectiveness of a voltage sensor in reporting action potentials will determine its usefulness in voltage imaging experiments designed for the study of neural circuitry. The hybrid voltage sensor (hVOS) technique is based on a sensing mechanism with a rapid response to voltage changes. hVOS imaging is thus well suited for optical studies of action potentials. This technique detects action potentials in intact brain slices with an excellent signal-to-noise ratio. These optical action potentials recapitulate voltage recordings with high temporal fidelity. In different genetically-defined types of neurons targeted by cre-lox technology, hVOS recordings of action potentials recapitulate the expected differences in duration. Furthermore, by targeting an hVOS probe to axons, imaging experiments can follow action potential propagation and document dynamic changes in waveform resulting from use-dependent plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihe Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin - Madison
| | | | - Meyer B Jackson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin - Madison
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16
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Mishra P, Narayanan R. Disparate forms of heterogeneities and interactions among them drive channel decorrelation in the dentate gyrus: Degeneracy and dominance. Hippocampus 2019; 29:378-403. [PMID: 30260063 PMCID: PMC6420062 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability of a neuronal population to effectuate channel decorrelation, which is one form of response decorrelation, has been identified as an essential prelude to efficient neural encoding. To what extent are diverse forms of local and afferent heterogeneities essential in accomplishing channel decorrelation in the dentate gyrus (DG)? Here, we incrementally incorporated four distinct forms of biological heterogeneities into conductance-based network models of the DG and systematically delineate their relative contributions to channel decorrelation. First, to effectively incorporate intrinsic heterogeneities, we built physiologically validated heterogeneous populations of granule (GC) and basket cells (BC) through independent stochastic search algorithms spanning exhaustive parametric spaces. These stochastic search algorithms, which were independently constrained by experimentally determined ion channels and by neurophysiological signatures, revealed cellular-scale degeneracy in the DG. Specifically, in GC and BC populations, disparate parametric combinations yielded similar physiological signatures, with underlying parameters exhibiting significant variability and weak pair-wise correlations. Second, we introduced synaptic heterogeneities through randomization of local synaptic strengths. Third, in including adult neurogenesis, we subjected the valid model populations to randomized structural plasticity and matched neuronal excitability to electrophysiological data. We assessed networks comprising different combinations of these three local heterogeneities with identical or heterogeneous afferent inputs from the entorhinal cortex. We found that the three forms of local heterogeneities were independently and synergistically capable of mediating significant channel decorrelation when the network was driven by identical afferent inputs. However, when we incorporated afferent heterogeneities into the network to account for the divergence in DG afferent connectivity, the impact of all three forms of local heterogeneities was significantly suppressed by the dominant role of afferent heterogeneities in mediating channel decorrelation. Our results unveil a unique convergence of cellular- and network-scale degeneracy in the emergence of channel decorrelation in the DG, whereby disparate forms of local and afferent heterogeneities could synergistically drive input discriminability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Mishra
- Cellular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Molecular Biophysics UnitIndian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia
| | - Rishikesh Narayanan
- Cellular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Molecular Biophysics UnitIndian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia
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17
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Spike-Related Electrophysiological Identification of Cultured Hippocampal Excitatory and Inhibitory Neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:6276-6292. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1506-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Hatami M, Conrad S, Naghsh P, Alvarez-Bolado G, Skutella T. Cell-Biological Requirements for the Generation of Dentate Gyrus Granule Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:402. [PMID: 30483057 PMCID: PMC6240695 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG) receives highly processed information from the associative cortices functionally integrated in the trisynaptic hippocampal circuit, which contributes to the formation of new episodic memories and the spontaneous exploration of novel environments. Remarkably, the DG is the only brain region currently known to have high rates of neurogenesis in adults (Andersen et al., 1966, 1971). The DG is involved in several neurodegenerative disorders, including clinical dementia, schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder and temporal lobe epilepsy. The principal neurons of the DG are the granule cells. DG granule cells generated in culture would be an ideal model to investigate their normal development and the causes of the pathologies in which they are involved and as well as possible therapies. Essential to establish such in vitro models is the precise definition of the most important cell-biological requirements for the differentiation of DG granule cells. This requires a deeper understanding of the precise molecular and functional attributes of the DG granule cells in vivo as well as the DG cells derived in vitro. In this review we outline the neuroanatomical, molecular and cell-biological components of the granule cell differentiation pathway, including some growth- and transcription factors essential for their development. We summarize the functional characteristics of DG granule neurons, including the electrophysiological features of immature and mature granule cells and the axonal pathfinding characteristics of DG neurons. Additionally, we discuss landmark studies on the generation of dorsal telencephalic precursors from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) as well as DG neuron differentiation in culture. Finally, we provide an outlook and comment critical aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hatami
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Pooyan Naghsh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Thomas Skutella
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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19
