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Vial Y, Nardelli J, Bonnard AA, Rousselot J, Souyri M, Gressens P, Cavé H, Drunat S. Mcph1, mutated in primary microcephaly, is also crucial for erythropoiesis. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:2418-2440. [PMID: 38605277 PMCID: PMC11094029 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00123-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Microcephaly is a common feature in inherited bone marrow failure syndromes, prompting investigations into shared pathways between neurogenesis and hematopoiesis. To understand this association, we studied the role of the microcephaly gene Mcph1 in hematological development. Our research revealed that Mcph1-knockout mice exhibited congenital macrocytic anemia due to impaired terminal erythroid differentiation during fetal development. Anemia's cause is a failure to complete cell division, evident from tetraploid erythroid progenitors with DNA content exceeding 4n. Gene expression profiling demonstrated activation of the p53 pathway in Mcph1-deficient erythroid precursors, leading to overexpression of Cdkn1a/p21, a major mediator of p53-dependent cell cycle arrest. Surprisingly, fetal brain analysis revealed hypertrophied binucleated neuroprogenitors overexpressing p21 in Mcph1-knockout mice, indicating a shared pathophysiological mechanism underlying both erythroid and neurological defects. However, inactivating p53 in Mcph1-/- mice failed to reverse anemia and microcephaly, suggesting that p53 activation in Mcph1-deficient cells resulted from their proliferation defect rather than causing it. These findings shed new light on Mcph1's function in fetal hematopoietic development, emphasizing the impact of disrupted cell division on neurogenesis and erythropoiesis - a common limiting pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoann Vial
- Université Paris Cité, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Inserm UMR_S1131, F-75010, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Robert Debré, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, F-75019, Paris, France
| | | | - Adeline A Bonnard
- Université Paris Cité, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Inserm UMR_S1131, F-75010, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Robert Debré, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, F-75019, Paris, France
| | - Justine Rousselot
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Robert Debré, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, F-75019, Paris, France
| | - Michèle Souyri
- Université Paris Cité, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Inserm UMR_S1131, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Gressens
- Université Paris Cité, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, F-75019, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Cavé
- Université Paris Cité, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Inserm UMR_S1131, F-75010, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Robert Debré, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, F-75019, Paris, France
| | - Séverine Drunat
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Robert Debré, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, F-75019, Paris, France.
- Université Paris Cité, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, F-75019, Paris, France.
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Jiang YN, Gao Y, Lai X, Li X, Liu G, Ding M, Wang Z, Guo Z, Qin Y, Li X, Sun L, Wang ZQ, Zhou ZW. Microcephaly Gene Mcph1 Deficiency Induces p19ARF-Dependent Cell Cycle Arrest and Senescence. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4597. [PMID: 38731817 PMCID: PMC11083351 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
MCPH1 has been identified as the causal gene for primary microcephaly type 1, a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by reduced brain size and delayed growth. As a multifunction protein, MCPH1 has been reported to repress the expression of TERT and interact with transcriptional regulator E2F1. However, it remains unclear whether MCPH1 regulates brain development through its transcriptional regulation function. This study showed that the knockout of Mcph1 in mice leads to delayed growth as early as the embryo stage E11.5. Transcriptome analysis (RNA-seq) revealed that the deletion of Mcph1 resulted in changes in the expression levels of a limited number of genes. Although the expression of some of E2F1 targets, such as Satb2 and Cdkn1c, was affected, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were not significantly enriched as E2F1 target genes. Further investigations showed that primary and immortalized Mcph1 knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) exhibited cell cycle arrest and cellular senescence phenotype. Interestingly, the upregulation of p19ARF was detected in Mcph1 knockout MEFs, and silencing p19Arf restored the cell cycle and growth arrest to wild-type levels. Our findings suggested it is unlikely that MCPH1 regulates neurodevelopment through E2F1-mediated transcriptional regulation, and p19ARF-dependent cell cycle arrest and cellular senescence may contribute to the developmental abnormalities observed in primary microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Nan Jiang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (Y.-N.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Yizhen Gao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbes and Biosafety, School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (Y.G.); (L.S.)
| | - Xianxin Lai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (Y.-N.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Xinjie Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (Y.-N.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Gen Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbes and Biosafety, School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (Y.G.); (L.S.)
| | - Mingmei Ding
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (Y.-N.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Zhiyi Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (Y.-N.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Zixiang Guo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (Y.-N.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Yinying Qin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbes and Biosafety, School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (Y.G.); (L.S.)
| | - Xin Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (Y.-N.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Litao Sun
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbes and Biosafety, School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (Y.G.); (L.S.)
| | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China;
| | - Zhong-Wei Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (Y.-N.J.); (X.L.)
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Ranjbar R, Zamanzadeh Z, Ahadi AM. Effects of Venlafaxine on the Size of Brain and Expression of SHANK3, TUBB5 and DDC Genes in BALB/c Mice. PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY BULLETIN 2023; 53:22-34. [PMID: 37601086 PMCID: PMC10434312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Objectives A growing body of evidence has recently suggested that taking venlafaxine during pregnancy may be linked to increased risk of certain congenital defects. The study aimed to address the effects of venlafaxine use during pregnancy on the development of the brain in mice. Experimental design Fourteen female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into two equally-sized groups: venlafaxine-treated and control. After mating, pregnant mice of venlafaxine-treated group were orally received the venlafaxine 35 mg/kg/day throughout pregnancy, while pregnant control mice did not receive any treatment. All pups were killed on postnatal day 21 and brain images were quantified using ImageJ software. The mRNA expression levels of SHANK3, TUBB5 and DDC of genes in pups' brain tissue samples were evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR method. Principal observations The mean brain size of pups was significantly smaller in the venlafaxine-treated group than in the control group. Results showed that the mRNA expression levels of SHANK3 and TUBB5 was significantly downregulated in venlafaxine-treated mice compared to control group. Expression of DDC gene didn't showed significant differences between two groups. Conclusions These results provide evidence that use of venlafaxine during pregnancy may affect the brain development in mice and altered the expression of SHANK3 and TUBB5 genes in brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Ranjbar
- Ranjbar, PhD candidate, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Zahra Zamanzadeh
- Zamanzadeh, PhD, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technology, Shahid Ashrafi Esfahani University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Ahadi
- Ahadi, PhD, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
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Lee J, Kim J, Zinia SS, Park J, Won S, Kim WJ. Prenatal phthalate exposure and cord blood DNA methylation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7046. [PMID: 37120575 PMCID: PMC10148847 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to phthalates has been shown to impede the human endocrine system, resulting in deleterious effects on pregnant women and their children. Phthalates modify DNA methylation patterns in infant cord blood. We examined the association between prenatal phthalate exposure and DNA methylation patterns in cord blood in a Korean birth cohort. Phthalate levels were measured in 274 maternal urine samples obtained during late pregnancy and 102 neonatal urine samples obtained at birth, and DNA methylation levels were measured in cord blood samples. For each infant in the cohort, associations between CpG methylation and both maternal and neonate phthalate levels were analyzed using linear mixed models. The results were combined with those from a meta-analysis of the levels of phthalates in maternal and neonatal urine samples, which were also analyzed for MEOHP, MEHHP, MnBP, and DEHP. This meta-analysis revealed significant associations between the methylation levels of CpG sites near the CHN2 and CUL3 genes, which were also associated with MEOHP and MnBP in neonatal urine. When the data were stratified by the sex of the infant, MnBP concentration was found to be associated with one CpG site near the OR2A2 and MEGF11 genes in female infants. In contrast, the concentrations of the three maternal phthalates showed no significant association with CpG site methylation. Furthermore, the data identified distinct differentially methylated regions in maternal and neonatal urine samples following exposure to phthalates. The CpGs with methylation levels that were positively associated with phthalate levels (particularly MEOHP and MnBP) were found to be enriched genes and related pathways. These results indicate that prenatal phthalate exposure is significantly associated with DNA methylation at multiple CpG sites. These alterations in DNA methylation may serve as biomarkers of maternal exposure to phthalates in infants and are potential candidates for investigating the mechanisms by which phthalates impact maternal and neonatal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooah Lee
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeeyoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Environmental Health Center, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Sabrina Shafi Zinia
- Department of Internal Medicine and Environmental Health Center, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Jaehyun Park
- Interdisciplinary Program of Bioinformatics, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Sungho Won
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
- Interdisciplinary Program of Bioinformatics, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
- RexSoft Corp, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Woo Jin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Environmental Health Center, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea.
