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Sleigh JN, Mattedi F, Richter S, Annuario E, Ng K, Steinmark IE, Ivanova I, Darabán IL, Joshi PP, Rhymes ER, Awale S, Yahioglu G, Mitchell JC, Suhling K, Schiavo G, Vagnoni A. Age-specific and compartment-dependent changes in mitochondrial homeostasis and cytoplasmic viscosity in mouse peripheral neurons. Aging Cell 2024; 23:e14250. [PMID: 38881280 PMCID: PMC11464114 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic bioenergetic hubs that become compromised with age. In neurons, declining mitochondrial axonal transport has been associated with reduced cellular health. However, it is still unclear to what extent the decline of mitochondrial transport and function observed during ageing are coupled, and if somal and axonal mitochondria display compartment-specific features that make them more susceptible to the ageing process. It is also not known whether the biophysical state of the cytoplasm, thought to affect many cellular functions, changes with age to impact mitochondrial trafficking and homeostasis. Focusing on the mouse peripheral nervous system, we show that age-dependent decline in mitochondrial trafficking is accompanied by reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential and intramitochondrial viscosity, but not calcium buffering, in both somal and axonal mitochondria. Intriguingly, we observe a specific increase in cytoplasmic viscosity in the neuronal cell body, where mitochondria are most polarised, which correlates with decreased cytoplasmic diffusiveness. Increasing cytoplasmic crowding in the somatic compartment of DRG neurons grown in microfluidic chambers reduces mitochondrial axonal trafficking, suggesting a mechanistic link between the regulation of cytoplasmic viscosity and mitochondrial dynamics. Our work provides a reference for studying the relationship between neuronal mitochondrial homeostasis and the viscoelasticity of the cytoplasm in a compartment-dependent manner during ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N. Sleigh
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease CentreUCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College LondonLondonUK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College LondonLondonUK
| | - Francesca Mattedi
- Department of Basic and Clinical NeurosciencesMaurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
- Present address:
Department of Neuromuscular DiseasesUCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College LondonLondonUK
| | - Sandy Richter
- Department of Basic and Clinical NeurosciencesMaurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
- Present address:
Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Emily Annuario
- Department of Basic and Clinical NeurosciencesMaurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Kristal Ng
- Department of Basic and Clinical NeurosciencesMaurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | | | | | - István L. Darabán
- Department of Basic and Clinical NeurosciencesMaurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Parth P. Joshi
- Department of Basic and Clinical NeurosciencesMaurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
- Present address:
Sunderland Medical School, University of SunderlandSunderlandUK
| | - Elena R. Rhymes
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease CentreUCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College LondonLondonUK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College LondonLondonUK
| | - Shirwa Awale
- Department of PhysicsKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Gokhan Yahioglu
- Antikor Biopharma Ltd, Stevenage Bioscience CatalystStevenageUK
| | - Jacqueline C. Mitchell
- Department of Basic and Clinical NeurosciencesMaurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Giampietro Schiavo
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease CentreUCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College LondonLondonUK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College LondonLondonUK
| | - Alessio Vagnoni
- Department of Basic and Clinical NeurosciencesMaurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
- MIA‐PortugalMultidisciplinary Institute of Ageing, University of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
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Gavrilova A, Boström A, Korabel N, Fedotov S, Poulin GB, Allan VJ. The role of kinesin-1 in neuronal dense core vesicle transport, locomotion and lifespan regulation in C. elegans. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs262148. [PMID: 39171448 PMCID: PMC11423817 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.262148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Fast axonal transport is crucial for neuronal function and is driven by kinesins and cytoplasmic dynein. Here, we investigated the role of kinesin-1 in dense core vesicle (DCV) transport in C. elegans, using mutants in the kinesin light chains (klc-1 and klc-2) and the motor subunit (unc-116) expressing an ida-1::gfp transgene that labels DCVs. DCV transport in both directions was greatly impaired in an unc-116 mutant and had reduced velocity in a klc-2 mutant. In contrast, the speed of retrograde DCV transport was increased in a klc-1 mutant whereas anterograde transport was unaffected. We identified striking differences between the klc mutants in their effects on worm locomotion and responses to drugs affecting neuromuscular junction activity. We also determined lifespan, finding that unc-116 mutant was short-lived whereas the klc single mutant lifespan was wild type. The ida-1::gfp transgenic strain was also short-lived, but surprisingly, klc-1 and klc-2 extended the ida-1::gfp lifespan beyond that of wild type. Our findings suggest that kinesin-1 not only influences anterograde and retrograde DCV transport but is also involved in regulating lifespan and locomotion, with the two kinesin light chains playing distinct roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gavrilova
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Rumford St, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Astrid Boström
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Rumford St, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Nickolay Korabel
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Sergei Fedotov
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Gino B Poulin
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Rumford St, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Victoria J Allan
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Rumford St, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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3
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Wodrich APK, Harris BT, Giniger E. Changes in mitochondrial distribution occur at the axon initial segment in association with neurodegeneration in Drosophila. Biol Open 2024; 13:bio060335. [PMID: 38912559 PMCID: PMC11261633 DOI: 10.1242/bio.060335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Changes in mitochondrial distribution are a feature of numerous age-related neurodegenerative diseases. In Drosophila, reducing the activity of Cdk5 causes a neurodegenerative phenotype and is known to affect several mitochondrial properties. Therefore, we investigated whether alterations of mitochondrial distribution are involved in Cdk5-associated neurodegeneration. We find that reducing Cdk5 activity does not alter the balance of mitochondrial localization to the somatodendritic versus axonal neuronal compartments of the mushroom body, the learning and memory center of the Drosophila brain. We do, however, observe changes in mitochondrial distribution at the axon initial segment (AIS), a neuronal compartment located in the proximal axon involved in neuronal polarization and action potential initiation. Specifically, we observe that mitochondria are partially excluded from the AIS in wild-type neurons, but that this exclusion is lost upon reduction of Cdk5 activity, concomitant with the shrinkage of the AIS domain that is known to occur in this condition. This mitochondrial redistribution into the AIS is not likely due to the shortening of the AIS domain itself but rather due to altered Cdk5 activity. Furthermore, mitochondrial redistribution into the AIS is unlikely to be an early driver of neurodegeneration in the context of reduced Cdk5 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. K. Wodrich
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA
- College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Brent T. Harris
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA
- Department of Neurology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Edward Giniger
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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4
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Mukherji S, Patel DK. Modelling intracellular transport in crowded environments: effects of motor association to cargos. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2024; 47:47. [PMID: 39002103 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-024-00440-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
In intracellular transports, motor proteins transport macromolecules as cargos to desired locations by moving on biopolymers such as microtubules. Recent experiments suggest that, while moving in crowded environments, cargos that can associate motor proteins during their translocation have larger run-length and association time compared to free motors. Here, we model the dynamics of a cargo that can associate at the most m free motors present on the microtubule track as obstacles to its motion. The proposed models display competing effects of association and crowding, leading to a peak in the run-length with the free-motor density. For m = 2 and 3, we show that this feature is governed by the largest eigenvalue of the transition matrix describing the cargo dynamics. In all the above cases, free motors are assumed to be present on the microtubule as stalled obstacles. We finally compare simulation results for the run-length for general scenarios where the free motors undergo processive motion in addition to binding and unbinding to or from the microtubule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutapa Mukherji
- Mathematical and Physical Sciences Division, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, India.