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Rozmer K, Gao P, Araújo MGL, Khan MT, Liu J, Rong W, Tang Y, Franke H, Krügel U, Fernandes MJS, Illes P. Pilocarpine-Induced Status Epilepticus Increases the Sensitivity of P2X7 and P2Y1 Receptors to Nucleotides at Neural Progenitor Cells of the Juvenile Rodent Hippocampus. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:3568-3585. [PMID: 27341850 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Patch-clamp recordings indicated the presence of P2X7 receptors at neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in hippocampal brain slices prepared from transgenic nestin reporter mice. The activation of these receptors caused inward current near the resting membrane potential of the NPCs, while P2Y1 receptor activation initiated outward current near the reversal potential of the P2X7 receptor current. Both receptors were identified by biophysical/pharmacological methods. When the brain slices were prepared from mice which underwent a pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus or when brain slices were incubated in pilocarpine-containing external medium, the sensitivity of P2X7 and P2Y1 receptors was invariably increased. Confocal microscopy confirmed the localization of P2X7 and P2Y1 receptor-immunopositivity at nestin-positive NPCs. A one-time status epilepticus in rats caused after a latency of about 5 days recurrent epileptic fits. The blockade of central P2X7 receptors increased the number of seizures and their severity. It is hypothesized that P2Y1 receptors after a status epilepticus may increase the ATP-induced proliferation/ectopic migration of NPCs; the P2X7 receptor-mediated necrosis/apoptosis might counteract these effects, which would otherwise lead to a chronic manifestation of recurrent epileptic fits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Rozmer
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Po Gao
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Physiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Michelle G L Araújo
- Disciplina de Neurociência, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Muhammad Tahir Khan
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Juan Liu
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany.,Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of TCM, 610075 Chengdu, China
| | - Weifang Rong
- Department of Physiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of TCM, 610075 Chengdu, China
| | - Heike Franke
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ute Krügel
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria José S Fernandes
- Disciplina de Neurociência, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Peter Illes
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
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20
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Beining M, Mongiat LA, Schwarzacher SW, Cuntz H, Jedlicka P. T2N as a new tool for robust electrophysiological modeling demonstrated for mature and adult-born dentate granule cells. eLife 2017; 6:e26517. [PMID: 29165247 PMCID: PMC5737656 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Compartmental models are the theoretical tool of choice for understanding single neuron computations. However, many models are incomplete, built ad hoc and require tuning for each novel condition rendering them of limited usability. Here, we present T2N, a powerful interface to control NEURON with Matlab and TREES toolbox, which supports generating models stable over a broad range of reconstructed and synthetic morphologies. We illustrate this for a novel, highly detailed active model of dentate granule cells (GCs) replicating a wide palette of experiments from various labs. By implementing known differences in ion channel composition and morphology, our model reproduces data from mouse or rat, mature or adult-born GCs as well as pharmacological interventions and epileptic conditions. This work sets a new benchmark for detailed compartmental modeling. T2N is suitable for creating robust models useful for large-scale networks that could lead to novel predictions. We discuss possible T2N application in degeneracy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Beining
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck SocietyFrankfurtGermany
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced StudiesFrankfurtGermany
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience CenterGoethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
- Faculty of BiosciencesGoethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
| | - Lucas Alberto Mongiat
- Instituto de Investigación en Biodiversidad y MedioambienteUniversidad Nacional del Comahue-CONICETSan Carlos de BarilocheArgentina
| | | | - Hermann Cuntz
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck SocietyFrankfurtGermany
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced StudiesFrankfurtGermany
| | - Peter Jedlicka
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience CenterGoethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
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21
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Imaging Voltage in Genetically Defined Neuronal Subpopulations with a Cre Recombinase-Targeted Hybrid Voltage Sensor. J Neurosci 2017; 37:9305-9319. [PMID: 28842412 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1363-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically encoded voltage indicators create an opportunity to monitor electrical activity in defined sets of neurons as they participate in the complex patterns of coordinated electrical activity that underlie nervous system function. Taking full advantage of genetically encoded voltage indicators requires a generalized strategy for targeting the probe to genetically defined populations of cells. To this end, we have generated a mouse line with an optimized hybrid voltage sensor (hVOS) probe within a locus designed for efficient Cre recombinase-dependent expression. Crossing this mouse with Cre drivers generated double transgenics expressing hVOS probe in GABAergic, parvalbumin, and calretinin interneurons, as well as hilar mossy cells, new adult-born neurons, and recently active neurons. In each case, imaging in brain slices from male or female animals revealed electrically evoked optical signals from multiple individual neurons in single trials. These imaging experiments revealed action potentials, dynamic aspects of dendritic integration, and trial-to-trial fluctuations in response latency. The rapid time response of hVOS imaging revealed action potentials with high temporal fidelity, and enabled accurate measurements of spike half-widths characteristic of each cell type. Simultaneous recording of rapid voltage changes in multiple neurons with a common genetic signature offers a powerful approach to the study of neural circuit function and the investigation of how neural networks encode, process, and store information.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Genetically encoded voltage indicators hold great promise in the study of neural circuitry, but realizing their full potential depends on targeting the sensor to distinct cell types. Here we present a new mouse line that expresses a hybrid optical voltage sensor under the control of Cre recombinase. Crossing this line with Cre drivers generated double-transgenic mice, which express this sensor in targeted cell types. In brain slices from these animals, single-trial hybrid optical voltage sensor recordings revealed voltage changes with submillisecond resolution in multiple neurons simultaneously. This imaging tool will allow for the study of the emergent properties of neural circuits and permit experimental tests of the roles of specific types of neurons in complex circuit activity.
