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Jiang TT, Wang L, Chen HL, Deng Y, Peng XL, Hu Y. Developmental characteristics of visual evoked potentials to different stimulation in normal children. Int J Neurosci 2023; 133:296-306. [PMID: 33843429 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2021.1912039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the developmental characteristics of flash visual evoked potentials (FVEP) and pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials (PVEP) of healthy children. METHODS The data were collected with a Keypoint Workstation 9033A07; 168 children (2 months-13 years) were tested with FVEP and 101 (4-13 years) were tested with PVEP. RESULTS A triphasic waveform with clear components (N2, P2, and N3) was recorded steadily after 1 year, with occurrence rates over 97% at all frequencies. FVEP latency significantly decreased with age. The amplitude difference of FVEP was greater for binocular than monocular fields. FVEP amplitude increased and amplitude differences decreased with stimulation frequency. The occurrence rate of PVEP was 100% after 4 years, and PVEP latency was significantly prolonged with age. N75 and P100 amplitudes and the N75-P100 amplitude difference increased with field of vision. CONCLUSION FVEP can be evoked in normal children at less than 2 Hz. Stimulation frequency can be adjusted to improve early detection and verification of subclinical lesions. The PVEP waveform is simple and stable, and its results are easier to analyze and interpret than FVEP, but it is limited by visual acuity and fixation force, whereas FVEP is affected less by visual acuity. but it is necessary to establish normal reference values of each age in each laboratory because of complicated analysis. According to the specific situation of the patient (vision, fixation) and clinical demand, we need to choose the right stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong-Liang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Peng
- Division of Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University-Hongkong Baptist Univesity United International College, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
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Zhang HY, Stevenson CE, Jung TP, Ko LW. Stress-Induced Effects in Resting EEG Spectra Predict the Performance of SSVEP-Based BCI. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2020; 28:1771-1780. [PMID: 32746309 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2020.3005771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Most research in Brain-Computer-Interfaces (BCI) focuses on technologies to improve accuracy and speed. Little has been done on the effects of subject variability, both across individuals and within the same individual, on BCI performance. For example, stress, arousal, motivation, and fatigue can all affect the electroencephalogram (EEG) signals used by a BCI, which in turn impacts performance. Overcoming the impact of such user variability on BCI performance is an impending and inevitable challenge for routine applications of BCIs in the real world. To systematically explore the factors affecting BCI performance, this study embeds a Steady-State Visually Evoked Potential (SSVEP) based BCI into a "game with a purpose" (GWAP) to obtain data over significant lengths of time, under both high- and low-stress conditions. Ten healthy volunteers played a GWAP that resembles popular match-three games, such as Jewel Quest, Zoo Boom, or Candy Crush. We recorded the target search time, target search accuracy, and EEG signals during gameplay to investigate the impacts of stress on EEG signals and BCI performance. We used Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) to determine whether the subject had found and attended to the correct target. The experimental results show that SSVEP target-classification accuracy is reduced by stress. We also found a negative correlation between EEG spectra and the SNR of EEG in the frontal and occipital regions during gameplay, with a larger negative correlation for the high-stress conditions. Furthermore, CCA also showed that when the EEG alpha and theta power increased, the search accuracy decreased, and the spectral amplitude drop was more evident under the high-stress situation. These results provide new, valuable insights into research on how to improve the robustness of BCIs in real-world applications.