| | - Dhruvi K Patel
- Mathematical and Physical Sciences Division, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
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Vasudevan A, Ratnakaran N, Murthy K, Kumari S, Hall DH, Koushika SP. Preferential transport of synaptic vesicles across neuronal branches is regulated by the levels of the anterograde motor UNC-104/KIF1A in vivo. Genetics 2024; 227:iyae021. [PMID: 38467475 PMCID: PMC11232277 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyae021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric transport of cargo across axonal branches is a field of active research. Mechanisms contributing to preferential cargo transport along specific branches in vivo in wild type neurons are poorly understood. We find that anterograde synaptic vesicles preferentially enter the synaptic branch or pause at the branch point in Caenorhabditis elegans Posterior Lateral Mechanosensory neurons. The synaptic vesicle anterograde kinesin motor UNC-104/KIF1A regulates this vesicle behavior at the branch point. Reduced levels of functional UNC-104 cause vesicles to predominantly pause at the branch point and lose their preference for turning into the synaptic branch. SAM-4/Myrlysin, which aids in recruitment/activation of UNC-104 on synaptic vesicles, regulates vesicle behavior at the branch point similar to UNC-104. Increasing the levels of UNC-104 increases the preference of vesicles to go straight toward the asynaptic end. This suggests that the neuron optimizes UNC-104 levels on the cargo surface to maximize the fraction of vesicles entering the branch and minimize the fraction going to the asynaptic end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amruta Vasudevan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400 005, India
| | - Neena Ratnakaran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400 005, India
| | - Kausalya Murthy
- Neurobiology, NCBS-TIFR, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India
| | - Shikha Kumari
- Neurobiology, NCBS-TIFR, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India
| | - David H Hall
- Centre for C. elegans Anatomy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Sandhya P Koushika
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400 005, India
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Sabharwal V, Boyanapalli SPP, Shee A, Nonet ML, Nandi A, Chaudhuri D, Koushika SP. F-box protein FBXB-65 regulates anterograde transport of the kinesin-3 motor UNC-104 through a PTM near its cargo-binding PH domain. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261553. [PMID: 38477340 PMCID: PMC11058344 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Axonal transport in neurons is essential for cargo movement between the cell body and synapses. Caenorhabditis elegans UNC-104 and its homolog KIF1A are kinesin-3 motors that anterogradely transport precursors of synaptic vesicles (pre-SVs) and are degraded at synapses. However, in C. elegans, touch neuron-specific knockdown of the E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme, uba-1, leads to UNC-104 accumulation at neuronal ends and synapses. Here, we performed an RNAi screen and identified that depletion of fbxb-65, which encodes an F-box protein, leads to UNC-104 accumulation at neuronal distal ends, and alters UNC-104 net anterograde movement and levels of UNC-104 on cargo without changing synaptic UNC-104 levels. Split fluorescence reconstitution showed that UNC-104 and FBXB-65 interact throughout the neuron. Our theoretical model suggests that UNC-104 might exhibit cooperative cargo binding that is regulated by FBXB-65. FBXB-65 regulates an unidentified post-translational modification (PTM) of UNC-104 in a region beside the cargo-binding PH domain. Both fbxb-65 and UNC-104, independently of FBXB-65, regulate axonal pre-SV distribution, transport of pre-SVs at branch points and organismal lifespan. FBXB-65 regulates a PTM of UNC-104 and the number of motors on the cargo surface, which can fine-tune cargo transport to the synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidur Sabharwal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
| | | | - Amir Shee
- Institute of Physics, Sachivalaya Marg, Bhubaneswar 751005, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
- Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems and ESAM, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Michael L. Nonet
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Amitabha Nandi
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Debasish Chaudhuri
- Institute of Physics, Sachivalaya Marg, Bhubaneswar 751005, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Sandhya P. Koushika
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
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7
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Wodrich APK, Harris BT, Giniger E. Changes in mitochondrial distribution occur at the axon initial segment in association with neurodegeneration in Drosophila. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.14.580288. [PMID: 38405730 PMCID: PMC10888798 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.14.580288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Changes in mitochondrial distribution are a feature of numerous age-related neurodegenerative diseases. In Drosophila, reducing the activity of Cdk5 causes a neurodegenerative phenotype and is known to affect several mitochondrial properties. Therefore, we investigated whether alterations of mitochondrial distribution are involved in Cdk5-associated neurodegeneration. We find that reducing Cdk5 activity does not alter the balance of mitochondrial localization to the somatodendritic vs. axonal neuronal compartments of the mushroom body, the learning and memory center of the Drosophila brain. We do, however, observe changes in mitochondrial distribution at the axon initial segment (AIS), a neuronal compartment located in the proximal axon involved in neuronal polarization and action potential initiation. Specifically, we observe that mitochondria are partially excluded from the AIS in wild-type neurons, but that this exclusion is lost upon reduction of Cdk5 activity, concomitant with the shrinkage of the AIS domain that is known to occur in this condition. This mitochondrial redistribution into the AIS is not likely due to the shortening of the AIS domain itself but rather due to altered Cdk5 activity. Furthermore, mitochondrial redistribution into the AIS is unlikely to be an early driver of neurodegeneration in the context of reduced Cdk5 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. K. Wodrich