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Murtaj V, Butti E, Martino G, Panina-Bordignon P. Endogenous neural stem cells characterization using omics approaches: Current knowledge in health and disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1125785. [PMID: 37091923 PMCID: PMC10113633 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1125785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs), an invaluable source of neuronal and glial progeny, have been widely interrogated in the last twenty years, mainly to understand their therapeutic potential. Most of the studies were performed with cells derived from pluripotent stem cells of either rodents or humans, and have mainly focused on their potential in regenerative medicine. High-throughput omics technologies, such as transcriptomics, epigenetics, proteomics, and metabolomics, which exploded in the past decade, represent a powerful tool to investigate the molecular mechanisms characterizing the heterogeneity of endogenous NSCs. The transition from bulk studies to single cell approaches brought significant insights by revealing complex system phenotypes, from the molecular to the organism level. Here, we will discuss the current literature that has been greatly enriched in the “omics era”, successfully exploring the nature and function of endogenous NSCs and the process of neurogenesis. Overall, the information obtained from omics studies of endogenous NSCs provides a sharper picture of NSCs function during neurodevelopment in healthy and in perturbed environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Murtaj
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
- Neuroimmunology, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Erica Butti
- Neuroimmunology, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianvito Martino
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
- Neuroimmunology, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Panina-Bordignon
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
- Neuroimmunology, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Paola Panina-Bordignon
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Alsolami M, Aboalola D, Malibari D, Alghamdi T, Alshekhi W, Jad H, Rumbold-Hall R, Altowairqi AS, Bell SM, Alsiary RA. The emerging role of MCPH1/BRIT1 in carcinogenesis. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1047588. [PMID: 36845691 PMCID: PMC9951231 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1047588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The MCPH1 gene, also known as BRCT-repeat inhibitor of hTERT expression (BRIT1), has three BRCA1 carboxyl-terminal domains which is an important regulator of DNA repair, cell cycle checkpoints and chromosome condensation. MCPH1/BRIT1 is also known as a tumour suppressor in different types of human cancer. The expression level of the MCPH1/BRIT1 gene is decreased at the DNA, RNA or protein level in a number of types of cancers including breast cancer, lung cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer and ovarian cancer compared to normal tissue. This review also showed that deregulation of MCPH1/BRIT1 is significantly associated with reduced overall survival in 57% (12/21) and relapsed free survival in 33% (7/21) of cancer types especially in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma and renal clear cell carcinoma. A common finding of this study is that the loss of MCPH1/BRIT1 gene expression plays a key role in promoting genome instability and mutations supporting its function as a tumour suppressor gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Alsolami
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Doaa Aboalola
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dolal Malibari
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq Alghamdi
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walaa Alshekhi
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hind Jad
- Oncology Department, Princess Nourah Cancer Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rea Rumbold-Hall
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Institute of Medical Research (LIMR), St James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ahlam S. Altowairqi
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Institute of Medical Research (LIMR), St James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra M. Bell
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Institute of Medical Research (LIMR), St James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Rawiah Abdullah Alsiary
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,*Correspondence: Rawiah Abdullah Alsiary,
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Papoulidis I, Eleftheriades M, Manolakos E, Petersen MB, Liappi SM, Konstantinidou A, Papamichail M, Papadopoulos V, Garas A, Sotiriou S, Papastefanou I, Daskalakis G, Ristic A. Prenatal Identification of a Novel Mutation in the MCPH1 Gene Associated with Autosomal Recessive Primary Microcephaly (MCPH) Using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS): A Case Report and Review of the Literature. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9121879. [PMID: 36553323 PMCID: PMC9776937 DOI: 10.3390/children9121879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MCPH1 is known as the microcephalin gene (OMIM: *607117), of which the encoding protein is a basic regulator of chromosome condensation (BCRT-BRCA1 C-terminus). The microcephalin protein is made up of three BCRT domains and conserved tandem repeats of interacting phospho-peptides. There is a strong connection between mutations of the MCPH1 gene and reduced brain growth. Specifically, individuals with such mutations have underdeveloped brains, varying levels of mental retardation, delayed speech and poor language skills. METHODS In this article, a family with two affected fetuses presenting a mutation of the MCPH1 gene is reported. During the first trimester ultrasound of the second pregnancy, the measure of nuchal translucency was increased (NT = 3.1 mm) and, therefore, the risk for chromosomal abnormalities was high. Chorionic villi sampling (CVS) was then performed. Afterwards, fetal karyotyping and Next Generation Sequencing were carried out. Afterwards, NGS was also performed in a preserved sample of the first fetus which was terminated due to microcephaly. RESULTS In this case, the fetuses had a novel homozygous mutation of the MCPH1 gene (c.348del). Their parents were heterozygous for the mutation. The fetuses showed severe microcephaly. Because of the splice sites in introns, this mutation causes the forming of dysfunctional proteins which lack crucial domains of the C-terminus. CONCLUSION Our findings portray an association between the new MCPH1 mutation (c.348del) and the clinical features of autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH), contributing to a broader spectrum related to these pathologies. To our knowledge, this is the first prenatal diagnosis of MCPH due to a novel MCPH1 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Papoulidis
- Access to Genome P.C., Clinical Laboratory Genetics, Lampsakou 11, 11528 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Makarios Eleftheriades
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aretaieion Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 112527 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: (M.E.); (M.P.)
| | - Emmanouil Manolakos
- Access to Genome P.C., Clinical Laboratory Genetics, Lampsakou 11, 11528 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cagliari, Binaghi Hospital, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Michael B. Petersen
- Access to Genome P.C., Clinical Laboratory Genetics, Lampsakou 11, 11528 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Simoni Marina Liappi
- Access to Genome P.C., Clinical Laboratory Genetics, Lampsakou 11, 11528 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Konstantinidou
- 1st Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Papamichail
- Postgraduate Programme “Maternal Fetal Medicine”, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: (M.E.); (M.P.)
