1
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Bakalar D, Gavrilova O, Jiang SZ, Zhang HY, Roy S, Williams SK, Liu N, Wisser S, Usdin TB, Eiden LE. Constitutive and conditional deletion reveals distinct phenotypes driven by developmental versus neurotransmitter actions of the neuropeptide PACAP. J Neuroendocrinol 2023; 35:e13286. [PMID: 37309259 PMCID: PMC10620107 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptides may exert trophic effects during development, and then neurotransmitter roles in the developed nervous system. One way to associate peptide-deficiency phenotypes with either role is first to assess potential phenotypes in so-called constitutive knockout mice, and then proceed to specify, regionally and temporally, where and when neuropeptide expression is required to prevent these phenotypes. We have previously demonstrated that the well-known constellation of behavioral and metabolic phenotypes associated with constitutive pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) knockout mice are accompanied by transcriptomic alterations of two types: those that distinguish the PACAP-null phenotype from wild-type (WT) in otherwise quiescent mice (cPRGs), and gene induction that occurs in response to acute environmental perturbation in WT mice that do not occur in knockout mice (aPRGs). Comparing constitutive PACAP knockout mice to a variety of temporally and regionally specific PACAP knockouts, we show that the prominent hyperlocomotor phenotype is a consequence of early loss of PACAP expression, is associated with Fos overexpression in hippocampus and basal ganglia, and that a thermoregulatory effect previously shown to be mediated by PACAP-expressing neurons of medial preoptic hypothalamus is independent of PACAP expression in those neurons in adult mice. In contrast, PACAP dependence of weight loss/hypophagia triggered by restraint stress, seen in constitutive PACAP knockout mice, is phenocopied in mice in which PACAP is deleted after neuronal differentiation. Our results imply that PACAP has a prominent role as a trophic factor early in development determining global central nervous system characteristics, and in addition a second, discrete set of functions as a neurotransmitter in the fully developed nervous system that support physiological and psychological responses to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Bakalar
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Heath - Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Oksana Gavrilova
- Mouse Metabolism Core Laboratory, National Institute of Diabetes and Kidney Disease- Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sunny Z Jiang
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Heath - Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hai-Ying Zhang
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Heath - Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Snehashis Roy
- Systems Neuroscience Imaging Resource, National Institute of Mental Heath - Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah K Williams
- Systems Neuroscience Imaging Resource, National Institute of Mental Heath - Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Naili Liu
- Mouse Metabolism Core Laboratory, National Institute of Diabetes and Kidney Disease- Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen Wisser
- Systems Neuroscience Imaging Resource, National Institute of Mental Heath - Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ted B Usdin
- Systems Neuroscience Imaging Resource, National Institute of Mental Heath - Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lee E Eiden
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Heath - Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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2
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Vasilopoulos N, Kaplanian A, Vinos M, Katsaiti Y, Christodoulou O, Denaxa M, Skaliora I. The role of selective SATB1 deletion in somatostatin expressing interneurons on endogenous network activity and the transition to epilepsy. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:424-447. [PMID: 36541427 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin (SST) expressing interneurons are the second most abundant group of inhibitory neurons in the neocortex. They mainly target the apical dendrites of excitatory pyramidal cells and are implicated in feedforward and feedback inhibition. In the present study, we employ a conditional knockout mouse, in which the transcription factor Satb1 is selectively deleted in SST-expressing interneurons resulting to the reduction of their number across the somatosensory barrel field. Our goal was to investigate the effect of the reduced number of Satb1 mutant SST-interneurons on (i) the endogenous cortical network activity (spontaneously recurring Up/Down states), and (ii) the transition to epileptiform activity. By conducting LFP recordings in acute brain slices from young male and female mice, we demonstrate that mutant animals exhibit significant changes in network excitability, reflected in increased Up state occurrence, decreased Up state duration and higher levels of extracellular spiking activity. Epileptiform activity was induced through two distinct and widely used in vitro protocols: the low magnesium and the 4-Aminopyridine (4-AP) model. In the former, slices from mutant animals manifested shorter latency for the expression of stable seizure-like events. In contrast, when epilepsy was induced by 4-AP, no significant differences were reported. We conclude that normal SST-interneuron function has a significant role both in the regulation of the endogenous network activity, and in the transition to seizure-like discharges in a context-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Vasilopoulos
- Centre for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece
| | - Ani Kaplanian
- Centre for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece
| | - Michael Vinos
- Centre for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece.,Department of History and Philosophy of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens, Greece
| | - Yolanda Katsaiti
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece.,Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens, Greece
| | - Ourania Christodoulou
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece.,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Myrto Denaxa
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece
| | - Irini Skaliora
- Centre for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece.,Department of History and Philosophy of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens, Greece
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3
