1
|
Dai Y, Bi M, Jiao Q, Du X, Yan C, Jiang H. Astrocyte-derived apolipoprotein D is required for neuronal survival in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:143. [PMID: 39095480 PMCID: PMC11297325 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00753-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein D (ApoD), a lipocalin transporter of small hydrophobic molecules, plays an essential role in several neurodegenerative diseases. It was reported that increased immunostaining for ApoD of glial cells surrounding dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons was observed in the brains of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Although preliminary findings supported the role of ApoD in neuroprotection, its derivation and effects on the degeneration of nigral DAergic neurons are largely unknown. In the present study, we observed that ApoD levels released from astrocytes were increased in PD models both in vivo and in vitro. When co-cultured with astrocytes, due to the increased release of astrocytic ApoD, the survival rate of primary cultured ventral midbrain (VM) neurons was significantly increased with 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridillium ion (MPP+) treatment. Increased levels of TAp73 and its phosphorylation at Tyr99 in astrocytes were required for the increased ApoD levels and its release. Conditional knockdown of TAp73 in the nigral astrocytes in vivo could aggravate the neurodegeneration in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated PD mice. Our findings reported that astrocyte-derived ApoD was essential for DAergic neuronal survival in PD models, might provide new therapeutic targets for PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Dai
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingxia Bi
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Jiao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xixun Du
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunling Yan
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Hong Jiang
- Qingdao Hospital (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ma P, Zhang G, Chen S, Miao C, Cao Y, Wang M, Liu W, Shen J, Tang PMK, Men Y, Ye L, Li C. Promotion effect of TGF-β-Zfp423-ApoD pathway on lip sensory recovery after nerve sacrifice caused by nerve collateral compensation. Int J Oral Sci 2023; 15:23. [PMID: 37286538 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-023-00230-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Resection of oral and maxillofacial tumors is often accompanied by the inferior alveolar nerve neurectomy, resulting in abnormal sensation in lower lip. It is generally believed that spontaneous sensory recovery in this nerve injury is difficult. However, during our follow-up, patients with inferior alveolar nerve sacrifice showed different degrees of lower lip sensory recovery. In this study, a prospective cohort study was conducted to demonstrate this phenomenon and analyze the factors influencing sensory recovery. A mental nerve transection model of Thy1-YFP mice and tissue clearing technique were used to explore possible mechanisms in this process. Gene silencing and overexpression experiments were then conducted to detect the changes in cell morphology and molecular markers. In our follow-up, 75% of patients with unilateral inferior alveolar nerve neurectomy had complete sensory recovery of the lower lip 12 months postoperatively. Patients with younger age, malignant tumors, and preservation of ipsilateral buccal and lingual nerves had a shorter recovery time. The buccal nerve collateral sprouting compensation was observed in the lower lip tissue of Thy1-YFP mice. ApoD was demonstrated to be involved in axon growth and peripheral nerve sensory recovery in the animal model. TGF-β inhibited the expression of STAT3 and the transcription of ApoD in Schwann cells through Zfp423. Overall, after sacrificing the inferior alveolar nerve, the collateral compensation of the ipsilateral buccal nerve could innervate the sensation. And this process was regulated by TGF-β-Zfp423-ApoD pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pingchuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Su Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yubin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Medical Record, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jiefei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Patrick Ming-Kuen Tang
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, and Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine & Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi Men
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Chunjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Corraliza-Gomez M, Bendito B, Sandonis-Camarero D, Mondejar-Duran J, Villa M, Poncela M, Valero J, Sanchez D, Ganfornina MD. Dual role of Apolipoprotein D as long-term instructive factor and acute signal conditioning microglial secretory and phagocytic responses. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1112930. [PMID: 36779011 PMCID: PMC9908747 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1112930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells are recognized as very dynamic brain cells, screening the environment and sensitive to signals from all other cell types in health and disease. Apolipoprotein D (ApoD), a lipid-binding protein of the Lipocalin family, is required for nervous system optimal function and proper development and maintenance of key neural structures. ApoD has a cell and state-dependent expression in the healthy nervous system, and increases its expression upon aging, damage or neurodegeneration. An extensive overlap exists between processes where ApoD is involved and those where microglia have an active role. However, no study has analyzed the role of ApoD in microglial responses. In this work, we test the hypothesis that ApoD, as an extracellular signal, participates in the intercellular crosstalk sensed by microglia and impacts their responses upon physiological aging or damaging conditions. We find that a significant proportion of ApoD-dependent aging transcriptome are microglia-specific genes, and show that lack of