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Lu M, Li J, Huang Q, Mao D, Yang G, Lan Y, Zeng J, Pan M, Shi S, Zou D. Single-Nucleus Landscape of Glial Cells and Neurons in Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04428-6. [PMID: 39153159 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04428-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with a projected significant increase in incidence. Therefore, this study analyzed single-nucleus AD data to provide a theoretical basis for the clinical development and treatment of AD. We downloaded AD-related monocyte data from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, annotated cells, compared cell abundance between groups, and investigated glial and neuronal cell biological processes and pathways through functional enrichment analysis. Furthermore, we constructed a global regulatory network for AD based on cell communication and ecological analyses. Our findings revealed increased abundance of Capping Protein Regulator And Myosin 1 linker 1 (CARMIL1)+ astrocytes (AST), Immunoglobulin Superfamily Member 21 (IGSF21)+ microglia (MIC), SRY-Box Transcription Factor 6 (SOX6)+ inhibitory neurons (InNeu), and laminin alpha-2 chain (LAMA2)+ oligodendrocytes (OLI) cell subgroups in tissues of patients with AD, while prostaglandin D2 synthase (PTGDS)+ AST, Src Family Tyrosine Kinase (FYN)+ MIC, and Proteolipid Protein 1 (PLP1)+ InNeu subgroups specifically decreased. We found that the cell phenotype of patients with AD shifted from a simpler to a more complex state compared to the control group. Cell communication analysis revealed strong communication between MIC and NEU. Furthermore, AST, MIC, NEU, and OLI were involved in oxidative stress- and inflammation-related pathways, potentially contributing to disease development. This study provides a theoretical basis for further exploring the specific mechanisms underlying AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengru Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No 166 Daxuedong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No 166 Daxuedong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, China
| | - Daniel Mao
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Grace Yang
- State College Area High School, State College, PA, 16801, USA
| | - Yating Lan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No 166 Daxuedong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, China
| | - Jingyi Zeng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No 166 Daxuedong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, China
| | - Mika Pan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No 166 Daxuedong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, China
| | - Shengliang Shi
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No 166 Daxuedong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, China.
| | - Donghua Zou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No 166 Daxuedong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, China.
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Ghosh S, Bhatti GK, Sharma PK, Kandimalla R, Mastana SS, Bhatti JS. Potential of Nano-Engineered Stem Cells in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Comprehensive Review. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 44:6. [PMID: 38104307 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01434-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and degrading autoimmune disorder mainly targeting the central nervous system, leading to progressive neurodegeneration, demyelination, and axonal damage. Current treatment options for MS are limited in efficacy, generally linked to adverse side effects, and do not offer a cure. Stem cell therapies have emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for MS, potentially promoting remyelination, exerting immunomodulatory effects and protecting against neurodegeneration. Therefore, this review article focussed on the potential of nano-engineering in stem cells as a therapeutic approach for MS, focusing on the synergistic effects of combining stem cell biology with nanotechnology to stimulate the proliferation of oligodendrocytes (OLs) from neural stem cells and OL precursor cells, by manipulating neural signalling pathways-PDGF, BMP, Wnt, Notch and their essential genes such as Sox, bHLH, Nkx. Here we discuss the pathophysiology of MS, the use of various types of stem cells in MS treatment and their mechanisms of action. In the context of nanotechnology, we present an overview of its applications in the medical and research field and discuss different methods and materials used to nano-engineer stem cells, including surface modification, biomaterials and scaffolds, and nanoparticle-based delivery systems. We further elaborate on nano-engineered stem cell techniques, such as nano script, nano-exosome hybrid, nano-topography and their potentials in MS. The article also highlights enhanced homing, engraftment, and survival of nano-engineered stem cells, targeted and controlled release of therapeutic agents, and immunomodulatory and tissue repair effects with their challenges and limitations. This visual illustration depicts the process of utilizing nano-engineering in stem cells and exosomes for the purpose of delivering more accurate and improved treatments for Multiple Sclerosis (MS). This approach targets specifically the creation of oligodendrocytes, the breakdown of which is the primary pathological factor in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushruta Ghosh
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences Central, University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Gurjit Kaur Bhatti
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, University Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Pushpender Kumar Sharma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Rajasthan, India
- Amity Centre for Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine, Amity University, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ramesh Kandimalla
- Department of Biochemistry, Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal, Telangana, India
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sarabjit Singh Mastana
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Jasvinder Singh Bhatti
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences Central, University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.