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Murphy E. ROSE: A Neurocomputational Architecture for Syntax. ARXIV 2023:arXiv:2303.08877v1. [PMID: 36994166 PMCID: PMC10055479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive model of natural language processing in the brain must accommodate four components: representations, operations, structures and encoding. It further requires a principled account of how these different components mechanistically, and causally, relate to each another. While previous models have isolated regions of interest for structure-building and lexical access, and have utilized specific neural recording measures to expose possible signatures of syntax, many gaps remain with respect to bridging distinct scales of analysis that map onto these four components. By expanding existing accounts of how neural oscillations can index various linguistic processes, this article proposes a neurocomputational architecture for syntax, termed the ROSE model (Representation, Operation, Structure, Encoding). Under ROSE, the basic data structures of syntax are atomic features, types of mental representations (R), and are coded at the single-unit and ensemble level. Elementary computations (O) that transform these units into manipulable objects accessible to subsequent structure-building levels are coded via high frequency broadband γ activity. Low frequency synchronization and cross-frequency coupling code for recursive categorial inferences (S). Distinct forms of low frequency coupling and phase-amplitude coupling (δ-θ coupling via pSTS-IFG; θ-γ coupling via IFG to conceptual hubs in lateral and ventral temporal cortex) then encode these structures onto distinct workspaces (E). Causally connecting R to O is spike-phase/LFP coupling; connecting O to S is phase-amplitude coupling; connecting S to E is a system of frontotemporal traveling oscillations; connecting E back to lower levels is low-frequency phase resetting of spike-LFP coupling. This compositional neural code has important implications for algorithmic accounts, since it makes concrete predictions for the appropriate level of study for psycholinguistic parsing models. ROSE is reliant on neurophysiologically plausible mechanisms, is supported at all four levels by a range of recent empirical research, and provides an anatomically precise and falsifiable grounding for the basic property of natural language syntax: hierarchical, recursive structure-building.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Murphy
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Institute for Restorative Neurotechnologies, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
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4
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Apicella AJ, Marchionni I. VIP-Expressing GABAergic Neurons: Disinhibitory vs. Inhibitory Motif and Its Role in Communication Across Neocortical Areas. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:811484. [PMID: 35221922 PMCID: PMC8867699 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.811484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAergic neurons play a crucial role in shaping cortical activity. Even though GABAergic neurons constitute a small fraction of cortical neurons, their peculiar morphology and functional properties make them an intriguing and challenging task to study. Here, we review the basic anatomical features, the circuit properties, and the possible role in the relevant behavioral task of a subclass of GABAergic neurons that express vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). These studies were performed using transgenic mice in which the VIP-expressing neurons can be recognized using fluorescent proteins and optogenetic manipulation to control (or regulate) their electrical activity. Cortical VIP-expressing neurons are more abundant in superficial cortical layers than other cortical layers, where they are mainly studied. Optogenetic and paired recordings performed in ex vivo cortical preparations show that VIP-expressing neurons mainly exert their inhibitory effect onto somatostatin-expressing (SOM) inhibitory neurons, leading to a disinhibitory effect onto excitatory pyramidal neurons. However, this subclass of GABAergic neurons also releases neurotransmitters onto other GABAergic and non-GABAergic neurons, suggesting other possible circuit roles than a disinhibitory effect. The heterogeneity of VIP-expressing neurons also suggests their involvement and recruitment during different functions via the inhibition/disinhibition of GABAergic and non-GABAergic neurons locally and distally, depending on the specific local circuit in which they are embedded, with potential effects on the behavioral states of the animal. Although VIP-expressing neurons represent only a tiny fraction of GABAergic inhibitory neurons in the cortex, these neurons’ selective activation/inactivation could produce a relevant behavioral effect in the animal. Regardless of the increasing finding and discoveries on this subclass of GABAergic neurons, there is still a lot of missing information, and more studies should be done to unveil their role at the circuit and behavior level in different cortical layers and across different neocortical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Junior Apicella
- Department of Biology, Neurosciences Institute, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Ivan Marchionni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.,Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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5
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Wu J, Liu P, Mao X, Qiu F, Gong L, Wu J, Wang D, He M, Li A. Ablation of microRNAs in VIP + interneurons impairs olfactory discrimination and decreases neural activity in the olfactory bulb. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 234:e13767. [PMID: 34981885 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are abundantly expressed in vasoactive intestinal peptide expressing (VIP+ ) interneurons and are indispensable for their functional maintenance and survival. Here, we blocked miRNA biogenesis in postmitotic VIP+ interneurons in mice by selectively ablating Dicer, an enzyme essential for miRNA maturation, to study whether ablation of VIP+ miRNA affects olfactory function and neural activity in olfactory centres such as the olfactory bulb, which contains a large number of VIP+ interneurons. METHODS A go/no-go odour discrimination task and a food-seeking test were used to assess olfactory discrimination and olfactory detection. In vivo electrophysiological techniques were used to record single units and local field potentials. RESULTS Olfactory detection and olfactory discrimination behaviours were impaired in VIP+ -specific Dicer-knockout mice. In vivo electrophysiological recordings in awake, head-fixed mice showed that both spontaneous and odour-evoked firing rates were decreased in mitral/tufted cells in knockout mice. The power of ongoing and odour-evoked beta local field potentials response of the olfactory bulb and anterior piriform cortex were dramatically decreased. Furthermore, the coherence of theta oscillations between the olfactory bulb and anterior piriform cortex was decreased. Importantly, Dicer knockout restricted to olfactory bulb VIP+ interneurons recapitulated the behavioural and electrophysiological results of the global knockout. CONCLUSIONS VIP+ miRNAs are an important factor in sensory processing, affecting olfactory function and olfactory neural activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou China
