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Huang WL, Steenari MR, Barrick R, Simon MT, Chang R, Eftekharian SS, Stover A, Schwartz PH, Latini A, Abdenur JE. Leukoencephalopathy with Brain stem and Spinal cord involvement and Lactate elevation (LBSL): Report of a new family and a novel DARS2 mutation. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2024; 38:101025. [PMID: 38125072 PMCID: PMC10731372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2023.101025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background LBSL is a mitochondrial disorder caused by mutations in the mitochondrial aspartyl-tRNA synthetase gene DARS2, resulting in a distinctive pattern on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy. Clinical presentation varies from severe infantile to chronic, slowly progressive neuronal deterioration in adolescents or adults. Most individuals with LBSL are compound heterozygous for one splicing defect in an intron 2 mutational hotspot and a second defect that could be a missense, non-sense, or splice site mutation or deletion resulting in decreased expression of the full-length protein. Aim To present a new family with two affected members with LBSL and report a novel DARS2 mutation. Results An 8-year-old boy (Patient 1) was referred due to headaches and abnormal MRI, suggestive of LBSL. Genetic testing revealed a previously reported c.492 + 2 T > C mutation in the DARS2 gene. Sanger sequencing uncovered a novel variant c.228-17C > G in the intron 2 hotspot. Family studies found the same genetic changes in an asymptomatic 4-year-old younger brother (Patient 2), who was found on follow-up to have an abnormal MRI. mRNA extracted from patients' fibroblasts showed that the c.228-17C > G mutation caused skipping of exon 3 resulting in lower DARS2 mRNA level. Complete absence of DARS2 protein was also found in both patients. Summary We present a new family with two children affected with LBSL and describe a novel mutation in the DARS2 intron 2 hotspot. Despite findings of extensive white matter disease in the brain and spine, the proband in this family presented only with headaches, while the younger sibling, who also had extensive white matter changes, was asymptomatic. Our in-vitro results confirmed skipping of exon 3 in patients and family members carrying the intron 2 variant, which is consistent with previous reported mutations in intron 2 hotspots. DARS2 mRNA and protein levels were also reduced in both patients, further supporting the pathogenicity of the novel variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lin Huang
- Division of Metabolic Disorders, CHOC Children's, Orange, CA, United States
| | - Maija R. Steenari
- Division of Neurology, CHOC Children's, Orange, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, United States
| | - Rebekah Barrick
- Division of Metabolic Disorders, CHOC Children's, Orange, CA, United States
| | - Mariella T. Simon
- Division of Metabolic Disorders, CHOC Children's, Orange, CA, United States
| | - Richard Chang
- Division of Metabolic Disorders, CHOC Children's, Orange, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, United States
| | | | - Alexander Stover
- Division of Metabolic Disorders, CHOC Children's, Orange, CA, United States
| | - Philip H. Schwartz
- Division of Metabolic Disorders, CHOC Children's, Orange, CA, United States
| | - Alexandra Latini
- Division of Metabolic Disorders, CHOC Children's, Orange, CA, United States
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo – LABOX, Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Jose E. Abdenur
- Division of Metabolic Disorders, CHOC Children's, Orange, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, United States
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Tyynismaa H. Disease models of mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase defects. J Inherit Metab Dis 2023; 46:817-823. [PMID: 37410890 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (mtARS) are enzymes critical for the first step of mitochondrial protein synthesis by charging mitochondrial tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. Pathogenic variants in all 19 nuclear mtARS genes are now recognized as causing recessive mitochondrial diseases. Most mtARS disorders affect the nervous system, but the phenotypes range from multisystem diseases to tissue-specific manifestations. However, the mechanisms behind the tissue specificities are poorly understood, and challenges remain in obtaining accurate disease models for developing and testing treatments. Here, some of the currently existing disease models that have increased our understanding of mtARS defects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henna Tyynismaa
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Kalotay E, Klugmann M, Housley GD, Fröhlich D. Dominant aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase disorders: lessons learned from in vivo disease models. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1182845. [PMID: 37274211 PMCID: PMC10234151 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1182845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) play an essential role in protein synthesis, being responsible for ligating tRNA molecules to their corresponding amino acids in a reaction known as 'tRNA aminoacylation'. Separate ARSs carry out the aminoacylation reaction in the cytosol and in mitochondria, and mutations in almost all ARS genes cause pathophysiology most evident in the nervous system. Dominant mutations in multiple cytosolic ARSs have been linked to forms of peripheral neuropathy including Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, distal hereditary motor neuropathy, and spinal muscular atrophy. This review provides an overview of approaches that have been employed to model each of these diseases in vivo, followed by a discussion of the existing animal models of dominant ARS disorders and key mechanistic insights that they have provided. In summary, ARS disease models have demonstrated that loss of canonical ARS function alone cannot fully account for the observed disease phenotypes, and that pathogenic ARS variants cause developmental defects within the peripheral nervous system, despite a typically later onset of disease in humans. In addition, aberrant interactions between mutant ARSs and other proteins have been shown to contribute to the disease phenotypes. These findings provide a strong foundation for future research into this group of diseases, providing methodological guidance for studies on ARS disorders that currently lack in vivo models, as well as identifying candidate therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Kalotay
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthias Klugmann