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3
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Benarroch E. What Are the Roles of Pericytes in the Neurovascular Unit and Its Disorders? Neurology 2023; 100:970-977. [PMID: 37188542 PMCID: PMC10186232 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
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4
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Harari G, Gurevich M, Dolev M, Zilkha Falb R, Achiron A. Faster progression to multiple sclerosis disability is linked to neuronal pathways associated with neurodegeneration: An ethnicity study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280515. [PMID: 36749790 PMCID: PMC9904463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the causes of multiple sclerosis are largely unknown, genetic and environmental components play an important role. Geographic distribution, varying with latitude, reflects both genetic and environmental influences. We conducted a retrospective exploratory observational study to characterize the disability progression of 2396 Jewish patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, followed at the Sheba Multiple Sclerosis Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; 188 patients who originated in Iraq and 2207 patients who originated in northern Europe. Peripheral blood microarray gene expression analysis was performed in a subgroup of patients to identify molecular pathways associated with faster disability progression. During a follow-up period of 18.8 and 19.8 years, respectively, 51.6% of patients with an Iraqi origin progressed to moderate disability defined as expanded disability status scale (EDSS) score of 3.0 to 5.5, compared to 44.2% of patients with a northern European origin (odds ratio 1.347, 95% CI 1.0-1.815, p = 0.049). An Iraqi origin was associated with increased risk of progression to moderate disability adjusted for sex, disease duration, age at onset, and treatment with immunomodulatory drugs (hazard ratio 1.323; 95% CI, 1.049-1.668, p = 0.02), but not to severe disability defined as EDSS score > = 6.0 (i.e., walking aids are required for a distance of 100 meters, (hazard ratio 1.311; 95% CI, 0.918-1.874, p = 0.136). Gene expression analysis disclosed 98 differentially expressed genes (79 over-expressed and 19 under-expressed) between relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients of Iraqi origin (N = 17) and northern European (N = 34) origin. Interestingly, this gene expression was enriched with genes related to neuronal pathways associated with morphology of axons, branching of neurites, proliferation of neocortical neurons, and formation of myelin sheath, suggesting an augmented process of neurodegeneration in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients with an Iraqi origin. The study results suggest that relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients with an Iraqi origin progress faster to disability possibly due to an enhanced process of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Harari
- School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael Gurevich
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mark Dolev
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rina Zilkha Falb
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Anat Achiron
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Silva ME, Hernández-Andrade M, Abasolo N, Espinoza-Cruells C, Mansilla JB, Reyes CR, Aranda S, Esteban Y, Rodriguez-Calvo R, Martorell L, Muntané G, Rivera FJ, Vilella E. DDR1 and Its Ligand, Collagen IV, Are Involved in In Vitro Oligodendrocyte Maturation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021742. [PMID: 36675255 PMCID: PMC9866737 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1) is a tyrosine kinase receptor expressed in epithelial cells from different tissues in which collagen binding activates pleiotropic functions. In the brain, DDR1 is mainly expressed in oligodendrocytes (OLs), the function of which is unclear. Whether collagen can activate DDR1 in OLs has not been studied. Here, we assessed the expression of DDR1 during in vitro OL differentiation, including collagen IV incubation, and the capability of collagen IV to induce DDR1 phosphorylation. Experiments were performed using two in vitro models of OL differentiation: OLs derived from adult rat neural stem cells (NSCs) and the HOG16 human oligodendroglial cell line. Immunocytofluorescence, western blotting, and ELISA were performed to analyze these questions. The differentiation of OLs from NSCs was addressed using oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 (Olig2) and myelin basic protein (MBP). In HOG16 OLs, collagen IV induced DDR1 phosphorylation through slow and sustained kinetics. In NSC-derived OLs, DDR1 was found in a high proportion of differentiating cells (MBP+/Olig2+), but its protein expression was decreased in later stages. The addition of collagen IV did not change the number of DDR1+/MBP+ cells but did accelerate OL branching. Here, we provide the first demonstration that collagen IV mediates the phosphorylation of DDR1 in HOG16 cells and that the in vitro co-expression of DDR1 and MBP is associated with accelerated branching during the differentiation of primary OLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Silva
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Matías Hernández-Andrade
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Nerea Abasolo
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili-CERCA, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43206 Reus, Spain
| | - Cristóbal Espinoza-Cruells
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Josselyne B. Mansilla
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Carolina R. Reyes
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Selena Aranda
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili-CERCA, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43206 Reus, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental, CIBERSAM-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Yaiza Esteban
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, “Sant Joan” University Hospital, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili-CERCA, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43204 Reus, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Rodriguez-Calvo
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, “Sant Joan” University Hospital, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili-CERCA, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43204 Reus, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Martorell
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili-CERCA, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43206 Reus, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental, CIBERSAM-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gerard Muntané
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili-CERCA, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43206 Reus, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental, CIBERSAM-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Rivera
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Translational Regenerative Neurobiology Group, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program (MIBS), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: or (F.J.R.); (E.V.); Tel.: +358-50-598-8142 or +56-63-229-3011 (F.J.R.); +34-658-513-138 (E.V.)