| | - Penglai Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou China
| | - Xingfeng Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou China
| | - Fang Qiu
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University Shanghai China
- Department of Anesthesiology Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Shenzhen China
| | - Ling Gong
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Jinyun Wu
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Dejuan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou China
| | - Miao He
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Anan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou China
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6
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Raven F, Aton SJ. The Engram's Dark Horse: How Interneurons Regulate State-Dependent Memory Processing and Plasticity. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:750541. [PMID: 34588960 PMCID: PMC8473837 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.750541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain states such as arousal and sleep play critical roles in memory encoding, storage, and recall. Recent studies have highlighted the role of engram neurons-populations of neurons activated during learning-in subsequent memory consolidation and recall. These engram populations are generally assumed to be glutamatergic, and the vast majority of data regarding the function of engram neurons have focused on glutamatergic pyramidal or granule cell populations in either the hippocampus, amygdala, or neocortex. Recent data suggest that sleep and wake states differentially regulate the activity and temporal dynamics of engram neurons. Two potential mechanisms for this regulation are either via direct regulation of glutamatergic engram neuron excitability and firing, or via state-dependent effects on interneuron populations-which in turn modulate the activity of glutamatergic engram neurons. Here, we will discuss recent findings related to the roles of interneurons in state-regulated memory processes and synaptic plasticity, and the potential therapeutic implications of understanding these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara J. Aton
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, College of Literature, Sciences, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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7
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Romero-Sosa JL, Motanis H, Buonomano DV. Differential Excitability of PV and SST Neurons Results in Distinct Functional Roles in Inhibition Stabilization of Up States. J Neurosci 2021; 41:7182-7196. [PMID: 34253625 PMCID: PMC8387123 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2830-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Up states are the best studied example of an emergent neural dynamic regime. Computational models based on a single class of inhibitory neurons indicate that Up states reflect bistable dynamic systems in which positive feedback is stabilized by strong inhibition and predict a paradoxical effect in which increased drive to inhibitory neurons results in decreased inhibitory activity. To date, however, computational models have not incorporated empirically defined properties of parvalbumin (PV) and somatostatin (SST) neurons. Here we first experimentally characterized the frequency-current (F-I) curves of pyramidal (Pyr), PV, and SST neurons from mice of either sex, and confirmed a sharp difference between the threshold and slopes of PV and SST neurons. The empirically defined F-I curves were incorporated into a three-population computational model that simulated the empirically derived firing rates of pyramidal, PV, and SST neurons. Simulations revealed that the intrinsic properties were sufficient to predict that PV neurons are primarily responsible for generating the nontrivial fixed points representing Up states. Simulations and analytical methods demonstrated that while the paradoxical effect is not obligatory in a model with two classes of inhibitory neurons, it is present in most regimes. Finally, experimental tests validated predictions of the model that the Pyr ↔ PV inhibitory loop is stronger than the Pyr ↔ SST loop.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Many cortical computations, such as working memory, rely on the local recurrent excitatory connections that define cortical circuit motifs. Up states are among the best studied examples of neural dynamic regimes that rely on recurrent excitatory excitation. However, this positive feedback must be held in check by inhibition. To address the relative contribution of PV and SST neurons, we characterized the intrinsic input-output differences between these classes of inhibitory neurons and, using experimental and theoretical methods, show that the higher threshold and gain of PV leads to a dominant role in network stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan L Romero-Sosa
- Department of Neurobiology, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Helen Motanis
- Department of Neurobiology, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Dean V Buonomano
- Department of Neurobiology, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
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8
