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Maltan L, Najjar H, Tiffner A, Derler I. Deciphering Molecular Mechanisms and Intervening in Physiological and Pathophysiological Processes of Ca 2+ Signaling Mechanisms Using Optogenetic Tools. Cells 2021; 10:3340. [PMID: 34943850 PMCID: PMC8699489 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium ion channels are involved in numerous biological functions such as lymphocyte activation, muscle contraction, neurotransmission, excitation, hormone secretion, gene expression, cell migration, memory, and aging. Therefore, their dysfunction can lead to a wide range of cellular abnormalities and, subsequently, to diseases. To date various conventional techniques have provided valuable insights into the roles of Ca2+ signaling. However, their limited spatiotemporal resolution and lack of reversibility pose significant obstacles in the detailed understanding of the structure-function relationship of ion channels. These drawbacks could be partially overcome by the use of optogenetics, which allows for the remote and well-defined manipulation of Ca2+-signaling. Here, we review the various optogenetic tools that have been used to achieve precise control over different Ca2+-permeable ion channels and receptors and associated downstream signaling cascades. We highlight the achievements of optogenetics as well as the still-open questions regarding the resolution of ion channel working mechanisms. In addition, we summarize the successes of optogenetics in manipulating many Ca2+-dependent biological processes both in vitro and in vivo. In summary, optogenetics has significantly advanced our understanding of Ca2+ signaling proteins and the used tools provide an essential basis for potential future therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Isabella Derler
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, A-4020 Linz, Austria; (L.M.); (H.N.); (A.T.)
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Cabré G, Garrido-Charles A, González-Lafont À, Moormann W, Langbehn D, Egea D, Lluch JM, Herges R, Alibés R, Busqué F, Gorostiza P, Hernando J. Synthetic Photoswitchable Neurotransmitters Based on Bridged Azobenzenes. Org Lett 2019; 21:3780-3784. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Cabré
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| | - Aida Garrido-Charles
- Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Àngels González-Lafont
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB), UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| | - Widukind Moormann
- Otto Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Daniel Langbehn
- Otto Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - David Egea
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| | - José M. Lluch
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB), UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Ramon Alibés
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| | - Félix Busqué
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| | - Pau Gorostiza
- Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08036, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | - Jordi Hernando
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hüll
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003-6699, United States
| | - Johannes Morstein
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003-6699, United States
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003-6699, United States
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Abbasi S, Abbasi A, Sarbaz Y, Janahmadi M. Power Spectral Density Analysis of Purkinje Cell Tonic and Burst Firing Patterns From a Rat Model of Ataxia and Riluzole Treated. Basic Clin Neurosci 2017; 8:61-68. [PMID: 28446951 PMCID: PMC5396175 DOI: 10.15412/j.bcn.03080108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Purkinje Cell (PC) output displays a complex firing pattern consisting of high frequency sodium spikes and low frequency calcium spikes, and disruption in this firing behavior may contribute to cerebellar ataxia. Riluzole, neuroprotective agent, has been demonstrated to have neuroprotective effects in cerebellar ataxia. Here, the spectral analysis of PCs firing in control, 3-acetylpyridine (3-AP), neurotoxin agent, treated alone and riluzole plus 3-AP treated were investigated to determine changes in the firing properties. Difference in the power spectra of tonic and burst firing was assessed. Furthermore, the role of calcium-activated potassium channels in the power spectra was evaluated. Methods: Analysis was performed using Matlab. Power spectral density (PSD) of PCs output were obtained. Peak frequencies were extracted from the spectrum and statistical comparisons were done. In addition, a multi-compartment computational model of a Purkinje cell was used. This computational stimulation allowed us to study the changes in the power spectral density of the PC output as a result of alteration in ion channels. Results: Spectral analysis showed that in the spectrum of tonic and burst firing pattern only high sodium frequency and low calcium frequency was seen, respectively. In addition, there was a significant difference between the frequency components of PCs firing obtained from normal, ataxia and riluzole treated rats. Results indicated that sodium firing frequency of normal, ataxic and treated PCs occurred in approximate frequency of 22.53±5.49, 6.46±0.23, and 31.34±4.07 Hz, respectively; and calcium frequency occurred in frequency of 4.22±2.02, 1.52±1.19, and 3.88±1.37 Hz, respectively. The simulation results demonstrated that blockade of calcium-activated potassium channels in the PC model changed the PSD of the PC model firing activity. This change was similar to PSD changes in ataxia condition. Conclusion: These alterations in the spectrum of PC output may be a basis for developing possible new treatment strategies to improve cerebellar ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Abbasi