| | - Elisabet Vilella
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili-CERCA, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43206 Reus, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental, CIBERSAM-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: or (F.J.R.); (E.V.); Tel.: +358-50-598-8142 or +56-63-229-3011 (F.J.R.); +34-658-513-138 (E.V.)
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6
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Connexins Signatures of the Neurovascular Unit and Their Physio-Pathological Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179510. [PMID: 36076908 PMCID: PMC9455936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis is closely linked to the delicate balance of the microenvironment in which different cellular components of the neurovascular unit (NVU) coexist. Intercellular communication plays a pivotal role in exchanges of signaling molecules and mediators essential for survival functions, as well as in the removal of disturbing elements that can lead to related pathologies. The specific signatures of connexins (Cxs), proteins which form either gap junctions (GJs) or hemichannels (HCs), represent the biological substrate of the pathophysiological balance. Connexin 43 (Cx43) is undoubtedly one of the most important factors in glia–neuro–vascular crosstalk. Herein, Cxs signatures of every NVU component are highlighted and their critical influence on functional processes in healthy and pathological conditions of nervous microenvironment is reviewed.
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Reciprocal Interactions between Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells and the Neurovascular Unit in Health and Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121954. [PMID: 35741083 PMCID: PMC9221698 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are mostly known for their capability to differentiate into oligodendrocytes and myelinate axons. However, they have been observed to frequently interact with cells of the neurovascular unit during development, homeostasis, and under pathological conditions. The functional consequences of these interactions are largely unclear, but are increasingly studied. Although OPCs appear to be a rather homogenous cell population in the central nervous system (CNS), they present with an enormous potential to adapt to their microenvironment. In this review, it is summarized what is known about the various roles of OPC-vascular interactions, and the circumstances under which they have been observed.
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Girolamo F, Errede M, Bizzoca A, Virgintino D, Ribatti D. Central Nervous System Pericytes Contribute to Health and Disease. Cells 2022; 11:1707. [PMID: 35626743 PMCID: PMC9139243 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful neuroprotection is only possible with contemporary microvascular protection. The prevention of disease-induced vascular modifications that accelerate brain damage remains largely elusive. An improved understanding of pericyte (PC) signalling could provide important insight into the function of the neurovascular unit (NVU), and into the injury-provoked responses that modify cell-cell interactions and crosstalk. Due to sharing the same basement membrane with endothelial cells, PCs have a crucial role in the control of endothelial, astrocyte, and oligodendrocyte precursor functions and hence blood-brain barrier stability. Both cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases impair oxygen delivery and functionally impair the NVU. In this review, the role of PCs in central nervous system health and disease is discussed, considering their origin, multipotency, functions and also dysfunction, focusing on new possible avenues to modulate neuroprotection. Dysfunctional PC signalling could also be considered as a potential biomarker of NVU pathology, allowing us to individualize therapeutic interventions, monitor responses, or predict outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Girolamo
- Unit of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.E.); (D.V.); (D.R.)
| | - Mariella Errede
- Unit of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.E.); (D.V.); (D.R.)
| | - Antonella Bizzoca
- Physiology Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Daniela Virgintino
- Unit of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.E.); (D.V.); (D.R.)