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Moradi Chameh H, Rich S, Wang L, Chen FD, Zhang L, Carlen PL, Tripathy SJ, Valiante TA. Diversity amongst human cortical pyramidal neurons revealed via their sag currents and frequency preferences. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2497. [PMID: 33941783 PMCID: PMC8093195 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22741-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the human neocortex coherent interlaminar theta oscillations are driven by deep cortical layers, suggesting neurons in these layers exhibit distinct electrophysiological properties. To characterize this potential distinctiveness, we use in vitro whole-cell recordings from cortical layers 2 and 3 (L2&3), layer 3c (L3c) and layer 5 (L5) of the human cortex. Across all layers we observe notable heterogeneity, indicating human cortical pyramidal neurons are an electrophysiologically diverse population. L5 pyramidal cells are the most excitable of these neurons and exhibit the most prominent sag current (abolished by blockade of the hyperpolarization activated cation current, Ih). While subthreshold resonance is more common in L3c and L5, we rarely observe this resonance at frequencies greater than 2 Hz. However, the frequency dependent gain of L5 neurons reveals they are most adept at tracking both delta and theta frequency inputs, a unique feature that may indirectly be important for the generation of cortical theta oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homeira Moradi Chameh
- grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Scott Rich
- grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Lihua Wang
- grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Fu-Der Chen
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.450270.40000 0004 0491 5558Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
| | - Liang Zhang
- grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Departments of Medicine & Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Peter L. Carlen
- grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Departments of Medicine & Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Shreejoy J. Tripathy
- grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Taufik A. Valiante
- grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
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9
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Naskar S, Qi J, Pereira F, Gerfen CR, Lee S. Cell-type-specific recruitment of GABAergic interneurons in the primary somatosensory cortex by long-range inputs. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108774. [PMID: 33626343 PMCID: PMC7995594 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive hierarchical yet highly reciprocal interactions among cortical areas are fundamental for information processing. However, connectivity rules governing the specificity of such corticocortical connections, and top-down feedback projections in particular, are poorly understood. We analyze synaptic strength from functionally relevant brain areas to diverse neuronal types in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1). Long-range projections from different areas preferentially engage specific sets of GABAergic neurons in S1. Projections from other somatosensory cortices strongly recruit parvalbumin (PV)-positive GABAergic neurons and lead to PV neuron-mediated feedforward inhibition of pyramidal neurons in S1. In contrast, inputs from whisker-related primary motor cortex are biased to vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-positive GABAergic neurons and potentially result in VIP neuron-mediated disinhibition. Regardless of the input areas, somatostatin-positive neurons receive relatively weak long-range inputs. Computational analyses suggest that a characteristic combination of synaptic inputs to different GABAergic IN types in S1 represents a specific long-range input area. Naskar et al. show how functionally relevant brain areas interact with neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex, demonstrating that long-range projections from diverse brain areas differentially recruit specific subtypes of GABAergic neurons in S1, and each distinct subtype of GABAergic neurons differentially affects local network activity in S1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shovan Naskar
- Unit on Functional Neural Circuits, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jia Qi
- Unit on Functional Neural Circuits, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Francisco Pereira
- Machine Learning Team, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Charles R Gerfen
- Section on Neuroanatomy, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Soohyun Lee
- Unit on Functional Neural Circuits, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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10
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Staiger JF, Petersen CCH. Neuronal Circuits in Barrel Cortex for Whisker Sensory Perception. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:353-415. [PMID: 32816652 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The array of whiskers on the snout provides rodents with tactile sensory information relating to the size, shape and texture of objects in their immediate environment. Rodents can use their whiskers to detect stimuli, distinguish textures, locate objects and navigate. Important aspects of whisker sensation are thought to result from neuronal computations in the whisker somatosensory cortex (wS1). Each whisker is individually represented in the somatotopic map of wS1 by an anatomical unit named a 'barrel' (hence also called barrel cortex). This allows precise investigation of sensory processing in the context of a well-defined map. Here, we first review the signaling pathways from the whiskers to wS1, and then discuss current understanding of the various types of excitatory and inhibitory neurons present within wS1. Different classes of cells can be defined according to anatomical, electrophysiological and molecular features. The synaptic connectivity of neurons within local wS1 microcircuits, as well as their long-range interactions and the impact of neuromodulators, are beginning to be understood. Recent technological progress has allowed cell-type-specific connectivity to be related to cell-type-specific activity during whisker-related behaviors. An important goal for future research is to obtain a causal and mechanistic understanding of how selected aspects of tactile sensory information are processed by specific types of neurons in the synaptically connected neuronal networks of wS1 and signaled to downstream brain areas, thus contributing to sensory-guided decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen F Staiger
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute for Neuroanatomy, Göttingen, Germany; and Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Faculty of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carl C H Petersen
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute for Neuroanatomy, Göttingen, Germany; and Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Faculty of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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11