ApoD in vivo dysregulates microglial density in mouse hippocampus in an age-dependent manner. Murine BV2 and primary microglia do not express ApoD, but it can be internalized and targeted to lysosomes, where unlike other cell types it is transiently present. Cytokine secretion profiles and myelin phagocytosis reveal that ApoD has both long-term pre-conditioning effects on microglia as well as acute effects on these microglial immune functions, without significant modification of cell survival. ApoD-triggered cytokine signatures are stimuli (paraquat vs. Aβ oligomers) and sex-dependent. Acute exposure to ApoD induces microglia to switch from their resting state to a secretory and less phagocytic phenotype, while long-term absence of ApoD leads to attenuated cytokine induction and increased myelin uptake, supporting a role for ApoD as priming or immune training factor. This knowledge should help to advance our understanding of the complex responses of microglia during aging and neurodegeneration, where signals received along our lifespan are combined with damage-triggered acute signals, conditioning both beneficial roles and limitations of microglial functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Corraliza-Gomez
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Unidad de Excelencia, University of Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Bendito
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Unidad de Excelencia, University of Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
| | - David Sandonis-Camarero
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Unidad de Excelencia, University of Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jorge Mondejar-Duran
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Unidad de Excelencia, University of Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Miguel Villa
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Unidad de Excelencia, University of Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Marta Poncela
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Unidad de Excelencia, University of Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jorge Valero
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Diego Sanchez
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Unidad de Excelencia, University of Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain,Diego Sanchez,
| | - Maria D. Ganfornina
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Unidad de Excelencia, University of Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain,*Correspondence: Maria D. Ganfornina, ,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xiang J, Sun X, Song N, Ramaswamy S, Abou Tayoun AN, Peng Z. Comprehensive interpretation of single-nucleotide substitutions in GJB2 reveals the genetic and phenotypic landscape of GJB2-related hearing loss. Hum Genet 2023; 142:33-43. [PMID: 36048236 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-022-02479-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variants in GJB2 are the most frequent cause of congenital and childhood hearing loss worldwide. The purpose of this study was to delineate the genetic and phenotypic landscape of GJB2 SNV variants. All possible single-nucleotide substitution variants of the coding region of GJB2 (N = 2043) were manually curated following the ACMG/AMP hearing loss guidelines. As a result, 60 (2.9%), 177 (8.7%), 1499 (73.4%), 301 (14.7%) and 6 (0.3%) of the variants were classified as pathogenic, likely pathogenic, variant of uncertain significance, likely benign, and benign, respectively. 53% (84/158) of the pathogenic/likely pathogenic missense variants were not present in ClinVar. The second transmembrane domain and the 310 helix were highly enriched for pathogenic missense variants, while the intracellular loops were tolerant to variation. The N-terminal tail and the extracellular loop showed high clustering of variants that are associated with syndromic or dominant non-syndromic hearing loss. In conclusion, our study interpreted all possible single-nucleotide substitution coding variants, characterized novel clinically significant variants in GJB2, and revealed significant genotype-phenotype correlations at this common hearing loss locus. Our work provides a prototype for other genes with similarly high genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Xiang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | | | - Nana Song
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Sathishkumar Ramaswamy
- Al Jalila Genomics Center, Al Jalila Children's Specialty Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmad N Abou Tayoun
- Al Jalila Genomics Center, Al Jalila Children's Specialty Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. .,Center for Genomic Discovery, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Zhiyu Peng
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yuan Y, Wang Y, Wu S, Zhao MY. Review: Myelin clearance is critical for regeneration after peripheral nerve injury. Front Neurol 2022; 13:908148. [PMID: 36588879 PMCID: PMC9801717 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.908148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic peripheral nerve injury occurs frequently and is a major clinical and public health problem that can lead to functional impairment and permanent disability. Despite the availability of modern diagnostic procedures and advanced microsurgical techniques, active recovery after peripheral nerve repair is often unsatisfactory. Peripheral nerve regeneration involves several critical events, including the recreation of the microenvironment and remyelination. Results from previous studies suggest that the peripheral nervous system (PNS) has a greater capacity for repair than the central nervous system. Thus, it will be important to understand myelin and myelination specifically in the PNS. This review provides an update on myelin biology and myelination in the PNS and discusses the mechanisms that promote myelin clearance after injury. The roles of Schwann cells and macrophages are considered at length, together with the possibility of exogenous intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- YiMing Yuan