| | | | - Antonios Garas
- Department of Gynecology, Larissa Medical School, University of Thessaly, 38221 Larissa, Greece
| | - Sotirios Sotiriou
- Department of Clinical Embryology, Larissa Medical School, University of Thessaly, 41334 Larissa, Greece
| | | | - Georgios Daskalakis
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, “Alexandra” Maternity Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Aleksandar Ristic
- Obstetric and Gynecological Clinic Narodni Front, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Wang Y, Zong W, Sun W, Chen C, Wang ZQ, Li T. The Central Domain of MCPH1 Controls Development of the Cerebral Cortex and Gonads in Mice. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172715. [PMID: 36078123 PMCID: PMC9455054 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MCPH1 is the first gene identified to be responsible for the human autosomal recessive disorder primary microcephaly (MCPH). Mutations in the N-terminal and central domains of MCPH1 are strongly associated with microcephaly in human patients. A recent study showed that the central domain of MCPH1, which is mainly encoded by exon 8, interacts with E3 ligase βTrCP2 and regulates the G2/M transition of the cell cycle. In order to investigate the biological functions of MCPH1’s central domain, we constructed a mouse model that lacked the central domain of MCPH1 by deleting its exon 8 (designated as Mcph1-Δe8). Mcph1-Δe8 mice exhibited a reduced brain size and thinner cortex, likely caused by a compromised self-renewal capacity and premature differentiation of Mcph1-Δe8 neuroprogenitors during corticogenesis. Furthermore, Mcph1-Δe8 mice were sterile because of a loss of germ cells in the testis and ovary. The embryonic fibroblasts of Mcph1-Δe8 mice exhibited premature chromosome condensation (PCC). All of these findings indicate that Mcph1-Δe8 mice are reminiscent of MCPH1 complete knockout mice and Mcph1-ΔBR1 mice. Our study demonstrates that the central domain of MCPH1 represses microcephaly, and is essential for gonad development in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 250100, China
| | - Wen Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 250100, China
| | - Wenli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 250100, China
| | - Chengyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 250100, China
| | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- Leibniz Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745 Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence: (Z.-Q.W.); (T.L.); Tel.: +49-3641-656415 (Z.-Q.W.); +86-532-5863-2368 (T.L.); Fax: +49-3641-656413 (Z.-Q.W.)
| | - Tangliang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 250100, China
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Correspondence: (Z.-Q.W.); (T.L.); Tel.: +49-3641-656415 (Z.-Q.W.); +86-532-5863-2368 (T.L.); Fax: +49-3641-656413 (Z.-Q.W.)
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Alduais A, Almaghlouth S, Alfadda H, Qasem F. Biolinguistics: A Scientometric Analysis of Research on (Children’s) Molecular Genetics of Speech and Language (Disorders). CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9091300. [PMID: 36138610 PMCID: PMC9497240 DOI: 10.3390/children9091300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
There are numerous children and adolescents throughout the world who are either diagnosed with speech and language disorders or manifest any of them as a result of another disorder. Meanwhile, since the emergence of language as an innate capability, the question of whether it constitutes a behaviour or an innate ability has been debated for decades. There have been several theories developed that support and demonstrate the biological foundations of human language. Molecular evidence of the biological basis of language came from the FOXP2 gene, also known as the language gene. Taking a closer look at both human language and biology, biolinguistics is at the core of these inquiries—attempting to understand the aetiologies of the genetics of speech and language disorders in children and adolescents. This paper presents empirical evidence based on both scientometrics and bibliometrics. We collected data between 1935 and 2022 from Scopus, WOS, and Lens. A total of 1570 documents were analysed from Scopus, 1440 from the WOS, and 5275 from Lens. Bibliometric analysis was performed using Excel based on generated reports from these three databases. CiteSpace 5.8.R3 and VOSviewer 1.6.18 were used to conduct the scientometric analysis. Eight bibliometric and eight scientometric indicators were used to measure the development of the field of biolinguistics, including but not limited to the production size of knowledge, the most examined topics, and the most frequent concepts and variables. A major finding of our study is identifying the most examined topics in the genetics of speech and language disorders. These included: gestural communication, structural design, cultural evolution, neural network, language tools, human language faculty, evolutionary biology, molecular biology, and theoretical perspective on language evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Alduais
- Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy
- Correspondence: or (A.A.); (H.A.)
| | - Shrouq Almaghlouth
- Department of English, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hind Alfadda
- Department of Curriculum and Instruction, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: or (A.A.); (H.A.)
| | - Fawaz Qasem
- Department of English, University of Bisha, Al-Namas 67714, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Caraffi SG, Pollazzon M, Farooq M, Fatima A, Larsen LA, Zuntini R, Napoli M, Garavelli L. MCPH1: A Novel Case Report and a Review of the Literature. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13040634. [PMID: 35456440 PMCID: PMC9032034 DOI: 10.3390/genes13040634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcephaly primary hereditary (MCPH) is a congenital disease characterized by nonsyndromic reduction in brain size due to impaired neurogenesis, often associated with a variable degree of intellectual disability (ID). The genetic etiology of MCPH is heterogeneous and comprises more than 20 loci, nearly all following a recessive inheritance pattern. The first causative gene identified, MCPH1 or Microcephalin, encodes a centrosomal protein that modulates chromosome condensation and cell cycle progression. It is also involved in DNA damage response and telomere maintenance in the nucleus. Despite numerous studies on MCPH1 function, MCPH1-affected individuals are rare and the available clinical reports are not sufficient to define the natural history of the disease. Here, we present a novel patient with congenital microcephaly, ID, language delay, short stature, and other minor features such as strabismus. magnetic resonance imaging revealed ventriculomegaly, simplified gyral pattern in the frontal lobes, and a neuronal migration defect. Genetic testing detected a homozygous deletion of exons 1–8 of MCPH1. We compare the patients’ characteristics with a list of features from MCPH1 cases described in the literature, in an effort to provide additional clues for a comprehensive definition of disease presentation and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Giuseppe Caraffi
- Medical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (M.P.); (R.Z.); (L.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0522-296802
| | - Marzia Pollazzon
- Medical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (M.P.); (R.Z.); (L.G.)
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics (IBBB), The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan;
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics (IBBB), The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (A.F.); (L.A.L.)
| | - Ambrin Fatima
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (A.F.); (L.A.L.)
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Lars Allan Larsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (A.F.); (L.A.L.)
| | - Roberta Zuntini
- Medical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (M.P.); (R.Z.); (L.G.)
| | - Manuela Napoli
- Neuroradiology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
| | - Livia Garavelli
- Medical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (M.P.); (R.Z.); (L.G.)