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Unit of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.E.); (D.V.); (D.R.)
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9
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Hughes AN. Glial Cells Promote Myelin Formation and Elimination. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:661486. [PMID: 34046407 PMCID: PMC8144722 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.661486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Building a functional nervous system requires the coordinated actions of many glial cells. In the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS), oligodendrocytes myelinate neuronal axons to increase conduction velocity and provide trophic support. Myelination can be modified by local signaling at the axon-myelin interface, potentially adapting sheaths to support the metabolic needs and physiology of individual neurons. However, neurons and oligodendrocytes are not wholly responsible for crafting the myelination patterns seen in vivo. Other cell types of the CNS, including microglia and astrocytes, modify myelination. In this review, I cover the contributions of non-neuronal, non-oligodendroglial cells to the formation, maintenance, and pruning of myelin sheaths. I address ways that these cell types interact with the oligodendrocyte lineage throughout development to modify myelination. Additionally, I discuss mechanisms by which these cells may indirectly tune myelination by regulating neuronal activity. Understanding how glial-glial interactions regulate myelination is essential for understanding how the brain functions as a whole and for developing strategies to repair myelin in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria N. Hughes
- Section of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Aurora, CO, United States
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10
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Zeng Y, Li Z, Zhu H, Gu Z, Zhang H, Luo K. Recent Advances in Nanomedicines for Multiple Sclerosis Therapy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:6571-6597. [PMID: 35019387 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Zeng
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhiqian Li
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hongyan Zhu
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhongwei Gu
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Amgen Bioprocessing Centre, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Kui Luo
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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11
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Arreguin AJ, Colognato H. Brain Dysfunction in LAMA2-Related Congenital Muscular Dystrophy: Lessons From Human Case Reports and Mouse Models. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:118. [PMID: 32792907 PMCID: PMC7390928 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Laminin α2 gene (LAMA2)-related Congenital Muscular Dystrophy (CMD) was distinguished by a defining central nervous system (CNS) abnormality—aberrant white matter signals by MRI—when first described in the 1990s. In the past 25 years, researchers and clinicians have expanded our knowledge of brain involvement in LAMA2-related CMD, also known as Congenital Muscular Dystrophy Type 1A (MDC1A). Neurological changes in MDC1A can be structural, including lissencephaly and agyria, as well as functional, including epilepsy and intellectual disability. Mouse models of MDC1A include both spontaneous and targeted LAMA2 mutations and range from a partial loss of LAMA2 function (e.g., dy2J/dy2J), to a complete loss of LAMA2 expression (dy3K/dy3K). Diverse cellular and molecular changes have been reported in the brains of MDC1A mouse models, including blood-brain barrier dysfunction, altered neuro- and gliogenesis, changes in synaptic plasticity, and decreased myelination, providing mechanistic insight into potential neurological dysfunction in MDC1A. In this review article, we discuss selected studies that illustrate the potential scope and complexity of disturbances in brain development in MDC1A, and as well as highlight mechanistic insights that are emerging from mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Arreguin
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Holly Colognato
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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12
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Zheng Z, Chopp M, Chen J. Multifaceted roles of pericytes in central nervous system homeostasis and disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:1381-1401. [PMID: 32208803 PMCID: PMC7308511 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20911331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pericytes, the mural cells surrounding microcirculation, are gaining increasing attention for their roles in health and disease of the central nervous system (CNS). As an essential part of the neurovascular unit (NVU), pericytes are actively engaged in interactions with neighboring cells and work in synergy with them to maintain homeostasis of the CNS, such as maintaining the blood-brain barrier (BBB), regulating cerebral blood flow (CBF) and the glymphatic system as well as mediating immune responses. However, the dysfunction of pericytes may contribute to the progression of various pathologies. In this review, we discuss: (1) origin of pericytes and different pericyte markers; (2) interactions of pericytes with endothelial cells (ECs), astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and neurons; (3) physiological roles of pericytes in the CNS; (4) effects of pericytes in different CNS diseases; (5) relationship of pericytes with extracellular vesicles (EVs) and microRNAs (miRs); (6) recent advances in pericytes studies and future perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitong Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Jieli Chen
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
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Secretome Analysis of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Factors Fostering Oligodendroglial Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124350. [PMID: 32570968 PMCID: PMC7352621 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-secreted factors have been shown to significantly promote oligodendrogenesis from cultured primary adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) and oligodendroglial precursor cells (OPCs). Revealing underlying mechanisms of how aNSCs can be fostered to differentiate into a specific cell lineage could provide important insights for the establishment of novel neuroregenerative treatment approaches aiming at myelin repair. However, the nature of MSC-derived differentiation and maturation factors acting on the oligodendroglial lineage has not been identified thus far. In addition to missing information on active ingredients, the degree to which MSC-dependent lineage instruction is functional in vivo also remains to be established. We here demonstrate that MSC-derived factors can indeed stimulate oligodendrogenesis and myelin sheath generation of aNSCs transplanted into different rodent central nervous system (CNS) regions, and furthermore, we provide insights into the underlying mechanism on the basis of a comparative mass spectrometry secretome analysis. We identified a number of secreted proteins known to act on oligodendroglia lineage differentiation. Among them, the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase type 1 (TIMP-1) was revealed to be an active component of the MSC-conditioned medium, thus validating our chosen secretome approach.