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Guet-McCreight A, Skinner FK, Topolnik L. Common Principles in Functional Organization of VIP/Calretinin Cell-Driven Disinhibitory Circuits Across Cortical Areas. Front Neural Circuits 2020; 14:32. [PMID: 32581726 PMCID: PMC7296096 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2020.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the brain, there is a vast diversity of different structures, circuitries, cell types, and cellular genetic expression profiles. While this large diversity can often occlude a clear understanding of how the brain works, careful analyses of analogous studies performed across different brain areas can hint at commonalities in neuronal organization. This in turn can yield a fundamental understanding of necessary circuitry components that are crucial for how information is processed across the brain. In this review, we outline recent in vivo and in vitro studies that have been performed in different cortical areas to characterize the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)- and/or calretinin (CR)-expressing cells that specialize in inhibiting GABAergic interneurons. In doing so, we make the case that, across cortical structures, interneuron-specific cells commonly specialize in the synaptic disinhibition of excitatory neurons, which can ungate the integration and plasticity of external inputs onto excitatory neurons. In line with this, activation of interneuron- specific cells enhances animal performance across a variety of behavioral tasks that involve learning, memory formation, and sensory discrimination, and may represent a key target for therapeutic interventions under different pathological conditions. As such, interneuron-specific cells across different cortical structures are an essential network component for information processing and normal brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Guet-McCreight
- Krembil Brain Institute - Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Frances K Skinner
- Krembil Brain Institute - Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lisa Topolnik
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Bio-informatics, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada.,Neuroscience Axis, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL), Québec, QC, Canada
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12
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Regulation of Recurrent Inhibition by Asynchronous Glutamate Release in Neocortex. Neuron 2020; 105:522-533.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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13
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Gompf HS, Anaclet C. The neuroanatomy and neurochemistry of sleep-wake control. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 15:143-151. [PMID: 32647777 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2019.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Sleep-wake control is dependent upon multiple brain areas widely distributed throughout the neural axis. Historically, the monoaminergic and cholinergic neurons of the ascending arousal system were the first to be discovered, and it was only relatively recently that GABAergic and glutamatergic wake- and sleep-promoting populations have been identified. Contemporary advances in molecular-genetic tools have revealed both the complexity and heterogeneity of GABAergic NREM sleep-promoting neurons as well as REM sleep-regulating populations in the brainstem such as glutamatergic neurons in the sublaterodorsal nucleus. The sleep-wake cycle progresses from periods of wakefulness to non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and subsequently rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Each vigilance stage is controlled by multiple neuronal populations, via a complex regulation that is still incompletely understood. In recent years the field has seen a proliferation in the identification and characterization of new neuronal populations involved in sleep-wake control thanks to newer, more powerful molecular genetic tools that are able to reveal neurophysiological functions via selective activation, inhibition and lesion of neuroanatomically defined sub-types of neurons that are widespread in the brain, such as GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons.1,2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich S Gompf
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Christelle Anaclet
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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14
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Goodwill HL, Manzano-Nieves G, LaChance P, Teramoto S, Lin S, Lopez C, Stevenson RJ, Theyel BB, Moore CI, Connors BW, Bath KG. Early Life Stress Drives Sex-Selective Impairment in Reversal Learning by Affecting Parvalbumin Interneurons in Orbitofrontal Cortex of Mice. Cell Rep 2019; 25:2299-2307.e4. [PMID: 30485800 PMCID: PMC6310486 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Poverty, displacement, and parental stress represent potent sources of early life stress (ELS). Stress disproportionately affects females, who are at increased risk for stress-related pathologies associated with cognitive impairment. Mechanisms underlying stress-associated cognitive impairment and enhanced risk of females remain unknown. Here, ELS is associated with impaired rule-reversal (RR) learning in females, but not males. Impaired performance was associated with decreased expression and density of interneurons expressing parvalbumin (PV+) in orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), but not other inter-neuron subtypes. Optogenetic silencing of PV+ inter-neuron activity in OFC of control mice phenocopied RR learning deficits observed in ELS females. Localization of reversal learning deficits to PV+ interneurons in OFC was confirmed by optogenetic studies in which neurons in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) were silenced and associated with select deficits in rule-shift learning. Sex-, cell-, and region-specific effects show altered PV+ interneuron development can be a driver of sex differences in cognitive dysfunction. Goodwill et al. investigate the effect of early life stress (ELS) on cognitive development in a mouse model. Using a combination of genetic, histological, optogenetic, and behavioral techniques, they find that ELS leads to female-selective impairments in the ability to engage in rule reversal, but not other forms of attentional learning. Impairments are associated with diminished parvalbumin (PV) expression and a decreased density of PV+ interneurons in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley L Goodwill