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
- College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Brent T. Harris
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
- Department of Neurology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Edward Giniger
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Rayens NT, Cook KJ, McKinley SA, Payne CK. Palmitate-mediated disruption of the endoplasmic reticulum decreases intracellular vesicle motility. Biophys J 2023; 122:1355-1363. [PMID: 36869590 PMCID: PMC10111363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential cellular processes such as metabolism, protein synthesis, and autophagy require the intracellular transport of membrane-bound vesicles. The importance of the cytoskeleton and associated molecular motors for transport is well documented. Recent research has suggested that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) may also play a role in vesicle transport through a tethering of vesicles to the ER. We use single-particle tracking fluorescence microscopy and a Bayesian change-point algorithm to characterize vesicle motility in response to the disruption of the ER, actin, and microtubules. This high-throughput change-point algorithm allows us to efficiently analyze thousands of trajectory segments. We find that palmitate-mediated disruption of the ER leads to a significant decrease in vesicle motility. A comparison with the disruption of actin and microtubules shows that disruption of the ER has a significant impact on vesicle motility, greater than the disruption of actin. Vesicle motility was dependent on cellular region, with greater motility in the cell periphery than the perinuclear region, possibly due to regional differences in actin and the ER. Overall, these results suggest that the ER is an important factor in vesicle transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan T Rayens
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Keisha J Cook
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
| | - Scott A McKinley
- Department of Mathematics, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Christine K Payne
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
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Yadav S, Sen A, Kunwar A. Cargo transport properties are enhanced by cylindrical microtubule geometry and elliptical contact zone on cargo surface. J Theor Biol 2023; 565:111466. [PMID: 36924988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Molecular motors are responsible for carrying cellular transport of various membranous vesicles or organelles along cytoskeletal tracks. Transport of cellular cargos require high forces that are generated by motors working in groups. Hence, the properties of cargo transport can be modulated by varying various parameters such as cargo size and shape, microtubule geometry, motor number and their arrangement on cargo surface. Only those motors which are present in the contact zone on cargo surface have potential to bind to microtubule. Although earlier studies revealed the importance of cargo size, total motors attached to microtubule and their arrangement on cargo transport, yet how the contact zone influences binding of motors to microtubule largely remains unexplored. Here, it has been shown that contact zone is elliptical in shape for a spherical cargo and increases with cargo size for Kinesin-1 motors. To further understand the combined effect of elliptical contact zone and microtubule geometry on cargo transport, 3D mean-field model with uniform and clustered arrangement of motors for different cargo sizes and motor number has been used. Our findings indicate that cylindrical microtubule geometry maximizes the microtubule-bound motors which enhances the runlength and velocity of cargo transport. Our results show that microtubule-bound motors decrease with cargo size for uniform arrangement of motors on cargo thus decreasing its runlength and velocity, whereas in clustered arrangement, the number of microtubule-bound motors increase with cargo size which leads to increase in runlength and velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Yadav
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India
| | - Aritra Sen
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India
| | - Ambarish Kunwar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India.
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10
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Transport-dependent maturation of organelles in neurons. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2022; 78:102121. [PMID: 36030563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2022.102121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Some organelles show a spatial gradient of maturation along the neuronal process where more mature organelles are found closer to the cell body. This gradient is set up by progressive maturation steps that are aided by differential organelle distribution as well as transport. Autophagosomes and endosomes mature as they acquire lysosomal membrane proteins and decrease their luminal pH as they are retrogradely transported towards the cell body. The acquisition of lysosomal proteins along the neuronal processes likely occurs through fusion or membrane exchange events with Golgi-derived donor transport carriers that are transported anterogradely from the cell body. The mechanisms by which endosomes and autophagosomes mature might be applicable to other organelles that are transported along neuronal processes. Defects in axonal transport may also contribute to the accumulation of immature organelles in neurons. Such accumulations have been seen in neurons of neurodegenerative models.