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3
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Benda M, Volosyak I. Comparison of Different Visual Feedback Methods for SSVEP-Based BCIs. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E240. [PMID: 32325633 PMCID: PMC7226383 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10040240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper we compared different visual feedback methods, informing users about classification progress in a steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP)-based brain-computer interface (BCI) speller application. According to results from our previous studies, changes in stimulus size and contrast as online feedback of classification progress have great impact on BCI performance in SSVEP-based spellers. In this experiment we further investigated these effects, and tested a 4-target SSVEP speller interface with a much higher number of subjects. Five different scenarios were used with variations in stimulus size and contrast, "no feedback", "size increasing", "size decreasing", "contrast increasing", and "contrast decreasing". With each of the five scenarios, 24 participants had to spell six letter words (at least 18 selections with this three-steps speller). The fastest feedback modalities were different for the users, there was no visual feedback which was generally better than the others. With the used interface, six users achieved significantly better Information Transfer Rates (ITRs) compared to the "no feedback" condition. Their average improvement by using the individually fastest feedback method was 46.52%. This finding is very important for BCI experiments, as by determining the optimal feedback for the user, the speed of the BCI can be improved without impairing the accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan Volosyak
- Faculty of Technology and Bionics, Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, 47533 Kleve, Germany;
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4
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Chen X, Wang Y, Zhang S, Xu S, Gao X. Effects of stimulation frequency and stimulation waveform on steady-state visual evoked potentials using a computer monitor. J Neural Eng 2019; 16:066007. [PMID: 31220820 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab2b7d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A visual stimulator plays a vital part in brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) based on steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP). The properties of visual stimulation, such as frequency, color, and waveform, will influence SSVEP-based BCI performance to some extent. Recently, the computer monitor serves as a visual stimulator that is widespread in SSVEP-based BCIs because of its great flexibility in generating visual stimuli. However, stimulation properties based on a computer monitor have received very little attention. For a better comprehension of SSVEPs, this study explored the stimulation effects of waveforms and frequencies, when evoking SSVEPs through a computer monitor. APPROACH This study utilized the approximation methods to realize sine- and square-wave temporal modulations at 18 stimulation frequencies ranging from 6 to 40 Hz on a conventional 120 Hz LCD screen. We collected electroencephalogram (EEG) datasets from 12 healthy subjects and compared the signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), amplitudes, and topographic mapping of SSVEPs evoked by these two temporal modulation flickers (sine- and square-wave). In addition, a BCI experiment with two nine-target BCIs (i.e. low-frequency BCI and high-frequency BCI) was implemented to compare the two stimulation waveforms in terms of BCI performance. MAIN RESULTS For both sine- and square-wave stimulation conditions, strong SSVEPs over the occipital area were observed for each stimulation frequency. SSVEP amplitudes at the stimulation frequency exhibited a global peak in the low-frequency band. The second harmonic SSVEP frequency-response functions showed the largest amplitude at 6 Hz and fell sharply for higher frequencies. In the BCI experiment, the classification performance of the square-wave stimuli was notably higher than that of the sine-wave stimuli when using shorter data lengths. SIGNIFICANCE These results suggested that the square-wave flicker was more efficient at implementing high-speed BCIs based on SSVEP when using a computer monitor as a visual stimulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, People's Republic of China
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5
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Khoyratee F, Grassia F, Saïghi S, Levi T. Optimized Real-Time Biomimetic Neural Network on FPGA for Bio-hybridization. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:377. [PMID: 31068781 PMCID: PMC6491680 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases can be studied by performing bio-hybrid experiments using a real-time biomimetic Spiking Neural Network (SNN) platform. The Hodgkin-Huxley model offers a set of equations including biophysical parameters which can serve as a base to represent different classes of neurons and affected cells. Also, connecting the artificial neurons to the biological cells would allow us to understand the effect of the SNN stimulation using different parameters on nerve cells. Thus, designing a real-time SNN could useful for the study of simulations of some part of the brain. Here, we present a different approach to optimize the Hodgkin-Huxley equations adapted for Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) implementation. The equations of the conductance have been unified to allow the use of same functions with different parameters for all ionic channels. The low resources and high-speed implementation also include features, such as synaptic noise using the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process and different synapse receptors including AMPA, GABAa, GABAb, and NMDA receptors. The platform allows real-time modification of the neuron parameters and can output different cortical neuron families like