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | | | - Patrick LaChance
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Sana Teramoto
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Shirley Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Chelsea Lopez
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Rachel J Stevenson
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Brian B Theyel
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | | | - Barry W Connors
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Kevin G Bath
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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15
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Qiu F, Mao X, Liu P, Wu J, Zhang Y, Sun D, Zhu Y, Gong L, Shao M, Fan K, Chen J, Lu J, Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Curia G, Li A, He M. microRNA Deficiency in VIP+ Interneurons Leads to Cortical Circuit Dysfunction. Cereb Cortex 2019; 30:2229-2249. [PMID: 33676371 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically distinct GABAergic interneuron subtypes play diverse roles in cortical circuits. Previous studies revealed that microRNAs (miRNAs) are differentially expressed in cortical interneuron subtypes, and are essential for the normal migration, maturation, and survival of medial ganglionic eminence-derived interneuron subtypes. How miRNAs function in vasoactive intestinal peptide expressing (VIP+) interneurons derived from the caudal ganglionic eminence remains elusive. Here, we conditionally removed Dicer in postmitotic VIP+ interneurons to block miRNA biogenesis. We found that the intrinsic and synaptic properties of VIP+ interneurons and pyramidal neurons were concordantly affected prior to a progressive loss of VIP+ interneurons. In vivo recording further revealed elevated cortical local field potential power. Mutant mice had a shorter life span but exhibited better spatial working memory and motor coordination. Our results demonstrate that miRNAs are indispensable for the function and survival of VIP+ interneurons, and highlight a key role of VIP+ interneurons in cortical circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Qiu
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xingfeng Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Penglai Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Jinyun Wu
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Daijing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yueyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ling Gong
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mengmeng Shao
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Keyang Fan
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiangteng Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yubin Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Giulia Curia
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena 41121, Italy.,Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena 41121, Italy
| | - Anan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Miao He
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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16
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Adamantidis AR, Gutierrez Herrera C, Gent TC. Oscillating circuitries in the sleeping brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 20:746-762. [DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0223-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Mäki-Marttunen T, Devor A, Phillips WA, Dale AM, Andreassen OA, Einevoll GT. Computational Modeling of Genetic Contributions to Excitability and Neural Coding in Layer V Pyramidal Cells: Applications to Schizophrenia Pathology. Front Comput Neurosci 2019; 13:66. [PMID: 31616272 PMCID: PMC6775251 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2019.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyramidal cells in layer V of the neocortex are one of the most widely studied neuron types in the mammalian brain. Due to their role as integrators of feedforward and cortical feedback inputs, they are well-positioned to contribute to the symptoms and pathology in mental disorders-such as schizophrenia-that are characterized by a mismatch between the internal perception and external inputs. In this modeling study, we analyze the input/output properties of layer V pyramidal cells and their sensitivity to modeled genetic variants in schizophrenia-associated genes. We show that the excitability of layer V pyramidal cells and the way they integrate inputs in space and time are altered by many types of variants in ion-channel and Ca2+ transporter-encoding genes that have been identified as risk genes by recent genome-wide association studies. We also show that the variability in the output patterns of spiking and Ca2+ transients in layer V pyramidal cells is altered by these model variants. Importantly, we show that many of the predicted effects are robust to noise and qualitatively similar across different computational models of layer V pyramidal cells. Our modeling framework reveals several aspects of single-neuron excitability that can be linked to known schizophrenia-related phenotypes and existing hypotheses on disease mechanisms. In particular, our models predict that single-cell steady-state firing rate is positively correlated with the coding capacity of the neuron and negatively correlated with the amplitude of a prepulse-mediated adaptation and sensitivity to coincidence of stimuli in the apical dendrite and the perisomatic region of a layer V pyramidal cell. These results help to uncover the voltage-gated ion-channel and Ca2+ transporter-associated genetic underpinnings of schizophrenia phenotypes and biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Devor
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - William A Phillips
- Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Anders M Dale
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gaute T Einevoll
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.,Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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18