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11
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Identification of Pathogenic Mutations in Primary Microcephaly- (MCPH-) Related Three Genes CENPJ, CASK, and MCPH1 in Consanguineous Pakistani Families. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:3769948. [PMID: 35281599 PMCID: PMC8913137 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3769948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Microcephaly (MCPH) is a developmental anomaly of the brain known by reduced cerebral cortex and underdeveloped intellectual disability without additional clinical symptoms. It is a genetically and clinically heterogenous disorder. Twenty-five genes (involved in spindle positioning, Wnt signaling, centriole biogenesis, DNA repair, microtubule dynamics, cell cycle checkpoints, and transcriptional regulation) causing MCPH have been identified so far. Pakistani population has contributed in the identification of many MCPH genes. WES of three large consanguineous families revealed three pathogenic variants of MCPH1, CENPJ, and CASK. One novel (c.1254delT) deletion variant of MCPH1 and one known (c.18delC) deletion variant of CENPJ were identified in family 1 and 2, respectively. In addition to this, we also identified a missense variant (c.1289G>A) of CASK in males individuals in family 3. Missense mutation in the CASK gene is frequent in the boys with intellectual disability and autistic traits which are the common features that are associated with FG Syndrome 4. The study reports novel and reported mutant alleles disrupting the working of genes vital for normal brain functioning. The findings of this study enhance our understanding about the genetic architecture of primary microcephaly in our local pedigrees and add to the allelic heterogeneity of 3 known MCPH genes. The data generated will help to develop specific strategies to reduce the high incidence rate of MCPH in Pakistani population.
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12
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Ossola C, Kalebic N. Roots of the Malformations of Cortical Development in the Cell Biology of Neural Progenitor Cells. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:817218. [PMID: 35069108 PMCID: PMC8766818 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.817218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is a structure that underlies various brain functions, including cognition and language. Mammalian cerebral cortex starts developing during the embryonic period with the neural progenitor cells generating neurons. Newborn neurons migrate along progenitors’ radial processes from the site of their origin in the germinal zones to the cortical plate, where they mature and integrate in the forming circuitry. Cell biological features of neural progenitors, such as the location and timing of their mitoses, together with their characteristic morphologies, can directly or indirectly regulate the abundance and the identity of their neuronal progeny. Alterations in the complex and delicate process of cerebral cortex development can lead to malformations of cortical development (MCDs). They include various structural abnormalities that affect the size, thickness and/or folding pattern of the developing cortex. Their clinical manifestations can entail a neurodevelopmental disorder, such as epilepsy, developmental delay, intellectual disability, or autism spectrum disorder. The recent advancements of molecular and neuroimaging techniques, along with the development of appropriate in vitro and in vivo model systems, have enabled the assessment of the genetic and environmental causes of MCDs. Here we broadly review the cell biological characteristics of neural progenitor cells and focus on those features whose perturbations have been linked to MCDs.
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13
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Jin Y, Allen EG, Jin P. Cell-free DNA methylation as a potential biomarker in brain disorders. Epigenomics 2022; 14:369-374. [PMID: 35034473 PMCID: PMC9066291 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2021-0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Jin
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Emily G Allen
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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14
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Kristofova M, Ori A, Wang ZQ. Multifaceted Microcephaly-Related Gene MCPH1. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020275. [PMID: 35053391 PMCID: PMC8774270 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MCPH1, or BRIT1, is often mutated in human primary microcephaly type 1, a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a smaller brain size at birth, due to its dysfunction in regulating the proliferation and self-renewal of neuroprogenitor cells. In the last 20 years or so, genetic and cellular studies have identified MCPH1 as a multifaceted protein in various cellular functions, including DNA damage signaling and repair, the regulation of chromosome condensation, cell-cycle progression, centrosome activity and the metabolism. Yet, genetic and animal model studies have revealed an unpredicted essential function of MPCH1 in gonad development and tumorigenesis, although the underlying mechanism remains elusive. These studies have begun to shed light on the role of MPCH1 in controlling various pathobiological processes of the disorder. Here, we summarize the biological functions of MCPH1, and lessons learnt from cellular and mouse models of MCPH1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kristofova
- Leibniz Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.K.); (A.O.)
| | - Alessandro Ori
- Leibniz Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.K.); (A.O.)
| | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- Leibniz Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.K.); (A.O.)
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena, Bachstrasse 18k, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3641-656415; Fax: +49-3641-656335
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15
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Wefel JS, Zhou R, Sulman EP, Boehling NS, Armstrong GN, Tsavachidis S, Liang FW, Etzel CJ, Kahalley LS, Small BJ, Scheurer ME, Bondy ML, Liu Y. Genetic modulation of longitudinal change in neurocognitive function among adult glioma patients. J Neurooncol 2021; 156:185-193. [PMID: 34817796 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-021-03905-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Impaired neurocognitive function (NCF) is extremely common in patients with higher grade primary brain tumor. We previously reported evidence of genetic variants associated with NCF in glioma patients prior to treatment. However, little is known about the effect of genetic variants on NCF decline after adjuvant therapy. METHODS Patients (N = 102) completed longitudinal NCF assessments that included measures of verbal memory, processing speed, and executive function. Testing was conducted in the postoperative period with an average follow up interval of 1.3 years. We examined polymorphisms in 580 genes related to five pathways (inflammation, DNA repair, metabolism, cognitive, and telomerase). RESULTS Five polymorphisms were associated with longitudinal changes in processing speed and 14 polymorphisms with executive function. Change in processing speed was strongly associated with MCPH1 rs17631450 (P = 2.2 × 10-7) and CCDC26 rs7005206 (P = 9.3 × 10-7) in the telomerase pathway; while change in executive function was more strongly associated with FANCF rs1514084 (P = 2.9 × 10-6) in the DNA repair pathway and DAOA rs12428572 (P = 2.4 × 10-5) in the cognitive pathway. Joint effect analysis found significant genetic-dosage effects for longitudinal changes in processing speed (Ptrend = 1.5 × 10-10) and executive function (Ptrend = 2.1 × 10-11). In multivariable analyses, predictors of NCF decline included progressive disease, lower baseline NCF performance, and more at-risk genetic variants, after adjusting for age, sex, education, tumor location, histology, and disease progression. CONCLUSION Our longitudinal analyses revealed that polymorphisms in telomerase, DNA repair, and cognitive pathways are independent predictors of decline in NCF in glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Wefel
- Section of Neuropsychology, Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 431, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Renke Zhou
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Mailstop BCM305, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Erik P Sulman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Nicholas S Boehling
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Georgina N Armstrong
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Mailstop BCM305, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Spiridon Tsavachidis
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Mailstop BCM305, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Fu-Wen Liang
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Carol J Etzel
- Biostatistics, Corrona, LLC, Southborough, MA, 01772, USA
| | - Lisa S Kahalley
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Brent J Small