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Uemura MT, Maki T, Ihara M, Lee VMY, Trojanowski JQ. Brain Microvascular Pericytes in Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:80. [PMID: 32317958 PMCID: PMC7171590 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes are unique, multi-functional mural cells localized at the abluminal side of the perivascular space in microvessels. Originally discovered in 19th century, pericytes had drawn less attention until decades ago mainly due to lack of specific markers. Recently, however, a growing body of evidence has revealed that pericytes play various important roles: development and maintenance of blood–brain barrier (BBB), regulation of the neurovascular system (e.g., vascular stability, vessel formation, cerebral blood flow, etc.), trafficking of inflammatory cells, clearance of toxic waste products from the brain, and acquisition of stem cell-like properties. In the neurovascular unit, pericytes perform these functions through coordinated crosstalk with neighboring cells including endothelial, glial, and neuronal cells. Dysfunction of pericytes contribute to a wide variety of diseases that lead to cognitive impairments such as cerebral small vessel disease (SVD), acute stroke, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and other neurological disorders. For instance, in SVDs, pericyte degeneration leads to microvessel instability and demyelination while in stroke, pericyte constriction after ischemia causes a no-reflow phenomenon in brain capillaries. In AD, which shares some common risk factors with vascular dementia, reduction in pericyte coverage and subsequent microvascular impairments are observed in association with white matter attenuation and contribute to impaired cognition. Pericyte loss causes BBB-breakdown, which stagnates amyloid β clearance and the leakage of neurotoxic molecules into the brain parenchyma. In this review, we first summarize the characteristics of brain microvessel pericytes, and their roles in the central nervous system. Then, we focus on how dysfunctional pericytes contribute to the pathogenesis of vascular cognitive impairment including cerebral ‘small vessel’ and ‘large vessel’ diseases, as well as AD. Finally, we discuss therapeutic implications for these disorders by targeting pericytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko T Uemura
- Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,JSPS Overseas Research Fellowship Program, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takakuni Maki
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Virginia M Y Lee
- Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Langley MR, Yoon H, Kim HN, Choi CI, Simon W, Kleppe L, Lanza IR, LeBrasseur NK, Matveyenko A, Scarisbrick IA. High fat diet consumption results in mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and oligodendrocyte loss in the central nervous system. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165630. [PMID: 31816440 PMCID: PMC7982965 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a key risk factor and co-morbidity in multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neurological conditions, such that a better understanding of how a high fat diet contributes to oligodendrocyte loss and the capacity for myelin regeneration has the potential to highlight new treatment targets. Results demonstrate that modeling metabolic dysfunction in mice with chronic high fat diet (HFD) consumption promotes loss of oligodendrocyte progenitors across the brain and spinal cord. A number of transcriptomic and metabolomic changes in ER stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress pathways in HFD-fed mouse spinal cords were also identified. Moreover, deficits in TCA cycle intermediates and mitochondrial respiration were observed in the chronic HFD spinal cord tissue. Oligodendrocytes are known to be particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage, and we observed increased markers of oxidative stress in both the brain and spinal cord of HFD-fed mice. We additionally identified that increased apoptotic cell death signaling is underway in oligodendrocytes from mice chronically fed a HFD. When cultured under high saturated fat conditions, oligodendrocytes decreased both mitochondrial function and differentiation. Overall, our findings show that HFD-related changes in metabolic regulators, decreased mitochondrial function, and oxidative stress contribute to a loss of myelinating cells. These studies identify HFD consumption as a key modifiable lifestyle factor for improved myelin integrity in the adult central nervous system and in addition new tractable metabolic targets for myelin protection and repair strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica R Langley
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Hyesook Yoon
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ha Neui Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Chan-Il Choi
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Whitney Simon
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Laurel Kleppe
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ian R Lanza
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Nathan K LeBrasseur