Fast Spiking (FS), Regular Spiking (RS), Intrinsically Bursting (IB), and Low Threshold Spiking (LTS) neurons using a Digital to Analog Converter (DAC). Gaussian distribution of the synaptic noise highlights similarities with the biological noise. Also, cross-correlation between the implementation and the model shows strong correlations, and bifurcation analysis reproduces similar behavior compared to the original Hodgkin-Huxley model. The implementation of one core of calculation uses 3% of resources of the FPGA and computes in real-time 500 neurons with 25,000 synapses and synaptic noise which can be scaled up to 15,000 using all resources. This is the first step toward neuromorphic system which can be used for the simulation of bio-hybridization and for the study of neurological disorders or the advanced research on neuroprosthesis to regain lost function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farad Khoyratee
- Laboratoire de l'Intégration du Matériau au Système, Bordeaux INP, CNRS UMR 5218, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | - Filippo Grassia
- LTI Laboratory, EA 3899, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Sylvain Saïghi
- Laboratoire de l'Intégration du Matériau au Système, Bordeaux INP, CNRS UMR 5218, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | - Timothée Levi
- Laboratoire de l'Intégration du Matériau au Système, Bordeaux INP, CNRS UMR 5218, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France.,Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Latorre R, Varona P, Rabinovich MI. Rhythmic control of oscillatory sequential dynamics in heteroclinic motifs. Neurocomputing 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucom.2018.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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7
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Closed-Loop Systems and In Vitro Neuronal Cultures: Overview and Applications. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 22:351-387. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11135-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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8
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Benda M, Stawicki P, Gembler F, Grichnik R, Rezeika A, Saboor A, Volosyak I. Different Feedback Methods For An SSVEP-Based BCI. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2018; 2018:1939-1943. [PMID: 30440778 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2018.8512622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we examined different ways to inform the user of the classification progress in our online SSVEPbased BCI speller. Different user feedback was given based on the distance from the classification threshold, separately calculated for each stimulus. We focused on the comparison of the accuracies and spelling times associated with each different feedback type. We tested eight different methods, one without feedback for comparison, and the two paradigms each (an increase and a decrease), for three varying parameters, during an online spelling task. The eighth method was a combination of the best performing feedback modalities. A 28 target speller was used for spelling the same word with different feedback methods. The level of comfort was assessed by the seven healthy participants, using a questionnaire. We found substantial decreases in spelling times; they were reduced to 12-77% of the no-feedback condition spelling times, for each of our subjects, with at least one of the parameters. However, this parameter, as expected, was different for each user. According to the personal fastest feedback methods, a combination of them was also used for spelling. These combined feedback methods usually resulted in a slower spelling than the individual best feedback, but still faster than without any feedback. Overall, the average spelling times with the different feedback methods were: no feedback, 95.09 s, increasing size, 62.94 s, decreasing size, 87.73 s, increasing contrast, 77.80 s, decreasing contrast, 124.37 s, increasing duty-cycle, 134.70 s, and decreasing dutycycle, 103.77 s.
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10
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Zerafa R, Camilleri T, Falzon O, Camilleri KP. To train or not to train? A survey on training of feature extraction methods for SSVEP-based BCIs. J Neural Eng 2018; 15:051001. [PMID: 29869996 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aaca6e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the vast research aimed at improving the performance of steady-state visually evoked potential (SSVEP)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), several limitations exist that restrict the use of such applications for long-term users in the real-world. One of the main challenges has been to reduce training time while maintaining good BCI performance. In view of this challenge, this survey identifies and compares the different training requirements of feature extraction methods for SSVEP-based BCIs. APPROACH This paper reviews the various state-of-the-art SSVEP feature extraction methods that have been developed and are most widely used in the literature. MAIN RESULTS The main contributions compared to existing reviews are the following: (i) a detailed summary, including a brief mathematical description of each feature extraction algorithm, providing a guide to the basic concepts of the state-of-the-art techniques for SSVEP-based BCIs found in literature; (ii) a categorisation of the training requirements of SSVEP-based methods into three categories, defined as training-free methods, subject-specific and subject-independent training methods; (iii) a comparative review of the training requirements of SSVEP feature extraction methods, providing a reference for future work on SSVEP-based BCIs. SIGNIFICANCE This review highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the three categories of SSVEP training methods. Training-free systems are more practical but their performance is limited due to inter-subject variability resulting from the complex EEG activity. Feature extraction methods that incorporate some training data address this issue and in fact have outperformed training-free methods: subject-specific BCIs are tuned to the individual yielding the best performance at the cost of long, tiring training sessions making these methods unsuitable for everyday use; subject-independent BCIs that make use of training data from various subjects offer a good trade-off between training effort and performance, making these BCIs better suited for practical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Zerafa