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, 4202 E Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Michael E Scheurer
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Mailstop BCM305, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Melissa L Bondy
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Mailstop BCM305, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Mailstop BCM305, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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16
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Duerinckx S, Désir J, Perazzolo C, Badoer C, Jacquemin V, Soblet J, Maystadt I, Tunca Y, Blaumeiser B, Ceulemans B, Courtens W, Debray F, Destree A, Devriendt K, Jansen A, Keymolen K, Lederer D, Loeys B, Meuwissen M, Moortgat S, Mortier G, Nassogne M, Sekhara T, Van Coster R, Van Den Ende J, Van der Aa N, Van Esch H, Vanakker O, Verhelst H, Vilain C, Weckhuysen S, Passemard S, Verloes A, Aeby A, Deconinck N, Van Bogaert P, Pirson I, Abramowicz M. Phenotypes and genotypes in non-consanguineous and consanguineous primary microcephaly: High incidence of epilepsy. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2021; 9:e1768. [PMID: 34402213 PMCID: PMC8457702 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary microcephaly (PM) is defined as a significant reduction in occipitofrontal circumference (OFC) of prenatal onset. Clinical and genetic heterogeneity of PM represents a diagnostic challenge. METHODS We performed detailed phenotypic and genomic analyses in a large cohort (n = 169) of patients referred for PM and could establish a molecular diagnosis in 38 patients. RESULTS Pathogenic variants in ASPM and WDR62 were the most frequent causes in non-consanguineous patients in our cohort. In consanguineous patients, microarray and targeted gene panel analyses reached a diagnostic yield of 67%, which contrasts with a much lower rate in non-consanguineous patients (9%). Our series includes 11 novel pathogenic variants and we identify novel candidate genes including IGF2BP3 and DNAH2. We confirm the progression of microcephaly over time in affected children. Epilepsy was an important associated feature in our PM cohort, affecting 34% of patients with a molecular confirmation of the PM diagnosis, with various degrees of severity and seizure types. CONCLUSION Our findings will help to prioritize genomic investigations, accelerate molecular diagnoses, and improve the management of PM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Duerinckx
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et moléculaireUniversité Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
| | - Julie Désir
- Centre de Génétique HumaineInstitut de Pathologie et de GénétiqueGosseliesBelgium
| | - Camille Perazzolo
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et moléculaireUniversité Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
| | - Cindy Badoer
- Department of GeneticsHôpital ErasmeULB Center of Human GeneticsUniversité Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
| | - Valérie Jacquemin
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et moléculaireUniversité Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
| | - Julie Soblet
- Department of GeneticsHôpital ErasmeULB Center of Human GeneticsUniversité Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
- Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola (HUDERF)Université Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
| | - Isabelle Maystadt
- Centre de Génétique HumaineInstitut de Pathologie et de GénétiqueGosseliesBelgium
| | - Yusuf Tunca
- Department of Medical GeneticsGülhane Faculty of Medicine & Gülhane Training and Research HospitalUniversity of Health Sciences TurkeyAnkaraTurkey
| | | | | | | | | | - Anne Destree
- Centre de Génétique HumaineInstitut de Pathologie et de GénétiqueGosseliesBelgium
| | | | - Anna Jansen
- Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel)Centrum Medische GeneticaUniversiteit Brussel (VUB)BrusselsBelgium
| | - Kathelijn Keymolen
- Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel)Centrum Medische GeneticaUniversiteit Brussel (VUB)BrusselsBelgium
| | - Damien Lederer
- Centre de Génétique HumaineInstitut de Pathologie et de GénétiqueGosseliesBelgium
| | - Bart Loeys
- University and University Hospital of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | | | - Stéphanie Moortgat
- Centre de Génétique HumaineInstitut de Pathologie et de GénétiqueGosseliesBelgium
| | - Geert Mortier
- University and University Hospital of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hilde Van Esch
- Center for Human GeneticsUniversity Hospitals LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | | | | | - Catheline Vilain
- Department of GeneticsHôpital ErasmeULB Center of Human GeneticsUniversité Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
- Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola (HUDERF)Université Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
| | | | | | - Alain Verloes
- Department of GeneticsAPHPRobert Debré University HospitalParisFrance
| | - Alec Aeby
- Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola (HUDERF)Université Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
| | - Nicolas Deconinck
- Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola (HUDERF)Université Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
| | | | - Isabelle Pirson
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et moléculaireUniversité Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
| | - Marc Abramowicz
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et moléculaireUniversité Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
- Department of Genetic Medicine and DevelopmentUniversity of GenevaGenèveSwitzerland
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Siskos N, Stylianopoulou E, Skavdis G, Grigoriou ME. Molecular Genetics of Microcephaly Primary Hereditary: An Overview. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11050581. [PMID: 33946187 PMCID: PMC8145766 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroCephaly Primary Hereditary (MCPH) is a rare congenital neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a significant reduction of the occipitofrontal head circumference and mild to moderate mental disability. Patients have small brains, though with overall normal architecture; therefore, studying MCPH can reveal not only the pathological mechanisms leading to this condition, but also the mechanisms operating during normal development. MCPH is genetically heterogeneous, with 27 genes listed so far in the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database. In this review, we discuss the role of MCPH proteins and delineate the molecular mechanisms and common pathways in which they participate.
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18
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Liu X, Schneble-Löhnert N, Kristofova M, Qing X, Labisch J, Hofmann S, Ehrenberg S, Sannai M, Jörß T, Ori A, Godmann M, Wang ZQ. The N-terminal BRCT domain determines MCPH1 function in brain development and fertility. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:143. [PMID: 33542216 PMCID: PMC7862653 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03406-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
MCPH1 is a causal gene for the neurodevelopmental disorder, human primary microcephaly (MCPH1, OMIM251200). Most pathogenic mutations are located in the N-terminal region of the gene, which encodes a BRCT domain, suggesting an important function of this domain in brain size determination. To investigate the specific function of the N-terminal BRCT domain in vivo, we generated a mouse model lacking the N’-BRCT domain of MCPH1 (referred as Mcph1-ΔBR1). These mutant mice are viable, but exhibit reduced brain size, with a thinner cortex due to a reduction of neuroprogenitor populations and premature neurogenic differentiation. Mcph1-ΔBR1 mice (both male and female) are infertile; however, almost all female mutants develop ovary tumours. Mcph1-ΔBR1 MEF cells exhibit a defect in DNA damage response and DNA repair, and show the premature chromosome condensation (PCC) phenotype, a hallmark of MCPH1 patient cells and also Mcph1 knockout cells. In comparison with Mcph1 complete knockout mice, Mcph1-ΔBR1 mice faithfully reproduce all phenotypes, indicating an essential role of the N-terminal BRCT domain for the physiological function of MCPH1 in the control of brain size and gonad development as well as in multiple cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Liu
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Nadine Schneble-Löhnert
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Martina Kristofova
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Xiaobing Qing
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jan Labisch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Susanne Hofmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Sandra Ehrenberg
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Mara Sannai
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Tjard Jörß
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Alessandro Ori
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Maren Godmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany. .,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena, Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany.