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Gary D. Housley
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dominik Fröhlich
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Kalotay E, Klugmann M, Housley GD, Fröhlich D. Recessive aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase disorders: lessons learned from in vivo disease models. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1182874. [PMID: 37274208 PMCID: PMC10234152 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1182874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein synthesis is a fundamental process that underpins almost every aspect of cellular functioning. Intriguingly, despite their common function, recessive mutations in aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs), the family of enzymes that pair tRNA molecules with amino acids prior to translation on the ribosome, cause a diverse range of multi-system disorders that affect specific groups of tissues. Neurological development is impaired in most ARS-associated disorders. In addition to central nervous system defects, diseases caused by recessive mutations in cytosolic ARSs commonly affect the liver and lungs. Patients with biallelic mutations in mitochondrial ARSs often present with encephalopathies, with variable involvement of peripheral systems. Many of these disorders cause severe disability, and as understanding of their pathogenesis is currently limited, there are no effective treatments available. To address this, accurate in vivo models for most of the recessive ARS diseases are urgently needed. Here, we discuss approaches that have been taken to model recessive ARS diseases in vivo, highlighting some of the challenges that have arisen in this process, as well as key results obtained from these models. Further development and refinement of animal models is essential to facilitate a better understanding of the pathophysiology underlying recessive ARS diseases, and ultimately to enable development and testing of effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Kalotay
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthias Klugmann
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Gary D. Housley
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dominik Fröhlich
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Lopriore P, Ricciarini V, Siciliano G, Mancuso M, Montano V. Mitochondrial Ataxias: Molecular Classification and Clinical Heterogeneity. Neurol Int 2022; 14:337-356. [PMID: 35466209 PMCID: PMC9036286 DOI: 10.3390/neurolint14020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ataxia is increasingly being recognized as a cardinal manifestation in primary mitochondrial diseases (PMDs) in both paediatric and adult patients. It can be caused by disruption of cerebellar nuclei or fibres, its connection with the brainstem, or spinal and peripheral lesions leading to proprioceptive loss. Despite mitochondrial ataxias having no specific defining features, they should be included in hereditary ataxias differential diagnosis, given the high prevalence of PMDs. This review focuses on the clinical and neuropathological features and genetic background of PMDs in which ataxia is a prominent manifestation.
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Klugmann M, Kalotay E, Delerue F, Ittner LM, Bongers A, Yu J, Morris MJ, Housley GD, Fröhlich D. Developmental delay and late onset HBSL pathology in hypomorphic Dars1 M256L mice. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:1972-1984. [PMID: 35357600 PMCID: PMC9217827 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03582-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The leukodystrophy Hypomyelination with Brainstem and Spinal cord involvement and Leg spasticity (HBSL) is caused by recessive mutations of the DARS1 gene, which encodes the cytoplasmic aspartyl-tRNA synthetase. HBSL is a spectrum disorder with disease onset usually during early childhood and no available treatment options. Patients display regression of previously acquired motor milestones, spasticity, ataxia, seizures, nystagmus, and intellectual disabilities. Gene-function studies in mice revealed that homozygous Dars1 deletion is embryonically lethal, suggesting that successful modelling of HBSL requires the generation of disease-causing genocopies in mice. In this study, we introduced the pathogenic DARS1M256L mutation located on exon nine of the murine Dars1 locus. Despite causing severe illness in humans, homozygous Dars1M256L mice were only mildly affected. To exacerbate HBSL symptoms, we bred Dars1M256L mice with Dars1-null ‘enhancer’ mice. The Dars1M256L/− offspring displayed increased embryonic lethality, severe developmental delay, reduced body weight and size, hydrocephalus, anophthalmia, and vacuolization of the white matter. Remarkably, the Dars1M256L/− genotype affected energy metabolism and peripheral organs more profoundly than the nervous system and resulted in reduced body fat, increased respiratory exchange ratio, reduced liver steatosis, and reduced hypocellularity of the bone marrow. In summary, homozygous Dars1M256L and compound heterozygous Dars1M256L/− mutation genotypes recapitulate some aspects of HBSL and primarily manifest in developmental delay as well as metabolic and peripheral changes. These aspects of the disease might have been overlooked in HBSL patients with severe neurological deficits but could be included in the differential diagnosis of HBSL in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Klugmann
- Translational Neuroscience Facility, Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, 2052, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth Kalotay
- Translational Neuroscience Facility, Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, 2052, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Fabien Delerue
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, 2109, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lars M Ittner
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, 2109, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andre Bongers
- Biomedical Resources Imaging Laboratory, University of New South Wales, 2052, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Josephine Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, 2052, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Margaret J Morris
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, 2052, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gary D Housley
- Translational Neuroscience Facility, Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, 2052, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dominik Fröhlich
