1
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Shahsavar P, Ghazvineh S, Raoufy MR. From nasal respiration to brain dynamic. Rev Neurosci 2024; 35:639-650. [PMID: 38579456 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
While breathing is a vital, involuntary physiological function, the mode of respiration, particularly nasal breathing, exerts a profound influence on brain activity and cognitive processes. This review synthesizes existing research on the interactions between nasal respiration and the entrainment of oscillations across brain regions involved in cognition. The rhythmic activation of olfactory sensory neurons during nasal respiration is linked to oscillations in widespread brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and parietal cortex, as well as the piriform cortex. The phase-locking of neural oscillations to the respiratory cycle, through nasal breathing, enhances brain inter-regional communication and is associated with cognitive abilities like memory. Understanding the nasal breathing impact on brain networks offers opportunities to explore novel methods for targeting the olfactory pathway as a means to enhance emotional and cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Shahsavar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, 41616 Tarbiat Modares University , Jalal AleAhmad, Nasr, P.O. Box: 14115-111, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Ghazvineh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, 41616 Tarbiat Modares University , Jalal AleAhmad, Nasr, P.O. Box: 14115-111, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Raoufy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, 41616 Tarbiat Modares University , Jalal AleAhmad, Nasr, P.O. Box: 14115-111, Tehran, Iran
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, 41616 Institute for Brain Sciences and Cognition, Tarbiat Modares University , Jalal AleAhmad, Nasr, P.O. Box: 14115-111, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Hyde J, Feenaughty L, van Mersbergen M. Does Vocalization Increase the Positive Valence of Emotion? J Voice 2024:S0892-1997(24)00233-9. [PMID: 39107212 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2024.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to determine if the act of voicing can have an effect on mood. DESIGN A within-participant reversal paradigm, where each participant served as their own control. METHODS Following a baseline condition, 40 participants (8 male, 32 female, none disclosed as other) underwent three experimental conditions: breathing, articulating, and voicing. After each condition, participants underwent a picture-viewing emotion-induction paradigm using the International Affective Picture System followed by rating their current mood and arousal. RESULTS Immediately following the articulating condition, aversive pictures were rated as less unpleasant compared with the other conditions. Additionally, arousal levels were rated lower immediately following the articulating and voicing conditions in response to the positive pictures. CONCLUSIONS The findings showed that the act of making speech sounds, not simply voicing by itself, may influence the way we process emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Hyde
- School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee; Voice Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ochsner Health, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Lynda Feenaughty
- School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Miriam van Mersbergen
- School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee.
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3
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Negrón-Oyarzo I, Dib T, Chacana-Véliz L, López-Quilodrán N, Urrutia-Piñones J. Large-scale coupling of prefrontal activity patterns as a mechanism for cognitive control in health and disease: evidence from rodent models. Front Neural Circuits 2024; 18:1286111. [PMID: 38638163 PMCID: PMC11024307 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2024.1286111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cognitive control of behavior is crucial for well-being, as allows subject to adapt to changing environments in a goal-directed way. Changes in cognitive control of behavior is observed during cognitive decline in elderly and in pathological mental conditions. Therefore, the recovery of cognitive control may provide a reliable preventive and therapeutic strategy. However, its neural basis is not completely understood. Cognitive control is supported by the prefrontal cortex, structure that integrates relevant information for the appropriate organization of behavior. At neurophysiological level, it is suggested that cognitive control is supported by local and large-scale synchronization of oscillatory activity patterns and neural spiking activity between the prefrontal cortex and distributed neural networks. In this review, we focus mainly on rodent models approaching the neuronal origin of these prefrontal patterns, and the cognitive and behavioral relevance of its coordination with distributed brain systems. We also examine the relationship between cognitive control and neural activity patterns in the prefrontal cortex, and its role in normal cognitive decline and pathological mental conditions. Finally, based on these body of evidence, we propose a common mechanism that may underlie the impaired cognitive control of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Negrón-Oyarzo