- Computational Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ataollah Abbasi
- Computational Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yashar Sarbaz
- Department of Mechatronics, School of Engineering- Emerging Technologies, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahyar Janahmadi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Bower JM. The 40-year history of modeling active dendrites in cerebellar Purkinje cells: emergence of the first single cell "community model". Front Comput Neurosci 2015; 9:129. [PMID: 26539104 PMCID: PMC4611061 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2015.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The subject of the effects of the active properties of the Purkinje cell dendrite on neuronal function has been an active subject of study for more than 40 years. Somewhat unusually, some of these investigations, from the outset have involved an interacting combination of experimental and model-based techniques. This article recounts that 40-year history, and the view of the functional significance of the active properties of the Purkinje cell dendrite that has emerged. It specifically considers the emergence from these efforts of what is arguably the first single cell "community" model in neuroscience. The article also considers the implications of the development of this model for future studies of the complex properties of neuronal dendrites.
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Abrams ZR, Zhang X. Signals and circuits in the purkinje neuron. Front Neural Circuits 2011; 5:11. [PMID: 21980311 PMCID: PMC3180174 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2011.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purkinje neurons (PN) in the cerebellum have over 100,000 inputs organized in an orthogonal geometry, and a single output channel. As the sole output of the cerebellar cortex layer, their complex firing pattern has been associated with motor control and learning. As such they have been extensively modeled and measured using tools ranging from electrophysiology and neuroanatomy, to dynamic systems and artificial intelligence methods. However, there is an alternative approach to analyze and describe the neuronal output of these cells using concepts from electrical engineering, particularly signal processing and digital/analog circuits. By viewing the PN as an unknown circuit to be reverse-engineered, we can use the tools that provide the foundations of today’s integrated circuits and communication systems to analyze the Purkinje system at the circuit level. We use Fourier transforms to analyze and isolate the inherent frequency modes in the PN and define three unique frequency ranges associated with the cells’ output. Comparing the PN to a signal generator that can be externally modulated adds an entire level of complexity to the functional role of these neurons both in terms of data analysis and information processing, relying on Fourier analysis methods in place of statistical ones. We also re-describe some of the recent literature in the field, using the nomenclature of signal processing. Furthermore, by comparing the experimental data of the past decade with basic electronic circuitry, we can resolve the outstanding controversy in the field, by recognizing that the PN can act as a multivibrator circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zéev R Abrams
- Applied Science and Technology, Graduate Program University of California Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA
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Mourot A, Kienzler MA, Banghart MR, Fehrentz T, Huber FME, Stein M, Kramer RH, Trauner D. Tuning photochromic ion channel blockers. ACS Chem Neurosci 2011; 2:536-43. [PMID: 22860175 PMCID: PMC3401033 DOI: 10.1021/cn200037p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Photochromic channel blockers provide a conceptually simple and convenient way to modulate neuronal activity with light. We have recently described a family of azobenzenes that function as tonic blockers of K(v) channels but require UV-A light to unblock and need to be actively switched by toggling between two different wavelengths. We now introduce red-shifted compounds that fully operate in the visible region of the spectrum and quickly turn themselves off in the dark. Furthermore, we have developed a version that does not block effectively in the dark-adapted state, can be switched to a blocking state with blue light, and reverts to the inactive state automatically. Photochromic blockers of this type could be useful for the photopharmacological control of neuronal activity under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Mourot
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael A. Kienzler
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, and Center for Integrated Protein Science, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Matthew R. Banghart
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Timm Fehrentz
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, and Center for Integrated Protein Science, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Florian M. E. Huber
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, and Center for Integrated Protein Science, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Stein
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, and Center for Integrated Protein Science, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Richard H. Kramer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, and Center for Integrated Protein Science, 81377 Munich, Germany
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