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22
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Liu R, Chen R, Elthakeb AT, Lee SH, Hinckley S, Khraiche ML, Scott J, Pre D, Hwang Y, Tanaka A, Ro YG, Matsushita AK, Dai X, Soci C, Biesmans S, James A, Nogan J, Jungjohann KL, Pete DV, Webb DB, Zou Y, Bang AG, Dayeh SA. High Density Individually Addressable Nanowire Arrays Record Intracellular Activity from Primary Rodent and Human Stem Cell Derived Neurons. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:2757-2764. [PMID: 28384403 PMCID: PMC6045931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b04752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We report a new hybrid integration scheme that offers for the first time a nanowire-on-lead approach, which enables independent electrical addressability, is scalable, and has superior spatial resolution in vertical nanowire arrays. The fabrication of these nanowire arrays is demonstrated to be scalable down to submicrometer site-to-site spacing and can be combined with standard integrated circuit fabrication technologies. We utilize these arrays to perform electrophysiological recordings from mouse and rat primary neurons and human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons, which revealed high signal-to-noise ratios and sensitivity to subthreshold postsynaptic potentials (PSPs). We measured electrical activity from rodent neurons from 8 days in vitro (DIV) to 14 DIV and from hiPSC-derived neurons at 6 weeks in vitro post culture with signal amplitudes up to 99 mV. Overall, our platform paves the way for longitudinal electrophysiological experiments on synaptic activity in human iPSC based disease models of neuronal networks, critical for understanding the mechanisms of neurological diseases and for developing drugs to treat them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Liu
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Renjie Chen
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Ahmed T. Elthakeb
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Sang Heon Lee
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Sandy Hinckley
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Massoud L. Khraiche
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - John Scott
- Neurobiology Section, Biological Sciences Division, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Deborah Pre
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yoontae Hwang
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Atsunori Tanaka
- Graduate Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yun Goo Ro
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Albert K. Matsushita
- Graduate Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Xing Dai
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Cesare Soci
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Steven Biesmans
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Anthony James
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - John Nogan
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Katherine L. Jungjohann
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Douglas V. Pete
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Denise B. Webb
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Yimin Zou
- Neurobiology Section, Biological Sciences Division, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Anne G. Bang
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Shadi A. Dayeh
- Integrated Electronics and Biointerfaces Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Graduate Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Corresponding Author:
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23
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Gascón S, Murenu E, Masserdotti G, Ortega F, Russo GL, Petrik D, Deshpande A, Heinrich C, Karow M, Robertson SP, Schroeder T, Beckers J, Irmler M, Berndt C, Angeli JPF, Conrad M, Berninger B, Götz M. Identification and Successful Negotiation of a Metabolic Checkpoint in Direct Neuronal Reprogramming. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 18:396-409. [PMID: 26748418 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the widespread interest in direct neuronal reprogramming, the mechanisms underpinning fate conversion remain largely unknown. Our study revealed a critical time point after which cells either successfully convert into neurons or succumb to cell death. Co-transduction with Bcl-2 greatly improved negotiation of this critical point by faster neuronal differentiation. Surprisingly, mutants with reduced or no affinity for Bax demonstrated that Bcl-2 exerts this effect by an apoptosis-independent mechanism. Consistent with a caspase-independent role, ferroptosis inhibitors potently increased neuronal reprogramming by inhibiting lipid peroxidation occurring during fate conversion. Genome-wide expression analysis confirmed that treatments promoting neuronal reprogramming elicit an anti-oxidative stress response. Importantly, co-expression of Bcl-2 and anti-oxidative treatments leads to an unprecedented improvement in glial-to-neuron conversion after traumatic brain injury in vivo, underscoring the relevance of these pathways in cellular reprograming irrespective of cell type in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Gascón
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Elisa Murenu
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Giacomo Masserdotti
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Felipe Ortega
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University, Avenue Puerta de Hierro, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gianluca L Russo
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - David Petrik
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Aditi Deshpande
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Christophe Heinrich
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Marisa Karow
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Stephen P Robertson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, 9016 Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Timm Schroeder
- Research Unit Stem Cell Dynamics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich GmbH, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Martin Irmler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich GmbH, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Berndt
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Merowingerplatz 1a, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Marcus Conrad
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Berninger
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Excellence Cluster of Systems Neurology (SYNERGY), 80336 Munich, Germany.