- Laboratory of Brain Function and Neurorehabilitation, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Laboratory of Brain Function and Neurorehabilitation, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China,Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China,*Correspondence: Yan Wang
| | - ShanHong Wu
- Laboratory of Brain Function and Neurorehabilitation, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Ming Yue Zhao
- Laboratory of Brain Function and Neurorehabilitation, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China,Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sanchez D, Ganfornina MD. The Lipocalin Apolipoprotein D Functional Portrait: A Systematic Review. Front Physiol 2021; 12:738991. [PMID: 34690812 PMCID: PMC8530192 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.738991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein D is a chordate gene early originated in the Lipocalin protein family. Among other features, regulation of its expression in a wide variety of disease conditions in humans, as apparently unrelated as neurodegeneration or breast cancer, have called for attention on this gene. Also, its presence in different tissues, from blood to brain, and different subcellular locations, from HDL lipoparticles to the interior of lysosomes or the surface of extracellular vesicles, poses an interesting challenge in deciphering its physiological function: Is ApoD a moonlighting protein, serving different roles in different cellular compartments, tissues, or organisms? Or does it have a unique biochemical mechanism of action that accounts for such apparently diverse roles in different physiological situations? To answer these questions, we have performed a systematic review of all primary publications where ApoD properties have been investigated in chordates. We conclude that ApoD ligand binding in the Lipocalin pocket, combined with an antioxidant activity performed at the rim of the pocket are properties sufficient to explain ApoD association with different lipid-based structures, where its physiological function is better described as lipid-management than by long-range lipid-transport. Controlling the redox state of these lipid structures in particular subcellular locations or extracellular structures, ApoD is able to modulate an enormous array of apparently diverse processes in the organism, both in health and disease. The new picture emerging from these data should help to put the physiological role of ApoD in new contexts and to inspire well-focused future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sanchez
- Instituto de Biologia y Genetica Molecular, Unidad de Excelencia, Universidad de Valladolid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Maria D Ganfornina
- Instituto de Biologia y Genetica Molecular, Unidad de Excelencia, Universidad de Valladolid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Valladolid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Desmarais F, Hervé V, Bergeron KF, Ravaut G, Perrotte M, Fyfe-Desmarais G, Rassart E, Ramassamy C, Mounier C. Cerebral Apolipoprotein D Exits the Brain and Accumulates in Peripheral Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084118. [PMID: 33923459 PMCID: PMC8073497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein D (ApoD) is a secreted lipocalin associated with neuroprotection and lipid metabolism. In rodent, the bulk of its expression occurs in the central nervous system. Despite this, ApoD has profound effects in peripheral tissues, indicating that neural ApoD may reach peripheral organs. We endeavor to determine if cerebral ApoD can reach the circulation and accumulate in peripheral tissues. Three hours was necessary for over 40% of all the radiolabeled human ApoD (hApoD), injected bilaterally, to exit the central nervous system (CNS). Once in circulation, hApoD accumulates mostly in the kidneys/urine, liver, and muscles. Accumulation specificity of hApoD in these tissues was strongly correlated with the expression of lowly glycosylated basigin (BSG, CD147). hApoD was observed to pass through bEnd.3 blood brain barrier endothelial cells monolayers. However, cyclophilin A did not impact hApoD internalization rates in bEnd.3, indicating that ApoD exit from the brain is either independent of BSG or relies on additional cell types. Overall, our data showed that ApoD can quickly and efficiently exit the CNS and reach the liver and kidneys/urine, organs linked to the recycling and excretion of lipids and toxins. This indicated that cerebral overexpression during neurodegenerative episodes may serve to evacuate neurotoxic ApoD ligands from the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Desmarais
- Laboratoire du Métabolisme Moléculaire des Lipides, Centre de Recherches CERMO-FC, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), 141 av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC H2X 1Y4, Canada; (F.D.); (K.F.B.); (G.R.); (G.F.-D.)
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), 141 av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC H2X 1Y4, Canada; (V.H.); (E.R.)
| | - Vincent Hervé
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), 141 av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC H2X 1Y4, Canada; (V.H.); (E.R.)
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada;
| | - Karl F. Bergeron
- Laboratoire du Métabolisme Moléculaire des Lipides, Centre de Recherches CERMO-FC, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), 141 av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC H2X 1Y4, Canada; (F.D.); (K.F.B.); (G.R.); (G.F.-D.)
| | - Gaétan Ravaut
- Laboratoire du Métabolisme Moléculaire des Lipides, Centre de Recherches CERMO-FC, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), 141 av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC H2X 1Y4, Canada; (F.D.); (K.F.B.); (G.R.); (G.F.-D.)
| | - Morgane Perrotte
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada;
| | - Guillaume Fyfe-Desmarais
- Laboratoire du Métabolisme Moléculaire des Lipides, Centre de Recherches CERMO-FC, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), 141 av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC H2X 1Y4, Canada; (F.D.); (K.F.B.); (G.R.); (G.F.-D.)