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Krause BM, Murphy CA, Uhlrich DJ, Banks MI. PV+ Cells Enhance Temporal Population Codes but not Stimulus-Related Timing in Auditory Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2019; 29:627-647. [PMID: 29300837 PMCID: PMC6319178 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatio-temporal cortical activity patterns relative to both peripheral input and local network activity carry information about stimulus identity and context. GABAergic interneurons are reported to regulate spiking at millisecond precision in response to sensory stimulation and during gamma oscillations; their role in regulating spike timing during induced network bursts is unclear. We investigated this issue in murine auditory thalamo-cortical (TC) brain slices, in which TC afferents induced network bursts similar to previous reports in vivo. Spike timing relative to TC afferent stimulation during bursts was poor in pyramidal cells and SOM+ interneurons. It was more precise in PV+ interneurons, consistent with their reported contribution to spiking precision in pyramidal cells. Optogenetic suppression of PV+ cells unexpectedly improved afferent-locked spike timing in pyramidal cells. In contrast, our evidence suggests that PV+ cells do regulate the spatio-temporal spike pattern of pyramidal cells during network bursts, whose organization is suited to ensemble coding of stimulus information. Simulations showed that suppressing PV+ cells reduces the capacity of pyramidal cell networks to produce discriminable spike patterns. By dissociating temporal precision with respect to a stimulus versus internal cortical activity, we identified a novel role for GABAergic cells in regulating information processing in cortical networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan M Krause
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Caitlin A Murphy
- Physiology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Daniel J Uhlrich
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Matthew I Banks
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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19
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DiNuzzo M, Walls AB, Öz G, Seaquist ER, Waagepetersen HS, Bak LK, Nedergaard M, Schousboe A. State-Dependent Changes in Brain Glycogen Metabolism. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 23:269-309. [PMID: 31667812 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-27480-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental understanding of glycogen structure, concentration, polydispersity and turnover is critical to qualify the role of glycogen in the brain. These molecular and metabolic features are under the control of neuronal activity through the interdependent action of neuromodulatory tone, ionic homeostasis and availability of metabolic substrates, all variables that concur to define the state of the system. In this chapter, we briefly describe how glycogen responds to selected behavioral, nutritional, environmental, hormonal, developmental and pathological conditions. We argue that interpreting glycogen metabolism through the lens of brain state is an effective approach to establish the relevance of energetics in connecting molecular and cellular neurophysiology to behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro DiNuzzo
- Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anne B Walls
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gülin Öz
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Helle S Waagepetersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lasse K Bak
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical School, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Arne Schousboe
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Cortical circuit activity underlying sleep slow oscillations and spindles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E9220-E9229. [PMID: 30209214 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1805517115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Slow oscillations and sleep spindles are hallmarks of the EEG during slow-wave sleep (SWS). Both oscillatory events, especially when co-occurring in the constellation of spindles nesting in the slow oscillation upstate, are considered to support memory formation and underlying synaptic plasticity. The regulatory mechanisms of this function at the circuit level are poorly understood. Here, using two-photon imaging in mice, we relate EEG-recorded slow oscillations and spindles to calcium signals recorded from the soma of cortical putative pyramidal-like (Pyr) cells and neighboring parvalbumin-positive interneurons (PV-Ins) or somatostatin-positive interneurons (SOM-Ins). Pyr calcium activity was increased more than threefold when spindles co-occurred with slow oscillation upstates compared with slow oscillations or spindles occurring in isolation. Independent of whether or not a spindle was nested in the slow oscillation upstate, the slow oscillation downstate was preceded by enhanced calcium signal in SOM-Ins that vanished during the upstate, whereas spindles were associated with strongly increased PV-In calcium activity. Additional wide-field calcium imaging of Pyr cells confirmed the enhanced calcium activity and its widespread topography associated with spindles nested in slow oscillation upstates. In conclusion, when spindles are nested in slow oscillation upstates, maximum Pyr activity appears to concur with strong perisomatic inhibition of Pyr cells via PV-Ins and low dendritic inhibition via SOM-Ins (i.e., conditions that might optimize synaptic plasticity within local cortical circuits).
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21
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Zbukvic IC, Hyun Kim J. Divergent prefrontal dopaminergic mechanisms mediate drug- and fear-associated cue extinction during adolescence versus adulthood. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 28:1-12. [PMID: 29174948 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cue-associated learning is vital to guiding behaviour for survival. Adolescence represents a key developmental stage for perturbations in cue-related learning, including a characteristic deficit in cue extinction learning. The present review summarizes evidence from animal and human literature that cue extinction is critically mediated by prefrontal dopamine, a system that undergoes dramatic reorganization during adolescence. We propose that extinction learning and memory is governed by a developmentally dynamic balance of dopamine receptors in the prefrontal cortex, which changes across adolescence into adulthood. This is contrary to the previous idea that extinction deficits during adolescence reflect inefficiency in the same neural circuitry as adults. This leads to proposal of the novel theory that cue extinction involves divergent prefrontal dopaminergic mechanisms depending on the age of extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel C Zbukvic
- Black Dog Institute, Randwick 2031, NSW, Australia; Behavioral Neuroscience Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health, Parkville 3051, VIC, Australia.