- Centre for Biomedical Cybernetics, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
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11
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Lareo A, Forlim CG, Pinto RD, Varona P, Rodriguez FDB. Temporal Code-Driven Stimulation: Definition and Application to Electric Fish Signaling. Front Neuroinform 2016; 10:41. [PMID: 27766078 PMCID: PMC5052257 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2016.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Closed-loop activity-dependent stimulation is a powerful methodology to assess information processing in biological systems. In this context, the development of novel protocols, their implementation in bioinformatics toolboxes and their application to different description levels open up a wide range of possibilities in the study of biological systems. We developed a methodology for studying biological signals representing them as temporal sequences of binary events. A specific sequence of these events (code) is chosen to deliver a predefined stimulation in a closed-loop manner. The response to this code-driven stimulation can be used to characterize the system. This methodology was implemented in a real time toolbox and tested in the context of electric fish signaling. We show that while there are codes that evoke a response that cannot be distinguished from a control recording without stimulation, other codes evoke a characteristic distinct response. We also compare the code-driven response to open-loop stimulation. The discussed experiments validate the proposed methodology and the software toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Lareo
- Grupo de Neurocomputación Biológica, Departamento de Ingeniería Informática, Escuela Politécnica superior, Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Caroline G. Forlim
- Department of Data Analysis, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Reynaldo D. Pinto
- Laboratory of Neurodynamics/Neurobiophysics, Department of Physics and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Institute of Physics of São Carlos, Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pablo Varona
- Grupo de Neurocomputación Biológica, Departamento de Ingeniería Informática, Escuela Politécnica superior, Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Francisco de Borja Rodriguez
- Grupo de Neurocomputación Biológica, Departamento de Ingeniería Informática, Escuela Politécnica superior, Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid, Spain
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Fernandez-Vargas J, Kita K, Yu W. Real-time Hand Motion Reconstruction System for Trans-Humeral Amputees Using EEG and EMG. Front Robot AI 2016. [DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2016.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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13
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Wan F, da Cruz JN, Nan W, Wong CM, Vai MI, Rosa A. Alpha neurofeedback training improves SSVEP-based BCI performance. J Neural Eng 2016; 13:036019. [PMID: 27152666 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/13/3/036019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) can provide relatively easy, reliable and high speed communication. However, the performance is still not satisfactory, especially in some users who are not able to generate strong enough SSVEP signals. This work aims to strengthen a user's SSVEP by alpha down-regulating neurofeedback training (NFT) and consequently improve the performance of the user in using SSVEP-based BCIs. APPROACH An experiment with two steps was designed and conducted. The first step was to investigate the relationship between the resting alpha activity and the SSVEP-based BCI performance, in order to determine the training parameter for the NFT. Then in the second step, half of the subjects with 'low' performance (i.e. BCI classification accuracy <80%) were randomly assigned to a NFT group to perform a real-time NFT, and the rest half to a non-NFT control group for comparison. MAIN RESULTS The first step revealed a significant negative correlation between the BCI performance and the individual alpha band (IAB) amplitudes in the eyes-open resting condition in a total of 33 subjects. In the second step, it was found that during the IAB down-regulating NFT, on average the subjects were able to successfully decrease their IAB amplitude over training sessions. More importantly, the NFT group showed an average increase of 16.5% in the SSVEP signal SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) and an average increase of 20.3% in the BCI classification accuracy, which was significant compared to the non-NFT control group. SIGNIFICANCE These findings indicate that the alpha down-regulating NFT can be used to improve the SSVEP signal quality and the subjects' performance in using SSVEP-based BCIs. It could be helpful to the SSVEP related studies and would contribute to more effective SSVEP-based BCI applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau, People's Republic of China