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19
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Namba T, Nardelli J, Gressens P, Huttner WB. Metabolic Regulation of Neocortical Expansion in Development and Evolution. Neuron 2020; 109:408-419. [PMID: 33306962 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The neocortex, the seat of our higher cognitive abilities, has expanded in size during the evolution of certain mammals such as primates, including humans. This expansion occurs during development and is linked to the proliferative capacity of neural stem and progenitor cells (NPCs) in the neocortex. A number of cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic factors have been implicated in increasing NPC proliferative capacity. However, NPC metabolism has only recently emerged as major regulator of NPC proliferation. In this Perspective, we summarize recent insights into the role of NPC metabolism in neocortical development and neurodevelopmental disorders and its relevance for neocortex evolution. We discuss certain human-specific genes and microcephaly-implicated genes that operate in, or at, the mitochondria of NPCs and stimulate their proliferation by promoting glutaminolysis. We also discuss other metabolic pathways and develop a perspective on how metabolism mechanistically regulates NPC proliferation in neocortical development and how this contributed to neocortex evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Namba
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE - Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Pierre Gressens
- Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, 75019 Paris, France.
| | - Wieland B Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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20
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di Porzio U. A bigger brain for a more complex environment. Rev Neurosci 2020; 31:/j/revneuro.ahead-of-print/revneuro-2020-0041/revneuro-2020-0041.xml. [PMID: 32924383 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2020-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The environment increased complexity required more neural functions to develop in the hominin brains, and the hominins adapted to the complexity by developing a bigger brain with a greater interconnection between its parts. Thus, complex environments drove the growth of the brain. In about two million years during hominin evolution, the brain increased three folds in size, one of the largest and most complex amongst mammals, relative to body size. The size increase has led to anatomical reorganization and complex neuronal interactions in a relatively small skull. At birth, the human brain is only about 20% of its adult size. That facilitates the passage through the birth canal. Therefore, the human brain, especially cortex, develops postnatally in a rich stimulating environment with continuous brain wiring and rewiring and insertion of billions of new neurons. One of the consequence is that in the newborn brain, neuroplasticity is always turned "on" and it remains active throughout life, which gave humans the ability to adapt to complex and often hostile environments, integrate external experiences, solve problems, elaborate abstract ideas and innovative technologies, store a lot of information. Besides, hominins acquired unique abilities as music, language, and intense social cooperation. Overwhelming ecological, social, and cultural challenges have made the human brain so unique. From these events, as well as the molecular genetic changes that took place in those million years, under the pressure of natural selection, derive the distinctive cognitive abilities that have led us to complex social organizations and made our species successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto di Porzio
- Developmental Neurobiology Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80128 Naples, Italy
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21
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Bhatraju PK, Cohen M, Nagao RJ, Morrell ED, Kosamo S, Chai XY, Nance R, Dmyterko V, Delaney J, Christie JD, Liu KD, Mikacenic C, Gharib SA, Liles WC, Zheng Y, Christiani DC, Himmelfarb J, Wurfel MM. Genetic variation implicates plasma angiopoietin-2 in the development of acute kidney injury sub-phenotypes. BMC Nephrol 2020; 21:284. [PMID: 32680471 PMCID: PMC7368773 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-020-01935-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously identified two acute kidney injury (AKI) sub-phenotypes (AKI-SP1 and AKI-SP2) with different risk of poor clinical outcomes and response to vasopressor therapy. Plasma biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction (tumor necrosis factor receptor-1, angiopoietin-1 and 2) differentiated the AKI sub-phenotypes. However, it is unknown whether these biomarkers are simply markers or causal mediators in the development of AKI sub-phenotypes. METHODS We tested for associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms within the Angiopoietin-1, Angiopoietin-2, and Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 1A genes and AKI- SP2 in 421 critically ill subjects of European ancestry. Top performing single-nucleotide polymorphisms (FDR < 0.05) were tested for cis-biomarker expression and whether genetic risk for AKI-SP2 is mediated through circulating biomarkers. We also completed in vitro studies using human kidney microvascular endothelial cells. Finally, we calculated the renal clearance of plasma biomarkers using 20 different timed urine collections. RESULTS A genetic variant, rs2920656C > T, near ANGPT2 was associated with reduced risk of AKI-SP2 (odds ratio, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.31-0.66; adjusted FDR = 0.003) and decreased plasma angiopoietin-2 (p = 0.002). Causal inference analysis showed that for each minor allele (T) the risk of developing AKI-SP2 decreases by 16%. Plasma angiopoietin-2 mediated 41.5% of the rs2920656 related risk for AKI-SP2. Human kidney microvascular endothelial cells carrying the T allele of rs2920656 produced numerically lower levels of angiopoietin-2 although this was not statistically significant (p = 0.07). Finally, analyses demonstrated that angiopoietin-2 is minimally renally cleared in critically ill subjects. CONCLUSION Genetic mediation analysis provides supportive evidence that angiopoietin-2 plays a causal role in risk for AKI-SP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan K. Bhatraju
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 325 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104 USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Kidney Research Institute, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Max Cohen
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 325 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104 USA
| | - Ryan J. Nagao
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington and Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Seattle, USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Eric D. Morrell
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 325 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104 USA
| | - Susanna Kosamo
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 325 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104 USA
| | - Xin-Ya Chai
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 325 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104 USA
| | - Robin Nance
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Victoria Dmyterko
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 325 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104 USA
| | - Joseph Delaney
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Jason D. Christie
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care and Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Kathleen D. Liu
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Divisions of Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Carmen Mikacenic
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 325 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104 USA
| | - Sina A. Gharib
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 325 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104 USA
| | - W. Conrad Liles
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Ying Zheng
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington and Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Seattle, USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - David C. Christiani
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartments of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University and Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Cambridge, USA ,Department of Medicine, MA General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Jonathan Himmelfarb
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Kidney Research Institute, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Mark M. Wurfel
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 325 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104 USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Kidney Research Institute, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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22
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Journiac N, Gilabert-Juan J, Cipriani S, Benit P, Liu X, Jacquier S, Faivre V, Delahaye-Duriez A, Csaba Z, Hourcade T, Melinte E, Lebon S, Violle-Poirsier C, Oury JF, Adle-Biassette H, Wang ZQ, Mani S, Rustin P, Gressens P, Nardelli J. Cell Metabolic Alterations due to Mcph1 Mutation in Microcephaly. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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23
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Comprehensive review on the molecular genetics of autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH). Genet Res (Camb) 2018; 100:e7. [PMID: 30086807 DOI: 10.1017/s0016672318000046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary microcephaly (MCPH) is an autosomal recessive sporadic neurodevelopmental ailment with a trivial head size characteristic that is below 3-4 standard deviations. MCPH is the smaller upshot of an architecturally normal brain; a significant decrease in size is seen in the cerebral cortex. At birth MCPH presents with non-progressive mental retardation, while secondary microcephaly (onset after birth) presents with and without other syndromic features. MCPH is a neurogenic mitotic syndrome nevertheless pretentious patients demonstrate normal neuronal migration, neuronal apoptosis and neural function. Eighteen MCPH loci (MCPH1-MCPH18) have been mapped to date from various populations around the world and contain the following genes: Microcephalin, WDR62, CDK5RAP2, CASC5, ASPM, CENPJ, STIL, CEP135, CEP152, ZNF335, PHC1, CDK6, CENPE, SASS6, MFSD2A, ANKLE2, CIT and WDFY3, clarifying our understanding about the molecular basis of microcephaly genetic disorder. It has previously been reported that phenotype disease is caused by MCB gene mutations and the causes of this phenotype are disarrangement of positions and organization of chromosomes during the cell cycle as a result of mutated DNA, centriole duplication, neurogenesis, neuronal migration, microtubule dynamics, transcriptional control and the cell cycle checkpoint having some invisible centrosomal process that can manage the number of neurons that are produced by neuronal precursor cells. Furthermore, researchers inform us about the clinical management of families that are suffering from MCPH. Establishment of both molecular understanding and genetic advocating may help to decrease the rate of this ailment. This current review study examines newly identified genes along with previously identified genes involved in autosomal recessive MCPH.