| | - Jee Hyun Kim
- Behavioral Neuroscience Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health, Parkville 3051, VIC, Australia; The Florey Department of Neuroscience & Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
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22
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Fee C, Banasr M, Sibille E. Somatostatin-Positive Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Interneuron Deficits in Depression: Cortical Microcircuit and Therapeutic Perspectives. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 82:549-559. [PMID: 28697889 PMCID: PMC5610074 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The functional integration of external and internal signals forms the basis of information processing and is essential for higher cognitive functions. This occurs in finely tuned cortical microcircuits whose functions are balanced at the cellular level by excitatory glutamatergic pyramidal neurons and inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) interneurons. The balance of excitation and inhibition, from cellular processes to neural network activity, is characteristically disrupted in multiple neuropsychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, and schizophrenia. Specifically, nearly 3 decades of research demonstrate a role for reduced inhibitory GABA level and function across disorders. In MDD, recent evidence from human postmortem and animal studies suggests a selective vulnerability of GABAergic interneurons that coexpress the neuropeptide somatostatin (SST). Advances in cell type-specific molecular genetics have now helped to elucidate several important roles for SST interneurons in cortical processing (regulation of pyramidal cell excitatory input) and behavioral control (mood and cognition). Here, we review evidence for altered inhibitory function arising from GABAergic deficits across disorders and specifically in MDD. We then focus on properties of the cortical microcircuit, where SST-positive GABAergic interneuron deficits may disrupt functioning in several ways. Finally, we discuss the putative origins of SST cell deficits, as informed by recent research, and implications for therapeutic approaches. We conclude that deficits in SST interneurons represent a contributing cellular pathology and therefore a promising target for normalizing altered inhibitory function in MDD and other disorders with reduced SST cell and GABA functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Fee
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mounira Banasr
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Etienne Sibille
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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23
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Zucca S, D'Urso G, Pasquale V, Vecchia D, Pica G, Bovetti S, Moretti C, Varani S, Molano-Mazón M, Chiappalone M, Panzeri S, Fellin T. An inhibitory gate for state transition in cortex. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28509666 PMCID: PMC5444901 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Large scale transitions between active (up) and silent (down) states during quiet wakefulness or NREM sleep regulate fundamental cortical functions and are known to involve both excitatory and inhibitory cells. However, if and how inhibition regulates these activity transitions is unclear. Using fluorescence-targeted electrophysiological recording and cell-specific optogenetic manipulation in both anesthetized and non-anesthetized mice, we found that two major classes of interneurons, the parvalbumin and the somatostatin positive cells, tightly control both up-to-down and down-to-up state transitions. Inhibitory regulation of state transition was observed under both natural and optogenetically-evoked conditions. Moreover, perturbative optogenetic experiments revealed that the inhibitory control of state transition was interneuron-type specific. Finally, local manipulation of small ensembles of interneurons affected cortical populations millimetres away from the modulated region. Together, these results demonstrate that inhibition potently gates transitions between cortical activity states, and reveal the cellular mechanisms by which local inhibitory microcircuits regulate state transitions at the mesoscale. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.26177.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Zucca
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,Neural Coding Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova and Rovereto, Italy
| | - Giulia D'Urso
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,Neural Coding Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova and Rovereto, Italy
| | - Valentina Pasquale
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Dania Vecchia
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,Neural Coding Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova and Rovereto, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pica
- Neural Coding Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova and Rovereto, Italy.,Neural Computation Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Serena Bovetti
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,Neural Coding Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova and Rovereto, Italy
| | - Claudio Moretti
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,Neural Coding Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova and Rovereto, Italy
| | - Stefano Varani
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,Neural Coding Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova and Rovereto, Italy
| | - Manuel Molano-Mazón
- Neural Coding Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova and Rovereto, Italy.,Neural Computation Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Michela Chiappalone
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Stefano Panzeri
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,Neural Coding Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova and Rovereto, Italy.,Neural Computation Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Tommaso Fellin
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,Neural Coding Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova and Rovereto, Italy
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Butt SJ, Stacey JA, Teramoto Y, Vagnoni C. A role for GABAergic interneuron diversity in circuit development and plasticity of the neonatal cerebral cortex. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 43:149-155. [PMID: 28399421 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
GABAergic interneurons are a highly heterogeneous group of cells that are critical for the mature function and development of the neocortex. In terms of the latter, much attention has focused on the well-established role of parvalbumin (PV+)-expressing, fast spiking, basket cells in determining the critical period plasticity. However recent endeavours have started to shed the light on the contribution of other interneuron subtypes to early circuit formation and plasticity. Data suggests that there are significant interactions between PV+ cells and other interneuron subtypes that regulate circuit development in rodents in the first postnatal week. Moreover, a number of these early interactions are transient which points to an important, distinct role for interneuron diversity in setting up emergent neocortical processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Jb Butt
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK.
| | - Jacqueline A Stacey
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Yayoi Teramoto
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Cristiana Vagnoni
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
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