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Sarpangala N, Gopinathan A. Cargo surface fluidity can reduce inter-motor mechanical interference, promote load-sharing and enhance processivity in teams of molecular motors. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010217. [PMID: 35675381 PMCID: PMC9212169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In cells, multiple molecular motors work together as teams to carry cargoes such as vesicles and organelles over long distances to their destinations by stepping along a network of cytoskeletal filaments. How motors that typically mechanically interfere with each other, work together as teams is unclear. Here we explored the possibility that purely physical mechanisms, such as cargo surface fluidity, may potentially enhance teamwork, both at the single motor and cargo level. To explore these mechanisms, we developed a three dimensional simulation of cargo transport along microtubules by teams of kinesin-1 motors. We accounted for cargo membrane fluidity by explicitly simulating the Brownian dynamics of motors on the cargo surface and considered both the load and ATP dependence of single motor functioning. Our simulations show that surface fluidity could lead to the reduction of negative mechanical interference between kinesins and enhanced load sharing thereby increasing the average duration of single motors on the filament. This, along with a cooperative increase in on-rates as more motors bind leads to enhanced collective processivity. At the cargo level, surface fluidity makes more motors available for binding, which can act synergistically with the above effects to further increase transport distances though this effect is significant only at low ATP or high motor density. Additionally, the fluid surface allows for the clustering of motors at a well defined location on the surface relative to the microtubule and the fluid-coupled motors can exert more collective force per motor against loads. Our work on understanding how teamwork arises in cargo-coupled motors allows us to connect single motor properties to overall transport, sheds new light on cellular processes, reconciles existing observations, encourages new experimental validation efforts and can also suggest new ways of improving the transport of artificial cargo powered by motor teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan Sarpangala
- Department of Physics, and Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Machines, University of California, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Ajay Gopinathan
- Department of Physics, and Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Machines, University of California, Merced, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tassinari R, Cavallini C, Olivi E, Facchin F, Taglioli V, Zannini C, Marcuzzi M, Ventura C. Cell Responsiveness to Physical Energies: Paving the Way to Decipher a Morphogenetic Code. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063157. [PMID: 35328576 PMCID: PMC8949133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We discuss emerging views on the complexity of signals controlling the onset of biological shapes and functions, from the nanoarchitectonics arising from supramolecular interactions, to the cellular/multicellular tissue level, and up to the unfolding of complex anatomy. We highlight the fundamental role of physical forces in cellular decisions, stressing the intriguing similarities in early morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and oncogenic drift. Compelling evidence is presented, showing that biological patterns are strongly embedded in the vibrational nature of the physical energies that permeate the entire universe. We describe biological dynamics as informational processes at which physics and chemistry converge, with nanomechanical motions, and electromagnetic waves, including light, forming an ensemble of vibrations, acting as a sort of control software for molecular patterning. Biomolecular recognition is approached within the establishment of coherent synchronizations among signaling players, whose physical nature can be equated to oscillators tending to the coherent synchronization of their vibrational modes. Cytoskeletal elements are now emerging as senders and receivers of physical signals, "shaping" biological identity from the cellular to the tissue/organ levels. We finally discuss the perspective of exploiting the diffusive features of physical energies to afford in situ stem/somatic cell reprogramming, and tissue regeneration, without stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Tassinari
- ELDOR LAB, National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (R.T.); (C.C.); (E.O.); (V.T.); (C.Z.)
| | - Claudia Cavallini
- ELDOR LAB, National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (R.T.); (C.C.); (E.O.); (V.T.); (C.Z.)
| | - Elena Olivi
- ELDOR LAB, National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (R.T.); (C.C.); (E.O.); (V.T.); (C.Z.)
| | - Federica Facchin
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Valentina Taglioli
- ELDOR LAB, National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (R.T.); (C.C.); (E.O.); (V.T.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chiara Zannini
- ELDOR LAB, National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (R.T.); (C.C.); (E.O.); (V.T.); (C.Z.)