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24
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Berto S, Nowick K. Species-Specific Changes in a Primate Transcription Factor Network Provide Insights into the Molecular Evolution of the Primate Prefrontal Cortex. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:2023-2036. [PMID: 30059966 PMCID: PMC6105097 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human prefrontal cortex (PFC) differs from that of other primates with respect to size, histology, and functional abilities. Here, we analyzed genome-wide expression data of humans, chimpanzees, and rhesus macaques to discover evolutionary changes in transcription factor (TF) networks that may underlie these phenotypic differences. We determined the co-expression networks of all TFs with species-specific expression including their potential target genes and interaction partners in the PFC of all three species. Integrating these networks allowed us inferring an ancestral network for all three species. This ancestral network as well as the networks for each species is enriched for genes involved in forebrain development, axonogenesis, and synaptic transmission. Our analysis allows us to directly compare the networks of each species to determine which links have been gained or lost during evolution. Interestingly, we detected that most links were gained on the human lineage, indicating increase TF cooperativity in humans. By comparing network changes between different tissues, we discovered that in brain tissues, but not in the other tissues, the human networks always had the highest connectivity. To pinpoint molecular changes underlying species-specific phenotypes, we analyzed the sub-networks of TFs derived only from genes with species-specific expression changes in the PFC. These sub-networks differed significantly in structure and function between the human and chimpanzee. For example, the human-specific sub-network is enriched for TFs implicated in cognitive disorders and for genes involved in synaptic plasticity and cognitive functions. Our results suggest evolutionary changes in TF networks that might have shaped morphological and functional differences between primate brains, in particular in the human PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Berto
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katja Nowick
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, Germany.,Faculty for Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
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25
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Duerinckx S, Meuwissen M, Perazzolo C, Desmyter L, Pirson I, Abramowicz M. Phenotypes in siblings with homozygous mutations of TRAPPC9 and/or MCPH1 support a bifunctional model of MCPH1. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2018; 6:660-665. [PMID: 29693325 PMCID: PMC6081227 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal recessive intellectual disability (ARID) is vastly heterogeneous. Truncating mutations of TRAPPC9 were reported in 8 ARID families. Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) represents another subgroup of ARID, itself very heterogeneous, where the size of the brain is very small since birth. MCPH1 plays a role at the centrosome via a BRCT1 domain, and in DNA Damage Repair (DDR) via BRCT2 and BRCT3, and it is not clear which of these two mechanisms causes MCPH in man. METHODS We studied the phenotype and sequenced the exome in two siblings with MCPH and their unaffected sister. RESULTS Homozygous mutations of TRAPPC9 (p.Leu178Pro) and of MCPH1 (p.Arg741X) were found in both affected siblings. Brain MRI showed anomalies previously associated with TRAPPC9 defects, supporting the implication of TRAPPC9 in the phenotype. Importantly, the asymptomatic sister with normal head size was homozygous for the MCPH1 truncating mutation and heterozygous for the TRAPPC9 mutation. CONCLUSION The affected siblings represent the first ARID cases with a TRAPPC9 missense mutation and with microcephaly of prenatal onset of. Furthermore, their unaffected sister represents strong evidence that the lack of MCPH1 BRCT3 domain does not cause MCPH in man, supporting a bifunctional model of MCPH1 where the centrosomal function is involved in brain volumic development and not the DDR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Duerinckx
- Department of Medical GeneticsHôpital Erasme and IRIBHMUniversité Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
| | - Marije Meuwissen
- Department of Medical GeneticsAntwerp University HospitalAntwerpBelgium
| | - Camille Perazzolo
- Department of Medical GeneticsHôpital Erasme and IRIBHMUniversité Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
| | - Laurence Desmyter
- Department of Medical GeneticsHôpital Erasme and IRIBHMUniversité Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
| | - Isabelle Pirson
- Department of Medical GeneticsHôpital Erasme and IRIBHMUniversité Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
| | - Marc Abramowicz
- Department of Medical GeneticsHôpital Erasme and IRIBHMUniversité Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
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26
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Duerinckx S, Abramowicz M. The genetics of congenitally small brains. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 76:76-85. [PMID: 28912110 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary microcephaly (PM) refers to a congenitally small brain, resulting from insufficient prenatal production of neurons, and serves as a model disease for brain volumic development. Known PM genes delineate several cellular pathways, among which the centriole duplication pathway, which provide interesting clues about the cellular mechanisms involved. The general interest of the genetic dissection of PM is illustrated by the convergence of Zika virus infection and PM gene mutations on congenital microcephaly, with CENPJ/CPAP emerging as a key target. Physical (protein-protein) and genetic (digenic inheritance) interactions of Wdr62 and Aspm have been demonstrated in mice, and should now be sought in humans using high throughput parallel sequencing of multiple PM genes in PM patients and control subjects, in order to categorize mutually interacting genes, hence delineating functional pathways in vivo in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Duerinckx
- IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Marc Abramowicz
- IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Medical Genetics, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
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27
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Ahmad I, Baig SM, Abdulkareem AR, Hussain MS, Sur I, Toliat MR, Nürnberg G, Dalibor N, Moawia A, Waseem SS, Asif M, Nagra H, Sher M, Khan MMA, Hassan I, Rehman SU, Thiele H, Altmüller J, Noegel AA, Nürnberg P. Genetic heterogeneity in Pakistani microcephaly families revisited. Clin Genet 2017; 92:62-68. [PMID: 28004384 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) is a rare and heterogeneous genetic disorder characterized by reduced head circumference, low cognitive prowess and, in general, architecturally normal brains. As many as 14 different loci have already been mapped. We recruited 35 MCPH families in Pakistan and could identify the genetic cause of the disease in 31 of them. Using homozygosity mapping complemented with whole-exome, gene panel or Sanger sequencing, we identified 12 novel mutations in 3 known MCPH-associated genes - 9 in ASPM, 2 in MCPH1 and 1 in CDK5RAP2. The 2 MCPH1 mutations were homozygous microdeletions of 164,250 and 577,594 bp, respectively, for which we were able to map the exact breakpoints. We also identified four known mutations - three in ASPM and one in WDR62. The latter was initially deemed to be a missense mutation but we demonstrate here that it affects splicing. As to ASPM, as many as 17 out of 27 MCPH5 families that we ascertained in our sample were found to carry the previously reported founder mutation p.Trp1326*. This study adds to the mutational spectra of four known MCPH-associated genes and updates our knowledge about the genetic heterogeneity of MCPH in the Pakistani population considering its ethnic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ahmad
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - S M Baig
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - A R Abdulkareem
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Genetic Engieneering and Biotechnology Institute, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - M S Hussain
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - I Sur
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - M R Toliat
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - G Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - N Dalibor
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - A Moawia
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - S S Waseem
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - M Asif
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - H Nagra
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - M Sher
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - M M A Khan
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - I Hassan
- Plant Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - S Ur Rehman
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - H Thiele
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - J Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - A A Noegel
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - P Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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28