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Cherubini E, Miles R. The CA3 region of the hippocampus: how is it? What is it for? How does it do it? Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:19. [PMID: 25698930 PMCID: PMC4318343 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Cherubini
- Department of Neuroscience, International School for Advanced Studies Trieste, Italy ; European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) Rita Levi-Montalcini Rome, Italy
| | - Richard Miles
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Université Pierre et Marie Curie UMR S1127 Paris, France
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Verreet T, Quintens R, Van Dam D, Verslegers M, Tanori M, Casciati A, Neefs M, Leysen L, Michaux A, Janssen A, D'Agostino E, Vande Velde G, Baatout S, Moons L, Pazzaglia S, Saran A, Himmelreich U, De Deyn PP, Benotmane MA. A multidisciplinary approach unravels early and persistent effects of X-ray exposure at the onset of prenatal neurogenesis. J Neurodev Disord 2015; 7:3. [PMID: 26029273 PMCID: PMC4448911 DOI: 10.1186/1866-1955-7-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In humans, in utero exposure to ionising radiation results in an increased prevalence of neurological aberrations, such as small head size, mental retardation and decreased IQ levels. Yet, the association between early damaging events and long-term neuronal anomalies remains largely elusive. Methods Mice were exposed to different X-ray doses, ranging between 0.0 and 1.0 Gy, at embryonic days (E) 10, 11 or 12 and subjected to behavioural tests at 12 weeks of age. Underlying mechanisms of irradiation at E11 were further unravelled using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy, diffusion tensor imaging, gene expression profiling, histology and immunohistochemistry. Results Irradiation at the onset of neurogenesis elicited behavioural changes in young adult mice, dependent on the timing of exposure. As locomotor behaviour and hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory were most particularly affected after irradiation at E11 with 1.0 Gy, this condition was used for further mechanistic analyses, focusing on the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. A classical p53-mediated apoptotic response was found shortly after exposure. Strikingly, in the neocortex, the majority of apoptotic and microglial cells were residing in the outer layer at 24 h after irradiation, suggesting cell death occurrence in differentiating neurons rather than proliferating cells. Furthermore, total brain volume, cortical thickness and ventricle size were decreased in the irradiated embryos. At 40 weeks of age, MRI showed that the ventricles were enlarged whereas N-acetyl aspartate concentrations and functional anisotropy were reduced in the cortex of the irradiated animals, indicating a decrease in neuronal cell number and persistent neuroinflammation. Finally, in the hippocampus, we revealed a reduction in general neurogenic proliferation and in the amount of Sox2-positive precursors after radiation exposure, although only at a juvenile age. Conclusions Our findings provide evidence for a radiation-induced disruption of mouse brain development, resulting in behavioural differences. We propose that alterations in cortical morphology and juvenile hippocampal neurogenesis might both contribute to the observed aberrant behaviour. Furthermore, our results challenge the generally assumed view of a higher radiosensitivity in dividing cells. Overall, this study offers new insights into irradiation-dependent effects in the embryonic brain, of relevance for the neurodevelopmental and radiobiological field. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1866-1955-7-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Verreet
- Radiobiology Unit, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK•CEN, 2400 Mol, Belgium ; Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roel Quintens
- Radiobiology Unit, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK•CEN, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Debby Van Dam
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behaviour, Institute Born-Bunge, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Mieke Verslegers
- Radiobiology Unit, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK•CEN, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Mirella Tanori
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology and Biomedicine, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, Casaccia Research Centre, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Casciati
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology and Biomedicine, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, Casaccia Research Centre, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Mieke Neefs
- Radiobiology Unit, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK•CEN, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Liselotte Leysen
- Radiobiology Unit, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK•CEN, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Arlette Michaux
- Radiobiology Unit, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK•CEN, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Ann Janssen
- Radiobiology Unit, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK•CEN, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Emiliano D'Agostino
- SB Dosimetry and Calibration, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK•CEN, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Greetje Vande Velde
- Biomedical NMR Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium ; Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Radiobiology Unit, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK•CEN, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Lieve Moons
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Simonetta Pazzaglia
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology and Biomedicine, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, Casaccia Research Centre, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Saran
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology and Biomedicine, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, Casaccia Research Centre, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Uwe Himmelreich
- Biomedical NMR Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium ; Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Paul De Deyn
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behaviour, Institute Born-Bunge, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium ; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammed Abderrafi Benotmane
- Radiobiology Unit, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK•CEN, 2400 Mol, Belgium
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