| | - Martina Marcuzzi
- INBB, Biostructures and Biosystems National Institute, Viale Medaglie d’Oro 305, 00136 Rome, Italy;
| | - Carlo Ventura
- ELDOR LAB, National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (R.T.); (C.C.); (E.O.); (V.T.); (C.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-347-920-6992
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13
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Devi S, Chaturvedi M, Fatima S, Priya S. Environmental factors modulating protein conformations and their role in protein aggregation diseases. Toxicology 2022; 465:153049. [PMID: 34818560 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.153049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The adverse physiological conditions have been long known to impact protein synthesis, folding and functionality. Major physiological factors such as the effect of pH, temperature, salt and pressure are extensively studied for their impact on protein structure and homeostasis. However, in the current scenario, the environmental risk factors (pollutants) have gained impetus in research because of their increasing concentrations in the environment and strong epidemiologic link with protein aggregation disorders. Here, we review the physiological and environmental risk factors for their impact on protein conformational changes, misfolding, aggregation, and associated pathological conditions, especially environmental risk factors associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Devi
- Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow-226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Minal Chaturvedi
- Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow-226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Siraj Fatima
- Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow-226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Smriti Priya
- Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow-226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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14
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Yong Y, Hunter-Chang S, Stepanova E, Deppmann C. Axonal spheroids in neurodegeneration. Mol Cell Neurosci 2021; 117:103679. [PMID: 34678457 PMCID: PMC8742877 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2021.103679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal spheroids are bubble-like biological features that form on most degenerating axons, yet little is known about their influence on degenerative processes. Their formation and growth has been observed in response to various degenerative triggers such as injury, oxidative stress, inflammatory factors, and neurotoxic molecules. They often contain cytoskeletal elements and organelles, and, depending on the pathological insult, can colocalize with disease-related proteins such as amyloid precursor protein (APP), ubiquitin, and motor proteins. Initial formation of axonal spheroids depends on the disruption of axonal and membrane tension governed by cytoskeleton structure and calcium levels. Shortly after spheroid formation, the engulfment signal phosphatidylserine (PS) is exposed on the outer leaflet of spheroid plasma membrane, suggesting an important role for axonal spheroids in phagocytosis and debris clearance during degeneration. Spheroids can grow until they rupture, allowing pro-degenerative factors to exit the axon into extracellular space and accelerating neurodegeneration. Though much remains to be discovered in this area, axonal spheroid research promises to lend insight into the etiologies of neurodegenerative disease, and may be an important target for therapeutic intervention. This review summarizes over 100 years of work, describing what is known about axonal spheroid structure, regulation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yong
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Sarah Hunter-Chang
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Ekaterina Stepanova
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Christopher Deppmann
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.
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15
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It is time to crowd your cell culture media - Physicochemical considerations with biological consequences. Biomaterials 2021; 275:120943. [PMID: 34139505 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In vivo, the interior and exterior of cells is populated by various macromolecules that create an extremely crowded milieu. Yet again, in vitro eukaryotic cell culture is conducted in dilute culture media that hardly imitate the native tissue density. Herein, the concept of macromolecular crowding is discussed in both intracellular and extracellular context. Particular emphasis is given on how the physicochemical properties of the crowding molecules govern and determine kinetics, equilibria and mechanism of action of biochemical and biological reactions, processes and functions. It is evidenced that we are still at the beginning of appreciating, let alone effectively implementing, the potential of macromolecular crowding in permanently differentiated and stem cell culture systems.