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Ke Q, Li W, Lai X, Chen H, Huang L, Kang Z, Li K, Ren J, Lin X, Zheng H, Huang W, Ma Y, Xu D, Chen Z, Song X, Lin X, Zhuang M, Wang T, Zhuang F, Xi J, Mao FF, Xia H, Lahn BT, Zhou Q, Yang S, Xiang AP. TALEN-based generation of a cynomolgus monkey disease model for human microcephaly. Cell Res 2016; 26:1048-61. [PMID: 27502025 PMCID: PMC5034111 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2016.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene editing in non-human primates may lead to valuable models for exploring the etiologies and therapeutic strategies of genetically based neurological disorders in humans. However, a monkey model of neurological disorders that closely mimics pathological and behavioral deficits in humans has not yet been successfully generated. Microcephalin 1 (MCPH1) is implicated in the evolution of the human brain, and MCPH1 mutation causes microcephaly accompanied by mental retardation. Here we generated a cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) carrying biallelic MCPH1 mutations using transcription activator-like effector nucleases. The monkey recapitulated most of the important clinical features observed in patients, including marked reductions in head circumference, premature chromosome condensation (PCC), hypoplasia of the corpus callosum and upper limb spasticity. Moreover, overexpression of MCPH1 in mutated dermal fibroblasts rescued the PCC syndrome. This monkey model may help us elucidate the role of MCPH1 in the pathogenesis of human microcephaly and better understand the function of this protein in the evolution of primate brain size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Ke
- Program of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510623, China.,Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Department of Biology, Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Weiqiang Li
- Program of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510623, China.,Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xingqiang Lai
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Lihua Huang
- Program of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Zhuang Kang
- Department of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Ultrasound, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Department of Ultrasound, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaofeng Lin
- Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Haiqing Zheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Science, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Weijun Huang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yunhan Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Dongdong Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xinming Song
- Department of Medical Genetics, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xinyi Lin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Min Zhuang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | | | - Jianzhong Xi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Yannan Yuan 60, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Frank Fuxiang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhong Shan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Huimin Xia
- Program of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Bruce T Lahn
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Stem cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shihua Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Andy Peng Xiang
- Program of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510623, China.,Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Wilsch-Bräuninger M, Florio M, Huttner WB. Neocortex expansion in development and evolution — from cell biology to single genes. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2016; 39:122-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Liu X, Zhou ZW, Wang ZQ. The DNA damage response molecule MCPH1 in brain development and beyond. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:678-85. [PMID: 27197793 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmw048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcephalin (MCPH1) is identified as being responsible for the neurodevelopmental disorder primary microcephaly type 1, which is characterized by a smaller-than-normal brain size and mental retardation. MCPH1 has originally been identified as an important regulator of telomere integrity and of cell cycle control. Genetic and cellular studies show that MCPH1 controls neurogenesis by coordinating the cell cycle and the centrosome cycle and thereby regulating the division mode of neuroprogenitors to prevent the exhaustion of the progenitor pool and thereby microcephaly. In addition to its role in neurogenesis, MCPH1 plays a role in gonad development. MCPH1 also functions as a tumor suppressor in several human cancers as well as in mouse models. Here, we review the role of MCPH1 in DNA damage response, cell cycle control, chromosome condensation and chromatin remodeling. We also summarize the studies on the biological functions of MCPH1 in brain size determination and in pathologies, including infertility and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Liu
- Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Zhong-Wei Zhou
- Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
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31
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Abstract
The mechanism by which the Zika virus can cause fetal microcephaly is not known. Reports indicate that Zika is able to evade the normal immunoprotective responses of the placenta. Microcephaly has genetic causes, some associated with maternal exposures including radiation, tobacco smoke, alcohol, and viruses. Two hypotheses regarding the role of the placenta are possible: one is that the placenta directly conveys the Zika virus to the early embryo or fetus. Alternatively, the placenta itself might be mounting a response to the exposure; this response might be contributing to or causing the brain defect. This distinction is crucial to the diagnosis of fetuses at risk and the design of therapeutic strategies to prevent Zika-induced teratogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Adibi
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Ernesto T A Marques
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; The Research Center Aggeu Magalhães (CPqAM)/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Brazil
| | - Abigail Cartus
- Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard H Beigi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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32
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Narayanan M, Ramsey K, Grebe T, Schrauwen I, Szelinger S, Huentelman M, Craig D, Narayanan V. Case Report: Compound heterozygous nonsense mutations in TRMT10A are associated with microcephaly, delayed development, and periventricular white matter hyperintensities. F1000Res 2015; 4:912. [PMID: 26535115 PMCID: PMC4617320 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.7106.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcephaly is a fairly common feature observed in children with delayed development, defined as head circumference less than 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender. It may be the result of an acquired insult to the brain, such prenatal or perinatal brain injury (congenital infection or hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy), or be a part of a genetic syndrome. There are over 1000 conditions listed in OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man) where microcephaly is a key finding; many of these are associated with specific somatic features and non-CNS anomalies. The term primary microcephaly is used when microcephaly and delayed development are the primary features, and they are not part of another recognized syndrome. In this case report, we present the clinical features of siblings (brother and sister) with primary microcephaly and delayed development, and subtle dysmorphic features. Both children had brain MRI studies that showed periventricular and subcortical T2/FLAIR hyperintensities, without signs of white matter volume loss, and no parenchymal calcifications by CT scan. The family was enrolled in a research study for whole exome sequencing of probands and parents. Analysis of variants determined that the children were compound heterozygotes for nonsense mutations, c.277C>T (p.Arg93*) and c.397C>T (p.Arg133*), in the
TRMT10A gene. Mutations in this gene have only recently been reported in children with microcephaly and early onset diabetes mellitus. Our report adds to current knowledge of
TRMT10A related neurodevelopmental disorders and demonstrates imaging findings suggestive of delayed or abnormal myelination of the white matter in this disorder. Accurate diagnosis through genomic testing, as in the children described here, allows for early detection and management of medical complications, such as diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Narayanan
- Arizona Pediatric Neurology & Neurogenetics Associates, Phoenix, AZ, USA ; Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Keri Ramsey
- Center for Rare Childhood Disorders, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA ; Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Theresa Grebe
- Department of Genetics, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Isabelle Schrauwen
- Center for Rare Childhood Disorders, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA ; Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Szabolcs Szelinger
- Center for Rare Childhood Disorders, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA ; Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Matthew Huentelman
- Center for Rare Childhood Disorders, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA ; Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - David Craig
- Center for Rare Childhood Disorders, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA ; Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Vinodh Narayanan
- Arizona Pediatric Neurology & Neurogenetics Associates, Phoenix, AZ, USA ; Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA ; Center for Rare Childhood Disorders, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA ; Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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