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), 141 av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC H2X 1Y4, Canada; (V.H.); (E.R.)
| | - Eric Rassart
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), 141 av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC H2X 1Y4, Canada; (V.H.); (E.R.)
| | - Charles Ramassamy
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada;
- Correspondence: (C.R.); (C.M.)
| | - Catherine Mounier
- Laboratoire du Métabolisme Moléculaire des Lipides, Centre de Recherches CERMO-FC, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), 141 av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC H2X 1Y4, Canada; (F.D.); (K.F.B.); (G.R.); (G.F.-D.)
- Correspondence: (C.R.); (C.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gómez-López AR, Manich G, Recasens M, Almolda B, González B, Castellano B. Evaluation of Myelin Phagocytosis by Microglia/Macrophages in Nervous Tissue Using Flow Cytometry. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e73. [PMID: 33687792 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Determination of microglial phagocytosis of myelin has acquired importance in the study of demyelinating diseases. One strategy to determine microglial phagocytosis capacity consists of assaying microglia with fluorescently labeled myelin; however, most approaches are performed in cell culture, where microglia usually show important phenotypic differences compared with in vivo conditions. In this article we describe an adapted flow cytometry protocol to assay myelin phagocytosis by microglia obtained directly from in vivo tissue of the central nervous system. Key steps for a first analysis of phagocytic microglia are provided. Additionally, we describe how to fluorescently label myelin using a pH-sensitive tag, pHrodo™ Green STP Ester. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: Assay for determination of myelin phagocytosis by microglia/macrophages using flow cytometry Support Protocol 1: Conjugation of isolated and purified myelin with pHrodo Green STP Ester Support Protocol 2: Quantification of phagocytic cell number by flow cytometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Regina Gómez-López
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Manich
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Recasens
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Almolda
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Berta González
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernardo Castellano
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Control of the neuroprotective Lipocalin Apolipoprotein D expression by alternative promoter regions and differentially expressed mRNA 5' UTR variants. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234857. [PMID: 32559215 PMCID: PMC7304576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Lipocalin Apolipoprotein D (ApoD) is one of the few genes consistently overexpressed in the aging brain, and in most neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. Its functions include metabolism regulation, myelin management, neuroprotection, and longevity regulation. Knowledge of endogenous regulatory mechanisms controlling brain disease-triggered ApoD expression is relevant if we want to boost pharmacologically its neuroprotecting potential. In addition to classical transcriptional control, Lipocalins have a remarkable variability in mRNA 5’UTR-dependent translation efficiency. Using bioinformatic analyses, we uncover strong selective pressures preserving ApoD 5’UTR properties, indicating unexpected functional conservation. PCR amplifications demonstrate the production of five 5’UTR variants (A-E) in mouse ApoD, with diverse expression levels across tissues and developmental stages. Importantly, Variant E is specifically expressed in the oxidative stress-challenged brain. Predictive analyses of 5’UTR secondary structures and enrichment in elements restraining translation, point to Variant E as a tight regulator of ApoD expression. We find two genomic regions conserved in human and mouse ApoD: a canonical (α) promoter region and a previously unknown region upstream of Variant E that could function as an alternative mouse promoter (β). Luciferase assays demonstrate that both α and β promoter regions can drive expression in cultured mouse astrocytes, and that Promoter β activity responds proportionally to incremental doses of the oxidative stress generator Paraquat. We postulate that Promoter β works in association with Variant E 5’UTR as a regulatory tandem that organizes ApoD gene expression in the nervous system in response to oxidative stress, the most common factor in aging and neurodegeneration.