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Aleksey Matveyenko
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Isobel A Scarisbrick
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Extrinsic Factors Driving Oligodendrocyte Lineage Cell Progression in CNS Development and Injury. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:630-642. [PMID: 31997102 PMCID: PMC7058689 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-02967-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OLs) generate myelin membranes for the rapid propagation of electrical signals along axons in the central nervous system (CNS) and provide metabolites to support axonal integrity and function. Differentiation of OLs from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) is orchestrated by a multitude of intrinsic and extrinsic factors in the CNS. Disruption of this process, or OL loss in the developing or adult brain, as observed in various neurological conditions including hypoxia/ischemia, stroke, and demyelination, results in axonal dystrophy, neuronal dysfunction, and severe neurological impairments. While much is known regarding the intrinsic regulatory signals required for OL lineage cell progression in development, studies from pathological conditions highlight the importance of the CNS environment and external signals in regulating OL genesis and maturation. Here, we review the recent findings in OL biology in the context of the CNS physiological and pathological conditions, focusing on extrinsic factors that facilitate OL development and regeneration.
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Potential of Adult Endogenous Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells in the Spinal Cord to Contribute to Remyelination in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091025. [PMID: 31484369 PMCID: PMC6769975 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Demyelination and remyelination play pivotal roles in the pathological process of multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a well-established animal model of MS. Although increasing evidence shows that various stimuli can promote the activation/induction of endogenous neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) in the central nervous system, the potential contributions of these cells to remyelination following inflammatory injury remain to be fully investigated. In the present study, using an adult mouse model of EAE induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide, we investigated whether adult NSPCs in the spinal cord can lead to remyelination under inflammatory conditions. Immunohistochemistry showed that cells expressing the NSPC marker Nestin appeared after MOG peptide administration, predominantly at the sites of demyelination where abundant inflammatory cells had accumulated, whereas Nestin+ cells were rarely present in the spinal cord of PBS-treated control mice. In vitro, Nestin+ NSPCs obtained from EAE mice spinal cords could differentiate into multiple neural lineages, including neurons, astrocytes, and myelin-producing oligodendrocytes. Using the Cre-LoxP system, we established a mouse strain expressing yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) under the control of the Nestin promoter and investigated the expression patterns of YFP-expressing cells in the spinal cord after EAE induction. At the chronic phase of the disease, immunohistochemistry showed that YFP+ cells in the injured regions expressed markers for various neural lineages, including myelin-forming oligodendrocytes. These results show that adult endogenous NSPCs in the spinal cord can be subject to remyelination under inflammatory conditions, such as after EAE, suggesting that endogenous NSPCs represent a therapeutic target for MS treatment.
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS), particularly, in young adults. Current MS treatments aim to reduce demyelination; however, these have limited efficacy, display side effects and lack of regenerative activities. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) represents the major source for new myelin. Upon demyelination, OPCs get activated, proliferate, migrate towards the lesion, and differentiate into remyelinating oligodendrocytes. Although myelin repair (remyelination) represents a robust response to myelin damage, during MS, this regenerative phenomenon decays in efficiency or even fails. CNS-resident pericytes (CNS-PCs) are essential for vascular homeostasis regulating blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and stability as well as endothelial cells (ECs) function during angiogenesis and neovascularization. Recent studies indicate that CNS-PCs also play a crucial role regulating OPC function during remyelination, and very importantly, these cells are substantially affected in MS. This chapter summarizes important aspects of MS and CNS remyelination as well as it provides new insights supporting the contribution of CNS-PCs to myelin regeneration and to MS pathology. Currently, there is evidence arguing in favor of CNS-PCs as novel therapeutic targets for the development of future treatments for MS.
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