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Gembler F, Stawicki P, Volosyak I. Autonomous Parameter Adjustment for SSVEP-Based BCIs with a Novel BCI Wizard. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:474. [PMID: 26733788 PMCID: PMC4686729 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) transfer human brain activities into computer commands and enable a communication channel without requiring movement. Among other BCI approaches, steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP)-based BCIs have the potential to become accurate, assistive technologies for persons with severe disabilities. Those systems require customization of different kinds of parameters (e.g., stimulation frequencies). Calibration usually requires selecting predefined parameters by experienced/trained personnel, though in real-life scenarios an interface allowing people with no experience in programming to set up the BCI would be desirable. Another occurring problem regarding BCI performance is BCI illiteracy (also called BCI deficiency). Many articles reported that BCI control could not be achieved by a non-negligible number of users. In order to bypass those problems we developed a SSVEP-BCI wizard, a system that automatically determines user-dependent key-parameters to customize SSVEP-based BCI systems. This wizard was tested and evaluated with 61 healthy subjects. All subjects were asked to spell the phrase "RHINE WAAL UNIVERSITY" with a spelling application after key parameters were determined by the wizard. Results show that all subjects were able to control the spelling application. A mean (SD) accuracy of 97.14 (3.73)% was reached (all subjects reached an accuracy above 85% and 25 subjects even reached 100% accuracy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Gembler
- Faculty of Technology and Bionics, Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences Kleve, Germany
| | - Piotr Stawicki
- Faculty of Technology and Bionics, Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences Kleve, Germany
| | - Ivan Volosyak
- Faculty of Technology and Bionics, Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences Kleve, Germany
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Hsu HT, Lee IH, Tsai HT, Chang HC, Shyu KK, Hsu CC, Chang HH, Yeh TK, Chang CY, Lee PL. Evaluate the Feasibility of Using Frontal SSVEP to Implement an SSVEP-Based BCI in Young, Elderly and ALS Groups. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2015; 24:603-15. [PMID: 26625417 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2015.2496184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This paper studies the amplitude-frequency characteristic of frontal steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) and its feasibility as a control signal for brain computer interface (BCI). SSVEPs induced by different stimulation frequencies, from 13 ~ 31 Hz in 2 Hz steps, were measured in eight young subjects, eight elders and seven ALS patients. Each subject was requested to participate in a calibration study and an application study. The calibration study was designed to find the amplitude-frequency characteristics of SSVEPs recorded from Oz and Fpz positions, while the application study was designed to test the feasibility of using frontal SSVEP to control a two-command SSVEP-based BCI. The SSVEP amplitude was detected by an epoch-average process which enables artifact-contaminated epochs can be removed. The seven ALS patients were severely impaired, and four patients, who were incapable of completing our BCI task, were excluded from calculation of BCI performance. The averaged accuracies, command transfer intervals and information transfer rates in operating frontal SSVEP-based BCI were 96.1%, 3.43 s/command, and 14.42 bits/min in young subjects; 91.8%, 6.22 s/command, and 6.16 bits/min in elders; 81.2%, 12.14 s/command, and 1.51 bits/min in ALS patients, respectively. The frontal SSVEP could be an alternative choice to design SSVEP-based BCI.
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16
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Delay-Dependent Response in Weakly Electric Fish under Closed-Loop Pulse Stimulation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141007. [PMID: 26473597 PMCID: PMC4608794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we apply a real time activity-dependent protocol to study how freely swimming weakly electric fish produce and process the timing of their own electric signals. Specifically, we address this study in the elephant fish, Gnathonemus petersii, an animal that uses weak discharges to locate obstacles or food while navigating, as well as for electro-communication with conspecifics. To investigate how the inter pulse intervals vary in response to external stimuli, we compare the response to a simple closed-loop stimulation protocol and the signals generated without electrical stimulation. The activity-dependent stimulation protocol explores different stimulus delivery delays relative to the fish's own electric discharges. We show that there is a critical time delay in this closed-loop interaction, as the largest changes in inter pulse intervals occur when the stimulation delay is below 100 ms. We also discuss the implications of these findings in the context of information processing in weakly electric fish.
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Yin E, Zhou Z, Jiang J, Yu Y, Hu D. A Dynamically Optimized SSVEP Brain–Computer Interface (BCI) Speller. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2015; 62:1447-56. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2014.2320948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Potter SM, El Hady A, Fetz EE. Closed-loop neuroscience and neuroengineering. Front Neural Circuits 2014; 8:115. [PMID: 25294988 PMCID: PMC4171982 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2014.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Steve M Potter
- Laboratory for Neuroengineering, Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ahmed El Hady
- Department of Non Linear Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self Organization Goettingen, Germany
| | - Eberhard E Fetz
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics and Bioengineering, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
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Zhang Y, Xu P, Guo D, Yao D. Prediction of SSVEP-based BCI performance by the resting-state EEG network. J Neural Eng 2013; 10:066017. [PMID: 24280591 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/10/6/066017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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