Collapse
|
10
|
Rassart E, Desmarais F, Najyb O, Bergeron KF, Mounier C. Apolipoprotein D. Gene 2020; 756:144874. [PMID: 32554047 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
ApoD is a 25 to 30 kDa glycosylated protein, member of the lipocalin superfamily. As a transporter of several small hydrophobic molecules, its known biological functions are mostly associated to lipid metabolism and neuroprotection. ApoD is a multi-ligand, multi-function protein that is involved lipid trafficking, food intake, inflammation, antioxidative response and development and in different types of cancers. An important aspect of ApoD's role in lipid metabolism appears to involve the transport of arachidonic acid, and the modulation of eicosanoid production and delivery in metabolic tissues. ApoD expression in metabolic tissues has been associated positively and negatively with insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis in a tissue dependent manner. ApoD levels rise considerably in association with aging and neuropathologies such as Alzheimer's disease, stroke, meningoencephalitis, moto-neuron disease, multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. ApoD is also modulated in several animal models of nervous system injury/pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Rassart
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Case Postale 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Frederik Desmarais
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Case Postale 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada; Laboratoire du Métabolisme Moléculaire des Lipides, Université du Québec à Montréal, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Case Postale 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Ouafa Najyb
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Case Postale 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Karl-F Bergeron
- Laboratoire du Métabolisme Moléculaire des Lipides, Université du Québec à Montréal, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Case Postale 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Catherine Mounier
- Laboratoire du Métabolisme Moléculaire des Lipides, Université du Québec à Montréal, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Case Postale 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Peripheral nerves contain axons and their enwrapping glia cells named Schwann cells (SCs) that are either myelinating (mySCs) or nonmyelinating (nmSCs). Our understanding of other cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) remains limited. Here, we provide an unbiased single cell transcriptomic characterization of the nondiseased rodent PNS. We identified and independently confirmed markers of previously underappreciated nmSCs and nerve-associated fibroblasts. We also found and characterized two distinct populations of nerve-resident homeostatic myeloid cells that transcriptionally differed from central nervous system microglia. In a model of chronic autoimmune neuritis, homeostatic myeloid cells were outnumbered by infiltrating lymphocytes which modulated the local cell-cell interactome and induced a specific transcriptional response in glia cells. This response was partially shared between the peripheral and central nervous system glia, indicating common immunological features across different parts of the nervous system. Our study thus identifies subtypes and cell-type markers of PNS cells and a partially conserved autoimmunity module induced in glia cells.
Collapse
|
12
|
Corraliza-Gomez M, Sanchez D, Ganfornina MD. Lipid-Binding Proteins in Brain Health and Disease. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1152. [PMID: 31787919 PMCID: PMC6854030 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A proper lipid management is paramount for a healthy brain. Lipid homeostasis alterations are known to be causative or risk factors for many neurodegenerative diseases, or key elements in the recovery from nervous system injuries of different etiology. In addition to lipid biogenesis and catabolism, non-enzymatic lipid-binding proteins play an important role in brain function and maintenance through aging. Among these types of lipoproteins, apolipoprotein E has received much attention due to the relationship of particular alleles of its gene with the risk and progression of Alzheimer's disease. However, other lipid-binding proteins whose role in lipid homeostasis and control are less known need to be brought to the attention of both researchers and clinicians. The aim of this review is to cover the knowledge of lipid-managing proteins in the brain, with particular attention to new candidates to be relevant for brain function and health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Corraliza-Gomez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Diego Sanchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Maria D Ganfornina
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pascua-Maestro R, González E, Lillo C, Ganfornina MD, Falcón-Pérez JM, Sanchez D. Extracellular Vesicles Secreted by Astroglial Cells Transport Apolipoprotein D to Neurons and Mediate Neuronal Survival Upon Oxidative Stress. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 12:526. [PMID: 30687015 PMCID: PMC6335244 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicle (EV)-mediated glia-to-neuron communication has been recognized in a growing number of physiological and pathological situations. They transport complex sets of molecules that can be beneficial or detrimental for the receiving cell. As in other areas of biology, their analysis is revolutionizing the field of neuroscience, since fundamental signaling processes are being re-evaluated, and applications for neurodegenerative disease therapies have emerged. Using human astrocytic and differentiated neuronal cell lines, we demonstrate that a classical neuroprotective protein, Apolipoprotein D (ApoD), expressed by glial cells and known to promote functional integrity and survival of neurons, is exclusively transported by EVs from astrocytes to neurons, where it gets internalized. Indeed, we demonstrate that conditioned media derived from ApoD-knock-out (KO) astrocytes exert only a partial autocrine protection from oxidative stress (OS) challenges, and that EVs are required for ApoD-positive astrocytic cell line derived medium to exert full neuroprotection. When subfractionation of EVs is performed, ApoD is revealed as a very specific marker of the exosome-containing fractions. These discoveries help us reframe our understanding of the neuroprotective role of this lipid binding protein and open up new research avenues to explore the use of systemically administered ApoD-loaded exosomes that can cross the blood-brain barrier to treat neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Pascua-Maestro