- Translational Neuroscience Facility, Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, 2052, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Piran M, Sepahi N, Moattari A, Rahimi A, Ghanbariasad A. Systems Biomedicine of Primary and Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Reveals Potential Therapeutic Targets. Front Oncol 2021; 11:597536. [PMID: 34249670 PMCID: PMC8263939 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.597536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the major causes of cancer deaths across the world. Patients' survival at time of diagnosis depends mainly on stage of the tumor. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms from low-grade to high-grade stages of cancer that lead to cellular migration from one tissue/organ to another tissue/organ is essential for implementing therapeutic approaches. To this end, we performed a unique meta-analysis flowchart by identifying differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between normal, primary (primary sites), and metastatic samples (Colorectal metastatic lesions in liver and lung) in some Test datasets. DEGs were employed to construct a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. A smaller network containing 39 DEGs was then extracted from the PPI network whose nodes expression induction or suppression alone or in combination with each other would inhibit tumor progression or metastasis. These DEGs were then verified by gene expression profiling, survival analysis, and multiple Validation datasets. We suggested for the first time that downregulation of mitochondrial genes, including ETHE1, SQOR, TST, and GPX3, would help colorectal cancer cells to produce more energy under hypoxic conditions through mechanisms that are different from "Warburg Effect". Augmentation of given antioxidants and repression of P4HA1 and COL1A2 genes could be a choice of CRC treatment. Moreover, promoting active GSK-3β together with expression control of EIF2B would prevent EMT. We also proposed that OAS1 expression enhancement can induce the anti-cancer effects of interferon-gamma, while suppression of CTSH hinders formation of focal adhesions. ATF5 expression suppression sensitizes cancer cells to anchorage-dependent death signals, while LGALS4 induction recovers cell-cell junctions. These inhibitions and inductions would be another combinatory mechanism that inhibits EMT and cell migration. Furthermore, expression inhibition of TMPO, TOP2A, RFC3, GINS1, and CKS2 genes could prevent tumor growth. Besides, TRIB3 suppression would be a promising target for anti-angiogenic therapy. SORD is a poorly studied enzyme in cancer, found to be upregulated in CRC. Finally, TMEM131 and DARS genes were identified in this study whose roles have never been interrogated in any kind of cancer, neither as a biomarker nor curative target. All the mentioned mechanisms must be further validated by experimental wet-lab techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Piran
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Neda Sepahi
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Afagh Moattari
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Rahimi
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Ghanbariasad
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
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Fröhlich D, Mendes MI, Kueh AJ, Bongers A, Herold MJ, Salomons GS, Housley GD, Klugmann M. A Hypomorphic Dars1 D367Y Model Recapitulates Key Aspects of the Leukodystrophy HBSL. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:625879. [PMID: 33551752 PMCID: PMC7855723 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.625879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypomyelination with brain stem and spinal cord involvement and leg spasticity (HBSL) is a leukodystrophy caused by missense mutations of the aspartyl-tRNA synthetase-encoding gene DARS1. The clinical picture includes the regression of acquired motor milestones, spasticity, ataxia, seizures, nystagmus, and intellectual disabilities. Morphologically, HBSL is characterized by a distinct pattern of hypomyelination in the central nervous system including the anterior brainstem, the cerebellar peduncles and the supratentorial white matter as well as the dorsal columns and the lateral corticospinal tracts of the spinal cord. Adequate HBSL animal models are lacking. Dars1 knockout mice are embryonic lethal precluding examination of the etiology. To address this, we introduced the HBSL-causing Dars1 D367Y point mutation into the mouse genome. Surprisingly, mice carrying this mutation homozygously were phenotypically normal. As hypomorphic mutations are more severe in trans to a deletion, we crossed Dars1 D367Y/D367Y mice with Dars1-null carriers. The resulting Dars1 D367Y/- offspring displayed a strong developmental delay compared to control Dars1 D367Y/+ littermates, starting during embryogenesis. Only a small fraction of Dars1 D367Y/- mice were born, and half of these mice died with hydrocephalus during the first 3 weeks of life. Of the few Dars1 D367Y/- mice that were born at term, 25% displayed microphthalmia. Throughout postnatal life, Dars1 D367Y/- mice remained smaller and lighter than their Dars1 D367Y/+ littermates. Despite this early developmental deficit, once they made it through early adolescence Dars1 D367Y/- mice were phenotypically inconspicuous for most of their adult life, until they developed late onset motor deficits as well as vacuolization and demyelination of the spinal cord white matter. Expression levels of the major myelin proteins were reduced in Dars1 D367Y/- mice compared to controls. Taken together, Dars1 D367Y/- mice model aspects of the clinical picture of the corresponding missense mutation in HBSL. This model will enable studies of late onset deficits, which is precluded in Dars1 knockout mice, and can be leveraged to test potential HBSL therapeutics including DARS1 gene replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Fröhlich
- Translational Neuroscience Facility & Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Marisa I. Mendes
- Metabolic Unit/Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Andrew J. Kueh
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andre Bongers
- Biomedical Resources Imaging Laboratory, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Marco J. Herold
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Gajja S. Salomons
- Metabolic Unit/Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gary D. Housley
- Translational Neuroscience Facility & Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthias Klugmann
- Translational Neuroscience Facility & Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
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