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16
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Zeugolis DI. Bioinspired in vitro microenvironments to control cell fate: focus on macromolecular crowding. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 320:C842-C849. [PMID: 33656930 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00380.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of therapeutic regenerative medicine and accurate drug discovery cell-based products requires effective, with respect to obtaining sufficient numbers of viable, proliferative, and functional cell populations, cell expansion ex vivo. Unfortunately, traditional cell culture systems fail to recapitulate the multifaceted tissue milieu in vitro, resulting in cell phenotypic drift, loss of functionality, senescence, and apoptosis. Substrate-, environment-, and media-induced approaches are under intense investigation as a means to maintain cell phenotype and function while in culture. In this context, herein, the potential of macromolecular crowding, a biophysical phenomenon with considerable biological consequences, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios I Zeugolis
- Regenerative, Modular, and Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Regenerative, Modular, and Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland.,Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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17
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Tsiapalis D, Kearns S, Kelly JL, Zeugolis DI. Growth factor and macromolecular crowding supplementation in human tenocyte culture. BIOMATERIALS AND BIOSYSTEMS 2021; 1:100009. [PMID: 36825160 PMCID: PMC9934496 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbiosy.2021.100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-assembled tissue engineering strategies hold great potential in regenerative medicine, as three-dimensional tissue-like modules can be produced, even from a patient's own cells. However, the development of such implantable devices requires prolonged in vitro culture time, which is associated with cell phenotypic drift. Considering that the cells in vivo are subjected to numerous stimuli, multifactorial approaches are continuously gaining pace towards controlling cell fate during in vitro expansion. Herein, we assessed the synergistic effect of simultaneous and serial growth factor supplementation (insulin growth factor-1, platelet-derived growth factor ββ, growth differentiation factor 5 and transforming growth factor β3) to macromolecular crowding (carrageenan) in human tenocyte function; collagen synthesis and deposition; and gene expression. TGFβ3 supplementation (without/with carrageenan) induced the highest (among all groups) DNA content. In all cases, tenocyte proliferation was significantly increased as a function of time in culture, whilst metabolic activity was not affected. Carrageenan supplementation induced significantly higher collagen deposition than groups without carrageenan (without/with any growth factor). Of all the growth factors used, TGFβ3 induced the highest collagen deposition when used together with carrageenan in both simultaneous and serial fashion. At day 13, gene expression analysis revealed that TGFβ3 in serial supplementation to carrageenan upregulated the most and downregulated the least collagen- and tendon- related genes and upregulated the least and downregulated the most osteo-, chondro-, fibrosis- and adipose- related trans-differentiation genes. Collectively, these data clearly advocate the beneficial effects of multifactorial approaches (in this case, growth factor and macromolecular crowding supplementation) in the development of functional cell-assembled tissue surrogates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Tsiapalis
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | | | | | - Dimitrios I. Zeugolis
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland
- Corresponding authors.
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18
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Vasudevan A, Koushika SP. Molecular mechanisms governing axonal transport: a C. elegans perspective. J Neurogenet 2020; 34:282-297. [PMID: 33030066 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2020.1823385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Axonal transport is integral for maintaining neuronal form and function, and defects in axonal transport have been correlated with several neurological diseases, making it a subject of extensive research over the past several years. The anterograde and retrograde transport machineries are crucial for the delivery and distribution of several cytoskeletal elements, growth factors, organelles and other synaptic cargo. Molecular motors and the neuronal cytoskeleton function as effectors for multiple neuronal processes such as axon outgrowth and synapse formation. This review examines the molecular mechanisms governing axonal transport, specifically highlighting the contribution of studies conducted in C. elegans, which has proved to be a tractable model system in which to identify both novel and conserved regulatory mechanisms of axonal transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amruta Vasudevan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Sandhya P Koushika
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
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19
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Abstract
It is increasingly recognized that local protein synthesis (LPS) contributes to fundamental aspects of axon biology, in both developing and mature neurons. Mutations in RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), as central players in LPS, and other proteins affecting RNA localization and translation are associated with a range of neurological disorders, suggesting disruption of LPS may be of pathological significance. In this review, we substantiate this hypothesis by examining the link between LPS and key axonal processes, and the implicated pathophysiological consequences of dysregulated LPS. First, we describe how the length and autonomy of axons result in an exceptional reliance on LPS. We next discuss the roles of LPS in maintaining axonal structural and functional polarity and axonal trafficking. We then consider how LPS facilitates the establishment of neuronal connectivity through regulation of axonal branching and pruning, how it mediates axonal survival into adulthood and its involvement in neuronal stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Qiaojin Lin
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Island Research Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Christine E Holt
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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