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular-Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Esperanza González
- Exosomes Group, Metabolomics Unit and Platform, CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio, Spain
| | - Concepción Lillo
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León, IBSAL, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Maria D Ganfornina
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular-Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Falcón-Pérez
- Exosomes Group, Metabolomics Unit and Platform, CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Diego Sanchez
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular-Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Navarro A, Rioseras B, Del Valle E, Martínez-Pinilla E, Astudillo A, Tolivia J. Expression Pattern of Myelin-Related Apolipoprotein D in Human Multiple Sclerosis Lesions. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:254. [PMID: 30186153 PMCID: PMC6110904 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein D (Apo D) is a key molecule in the lipid transport during homeostasis and repair processes in normal and pathological conditions of the nervous system with a putative neuroprotective effect. In the last decades, huge experimental efforts have been made to know the exact mechanism of action of Apo D, even though, it remains an open question. In this regard, studies in mammals and flies have suggested that Apo D seems to act through a variety of cellular mechanisms related with its ability to selectively bind different lipid ligands. For instance, this apolipoprotein is required to myelin compaction, it participates in axon regeneration/remyelination, and it can control the magnitude and timing of the inflammatory response after injury, promoting myelin clearance, and regulating the number of immune cells recruited to the damaged area. These, among others, are some of the reasons to study Apo D in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathology, where it could be particularly important since the autoimmune reaction against oligodendrocytes (OLGs) and myelin is generally assumed as the most plausible cause of this pathology. The aim of this work was to investigate the Apo D expression pattern in MS lesions, including active and inactive demyelinating plaques, and also remyelinating ones. Human brain tissues with inflammatory demyelination consistent with MS were used to quantify Apo D immunosignal in different lesions. Our results show a clear decrease of Apo D expression in all sclerosis plaques, being lower in the inactive than in active areas but recovers in the remyelination ones. Apo D is mainly produced by the matured OLGs of white matter and is located in cell processes surrounding the myelin sheath. All these data seem to indicate an important role of Apo D in myelination/remyelination processes as a molecule with a neuroprotective potential, and may serve as a good starting point for its study in MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Navarro
- Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Asturias, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Asturias, Spain.,Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Rioseras
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Eva Del Valle
- Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Asturias, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Asturias, Spain.,Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Eva Martínez-Pinilla
- Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Asturias, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Asturias, Spain.,Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Aurora Astudillo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Asturias, Spain.,Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jorge Tolivia
- Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Asturias, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Asturias, Spain.,Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Apolipoprotein D Concentration in Human Plasma during Aging and in Parkinson's Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2018; 2018:3751516. [PMID: 29780571 PMCID: PMC5892211 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3751516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein D (ApoD), a lipocalin transporter of small hydrophobic molecules, plays an important role in several neurodegenerative diseases. ApoD is expressed in and secreted from a variety of peripheral and brain tissues. Increments of ApoD have been reported in relation with oxidative stress conditions, aging, and degeneration in the nervous system. Preliminary findings support the role of ApoD in neuroprotection. However, its role in PD remains unclear. To date, no studies have been performed on the relationship between ApoD in the blood and PD, as neurodegenerative pathology related to oxidative damage. We investigated the concentration of ApoD in the blood of healthy control subjects and PD patients with mild-to-moderate neurological impairment. ApoD plasma levels were measured using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) in 90 healthy subjects (aging-analysis cohort) and in 66 PD patients at different stages compared with 19 age-matched healthy subjects. Significant age-related increase of ApoD was detected in subjects older than 65 years of age (p < 0.002). In PD patients, a significant increase in ApoD plasma concentration was found compared with healthy subjects of the same age (p < 0.05). ApoD and PD stage are significantly correlated (p < 0.05). ApoD might be a valid marker for the progression of PD.
Collapse
|
16
|