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Tatiana Dib
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Lorena Chacana-Véliz
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Mención en Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Nélida López-Quilodrán
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Mención en Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Jocelyn Urrutia-Piñones
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Mención en Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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4
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Liu H, Wiedman CM, Lovelace-Chandler V, Gong S, Salem Y. Deep Diaphragmatic Breathing-Anatomical and Biomechanical Consideration. J Holist Nurs 2024; 42:90-103. [PMID: 36734111 DOI: 10.1177/08980101221149866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background: Deep diaphragmatic breathing (DDB) involves slow and fully contraction of the diaphragm with expansion of the belly during inhalation, and slow and fully contraction of the abdominal muscles with reduction of the belly during exhalation. It is the key component of the holistic mind-body exercises commonly used for patients with multimorbidity. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to re-visit and address the fundamental anatomical and biomechanical consideration of the DDB with the relevant literature. Method: Peer-reviewed publications from last the 15 years were retrieved, reviewed, and analyzed. Findings: In this article, we described the updated morphological and anatomical characteristics of the diaphragm. Then, we elucidated in a biomechanical approach how and why the DDB can work on the gastrointestinal, cardiopulmonary, and nervous systems as well as on regulating the intra-abdominopelvic pressure and mind-body interaction to coordinate the diaphragm-pelvic floor-abdominal complex for a variety of physical and physiological activities. Conclusion: Understanding of this updated DDB knowledge may help holistic healthcare professionals including holistic nurses provide better patient education and care management during the DDB or DDB-based mind-body intervention time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howe Liu
- Physical Therapy Program, Allen College, Waterloo, IA, USA
| | | | | | - Suzhen Gong
- Office of Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yasser Salem
- Physical Therapy Program, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA
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5
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Dias AL, Alves Belo JA, Drieskens DC. Respiratory Coupled Oscillations as a Mechanism of Attention to the Olfactory Environment. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1866232024. [PMID: 38383486 PMCID: PMC10883658 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1866-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luiza Dias
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte 59078-97022, Brazil
| | - Joseph Andrews Alves Belo
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte 59078-97022, Brazil
| | - Davi Carvalho Drieskens
- Psychology Department, Program of Cognitive Neuroscience and Behavior, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba 58051-900, Brazil
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6
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Grossman P. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), vagal tone and biobehavioral integration: Beyond parasympathetic function. Biol Psychol 2024; 186:108739. [PMID: 38151156 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Linchpin to the entire area of psychophysiological research and discussion of the vagus is the respiratory and cardiovascular phenomenon known as respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA; often synonymous with high-frequency heart-rate variability when it is specifically linked to respiratory frequency), i.e. rhythmic fluctuations in heart rate synchronized to inspiration and expiration. This article aims 1) to clarify concepts, terms and measures commonly employed during the last half century in the scientific literature, which relate vagal function to psychological processes and general aspects of health; and 2) to expand upon an earlier theoretical model, emphasizing the importance of RSA well beyond the current focus upon parasympathetic mechanisms. A close examination of RSA and its relations to the vagus may 1) dispel certain commonly held beliefs about associations between psychological functioning, RSA and the parasympathetic nervous system (for which the vagus nerve plays a major role), and 2) offer fresh perspectives about the likely functions and adaptive significance of RSA, as well as RSA's relationship to vagal control. RSA is neither an invariably reliable index of cardiac vagal tone nor of central vagal outflow to the heart. The model here presented posits that RSA represents an evolutionarily entrenched, cardiovascular and respiratory phenomenon that significantly contributes to meeting continuously changing metabolic, energy and behavioral demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Grossman
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.