Shi L, Huang L, He R, Huang W, Wang H, Lai X, Zou Z, Sun J, Ke Q, Zheng M, Lu X, Pei Z, Su H, Xiang AP, Li W, Yao X. Modeling the Pathogenesis of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Type 1A Using Patient-Specific iPSCs. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 10:120-133. [PMID: 29276154 PMCID: PMC5768917 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A), one of the most frequent inherited peripheral neuropathies, is associated with PMP22 gene duplication. Previous studies of CMT1A mainly relied on rodent models, and it is not yet clear how PMP22 overexpression leads to the phenotype in patients. Here, we generated the human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines from two CMT1A patients as an in vitro cell model. We found that, unlike the normal control cells, CMT1A hiPSCs rarely generated Schwann cells through neural crest stem cells (NCSCs). Instead, CMT1A NCSCs produced numerous endoneurial fibroblast-like cells in the Schwann cell differentiation system, and similar results were obtained in a PMP22-overexpressing iPSC model. Therefore, despite the demyelination-remyelination and/or dysmyelination theory for CMT1A pathogenesis, developmental disabilities of Schwann cells may be considered as an underlying cause of CMT1A. Our results may have important implications for the uncovering of the underlying mechanism and the development of a promising therapeutic strategy for CMT1A neuropathy. Modeling CMT1A disease with PMP22 duplication using hiPSC-derived NCSCs PMP22 duplication may lead to Schwann cell developmental defect of NCSCs PMP22-overexpressing NCSCs recapitulate the phenotype of CMT1A NCSCs
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Division of Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit, Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Lihua Huang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ruojie He
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Weijun Huang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Huiyan Wang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xingqiang Lai
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhengwei Zou
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jiaqi Sun
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qiong Ke
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Minying Zheng
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xilin Lu
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhong Pei
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Huanxing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
| | - Andy Peng Xiang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Weiqiang Li
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Xiaoli Yao
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pascua-Maestro R, Diez-Hermano S, Lillo C, Ganfornina MD, Sanchez D. Protecting cells by protecting their vulnerable lysosomes: Identification of a new mechanism for preserving lysosomal functional integrity upon oxidative stress. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006603. [PMID: 28182653 PMCID: PMC5325589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental insults such as oxidative stress can damage cell membranes. Lysosomes are particularly sensitive to membrane permeabilization since their function depends on intraluminal acidic pH and requires stable membrane-dependent proton gradients. Among the catalog of oxidative stress-responsive genes is the Lipocalin Apolipoprotein D (ApoD), an extracellular lipid binding protein endowed with antioxidant capacity. Within the nervous system, cell types in the defense frontline, such as astrocytes, secrete ApoD to help neurons cope with the challenge. The protecting role of ApoD is known from cellular to organism level, and many of its downstream effects, including optimization of autophagy upon neurodegeneration, have been described. However, we still cannot assign a cellular mechanism to ApoD gene that explains how this protection is accomplished. Here we perform a comprehensive analysis of ApoD intracellular traffic and demonstrate its role in lysosomal pH homeostasis upon paraquat-induced oxidative stress. By combining single-lysosome in vivo pH measurements with immunodetection, we demonstrate that ApoD is endocytosed and targeted to a subset of vulnerable lysosomes in a stress-dependent manner. ApoD is functionally stable in this acidic environment, and its presence is sufficient and necessary for lysosomes to recover from oxidation-induced alkalinization, both in astrocytes and neurons. This function is accomplished by preventing lysosomal membrane permeabilization. Two lysosomal-dependent biological processes, myelin phagocytosis by astrocytes and optimization of neurodegeneration-triggered autophagy in a Drosophila in vivo model, require ApoD-related Lipocalins. Our results uncover a previously unknown biological function of ApoD, member of the finely regulated and evolutionary conserved gene family of extracellular Lipocalins. They set a lipoprotein-mediated regulation of lysosomal membrane integrity as a new mechanism at the hub of many cellular functions, critical for the outcome of a wide variety of neurodegenerative diseases. These results open therapeutic opportunities by providing a route of entry and a repair mechanism for lysosomes in pathological situations. This work is the result of our search for the mechanism of action of Apolipoprotein D (ApoD), a neuroprotective lipid-binding protein that confers cell resistance to oxidative stress. ApoD is one of the few genes consistently over-expressed in the aging brain of all vertebrate species, and no nervous system disease has been found concurring without ApoD over-expression. All evidence supports ApoD as an endogenous mechanism of protection. We demonstrate here that this extracellular lipid binding protein is endocytosed and targeted in a finely controlled way to subsets of lysosomes in need of protection, those most sensitive to oxidative stress. ApoD reveals the existence of biologically relevant lysosomal heterogeneity that conditions the oxidation state of cells, their phagocytic or autophagic capacity, and the final output in neurodegenerative conditions. The stable presence of ApoD in lysosomes is sufficient and necessary for lysosomes to recover from oxidation-induced membrane permeabilization and loss of proton gradients. ApoD-mediated control of lysosomal membrane integrity represents a new cell-protection mechanism at the hub of many cellular functions, and is critical for the outcome of a wide variety of neurodegenerative diseases. Therapeutic opportunities open, by providing a route of entry and a repair mechanism for lysosomes in pathological situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Pascua-Maestro
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular-Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Sergio Diez-Hermano
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular-Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Concepción Lillo
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Maria D. Ganfornina
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular-Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
- * E-mail: (MDG); (DS)
| | - Diego Sanchez
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular-Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
- * E-mail: (MDG); (DS)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li H, Ruberu K, Karl T, Garner B. Cerebral Apolipoprotein-D Is Hypoglycosylated Compared to Peripheral Tissues and Is Variably Expressed in Mouse and Human Brain Regions. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148238. [PMID: 26829325 PMCID: PMC4734669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that cerebral apoD levels increase with age and in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In addition, loss of cerebral apoD in the mouse increases sensitivity to lipid peroxidation and accelerates AD pathology. Very little data are available, however, regarding the expression of apoD protein levels in different brain regions. This is important as both brain lipid peroxidation and neurodegeneration occur in a region-specific manner. Here we addressed this using western blotting of seven different regions (olfactory bulb, hippocampus, frontal cortex, striatum, cerebellum, thalamus and brain stem) of the mouse brain. Our data indicate that compared to most brain regions, the hippocampus is deficient in apoD. In comparison to other major organs and tissues (liver, spleen, kidney, adrenal gland, heart and skeletal muscle), brain apoD was approximately 10-fold higher (corrected for total protein levels). Our analysis also revealed that brain apoD was present at a lower apparent molecular weight than tissue and plasma apoD. Utilising peptide N-glycosidase-F and neuraminidase to remove N-glycans and sialic acids, respectively, we found that N-glycan composition (but not sialylation alone) were responsible for this reduction in molecular weight. We extended the studies to an analysis of human brain regions (hippocampus, frontal cortex, temporal cortex and cerebellum) where we found that the hippocampus had the lowest levels of apoD. We also confirmed that human brain apoD was present at a lower molecular weight than in plasma. In conclusion, we demonstrate apoD protein levels are variable across different brain regions, that apoD levels are much higher in the brain compared to other tissues and organs, and that cerebral apoD has a lower molecular weight than peripheral apoD; a phenomenon that is due to the N-glycan content of the protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Li
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Kalani Ruberu
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Tim Karl
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Brett Garner
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
del Caño-Espinel M, Acebes JR, Sanchez D, Ganfornina MD. Lazarillo-related Lipocalins confer long-term protection against type I Spinocerebellar Ataxia degeneration contributing to optimize selective autophagy. Mol Neurodegener 2015; 10:11. [PMID: 25888134 PMCID: PMC4374295 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-015-0009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A diverse set of neurodegenerative disorders are caused by abnormal extensions of polyglutamine (poly-Q) stretches in various, functionally unrelated proteins. A common feature of these diseases is altered proteostasis. Autophagy induction is part of the endogenous response to poly-Q protein expression. However, if autophagy is not resolved properly, clearance of toxic proteins or aggregates cannot occur effectively. Likewise, excessive autophagy induction can cause autophagic stress and neurodegeneration. The Lipocalins ApoD, Glial Lazarillo (GLaz) and Neural Lazarillo (NLaz) are neuroprotectors upon oxidative stress or aging. In this work we test whether these Lipocalins also protect against poly-Q-triggered deterioration of protein quality control systems. Results Using a Drosophila retinal degeneration model of Type-1 Spinocerebellar Ataxia (SCA1) combined with genetic manipulation of NLaz and GLaz expression, we demonstrate that both Lipocalins protect against SCA1 neurodegeneration. They are part of the endogenous transcriptional response to SCA1, and their effect is non-additive, suggesting participation in a similar mechanism. GLaz beneficial effects persist throughout aging, and appears when expressed by degenerating neurons or by retinal support and glial cells. GLaz gain-of-function reduces cell death and the extent of ubiquitinated proteins accumulation, and decreases the expression of Atg8a/LC3, p62 mRNA and protein levels, and GstS1 induction. Over-expression of GLaz is able to reduce p62 and ubiquitinated proteins levels when rapamycin-dependent and SCA1-dependent inductions of autophagy are combined. In the absence of neurodegeneration, GLaz loss-of-function increases Atg8a/LC3 mRNA and p62 protein levels without altering p62 mRNA levels. Knocking-down autophagy, by interfering with Atg8a or p62 expression or by expressing dominant-negative Atg1/ULK1 or Atg4a transgenes, rescues SCA1-dependent neurodegeneration in a similar extent to the protective effect of GLaz. Further GLaz-dependent improvement is concealed. Conclusions This work shows for the first time that a Lipocalin rescues neurons from pathogenic SCA1 degeneration by optimizing clearance of aggregation-prone proteins. GLaz modulates key autophagy genes and lipid-peroxide clearance responsive genes. Down-regulation of selective autophagy causes similar and non-additive rescuing effects. These data suggest that SCA1 neurodegeneration concurs with autophagic stress, and places Lazarillo-related Lipocalins as valuable players in the endogenous protection against the two major contributors to aging and neurodegeneration: ROS-dependent damage and proteostasis deterioration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13024-015-0009-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela del Caño-Espinel
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular-Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, c/ Sanz y Forés 3, 47003, Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Judith R Acebes
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular-Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, c/ Sanz y Forés 3, 47003, Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Diego Sanchez
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular-Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, c/ Sanz y Forés 3, 47003, Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Maria D Ganfornina
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular-Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, c/ Sanz y Forés 3, 47003, Valladolid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|