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7
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Wilson DA, Sullivan RM. Neuroscience: Building better cognition through smell. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R1049-R1051. [PMID: 37875078 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Developmental neural activity organizes sensory system development. New evidence in mice suggests postnatal olfactory bulb activity also modulates development of the structure and function of hippocampal-cortical circuits. Reducing cell-specific olfactory bulb output during an infant sensitive period impairs later-life cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald A Wilson
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Regina M Sullivan
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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8
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Totty MS, Tuna T, Ramanathan KR, Jin J, Peters SE, Maren S. Thalamic nucleus reuniens coordinates prefrontal-hippocampal synchrony to suppress extinguished fear. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6565. [PMID: 37848425 PMCID: PMC10582091 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42315-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic events result in vivid and enduring fear memories. Suppressing the retrieval of these memories is central to behavioral therapies for pathological fear. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampus (HPC) have been implicated in retrieval suppression, but how mPFC-HPC activity is coordinated during extinction retrieval is unclear. Here we show that after extinction training, coherent theta oscillations (6-9 Hz) in the HPC and mPFC are correlated with the suppression of conditioned freezing in male and female rats. Inactivation of the nucleus reuniens (RE), a thalamic hub interconnecting the mPFC and HPC, reduces extinction-related Fos expression in both the mPFC and HPC, dampens mPFC-HPC theta coherence, and impairs extinction retrieval. Conversely, theta-paced optogenetic stimulation of RE augments fear suppression and reduces relapse of extinguished fear. Collectively, these results demonstrate a role for RE in coordinating mPFC-HPC interactions to suppress fear memories after extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Totty
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Tuğçe Tuna
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Karthik R Ramanathan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jingji Jin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Shaun E Peters
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Stephen Maren
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
- Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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9
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Chauvin SR, Otoo-Appiah J, Zheng A, Ibrahim CH, Ma JE, Rozenberg D, Reid WD. Dyspnea induced by inspiratory loading limits dual-tasking in healthy young adults. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286265. [PMID: 37228125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dyspnea is a common and multidimensional experience of healthy adults and those with respiratory disorders. Due to its neural processing, it may limit or interfere with cognition, which may be examined with a dual-task paradigm. The aim of this study was to compare single-task performance of Stroop Colour and Word Test (SCWT) or inspiratory threshold loading (ITL) to their combined dual-task performance. Secondly, whether mood was related to dyspnea or cognitive performance was also evaluated. MATERIALS & METHODS A virtual pre-post design examined single (SCWT and ITL) and dual-task (SCWT+ITL) performance. For ITL, a Threshold Trainer™ was used to elicit a "somewhat severe" rating of dyspnea. The SCWT required participants to indicate whether a colour-word was congruent or incongruent with its semantic meaning. The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) was completed to assess mood. Breathing frequency, Borg dyspnea rating, and breathing endurance time were ascertained. RESULTS Thirty young healthy adults (15F, 15M; median age = 24, IQR [23-26] years) completed the study. SCWT+ITL had lower SCWT accuracy compared to SCWT alone (98.6%, [97.1-100.0] vs 99.5%, [98.6-100.0]; p = 0.009). Endurance time was not different between ITL and SCWT+ITL (14.5 minutes, [6.9-15.0]) vs 13.7 minutes, [6.1-15.0]; p = 0.59). DASS-21 scores positively correlated with dyspnea scores during ITL (rho = 0.583, p<0.001) and SCWT+ITL (rho = 0.592, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS ITL significantly reduced dual-task performance in healthy young adults. Lower mood was associated with greater perceived dyspnea during single and dual-task ITL. Considering the prevalence of dyspnea in respiratory disorders, the findings of this dual task paradigm warrant further exploration to inform dyspnea management during daily activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Zheng
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chris H Ibrahim
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James E Ma
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dmitry Rozenberg
- Respirology, Ajmera Transplant Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - W Darlene Reid
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- KITE-Toronto-Rehab-University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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10
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Urrutia Desmaison JD, Sala RW, Ayyaz A, Nondhalee P, Popa D, Léna C. Cerebellar control of fear learning via the cerebellar nuclei-Multiple pathways, multiple mechanisms? Front Syst Neurosci 2023; 17:1176668. [PMID: 37229350 PMCID: PMC10203220 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2023.1176668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fear learning is mediated by a large network of brain structures and the understanding of their roles and interactions is constantly progressing. There is a multitude of anatomical and behavioral evidence on the interconnection of the cerebellar nuclei to other structures in the fear network. Regarding the cerebellar nuclei, we focus on the coupling of the cerebellar fastigial nucleus to the fear network and the relation of the cerebellar dentate nucleus to the ventral tegmental area. Many of the fear network structures that receive direct projections from the cerebellar nuclei are playing a role in fear expression or in fear learning and fear extinction learning. We propose that the cerebellum, via its projections to the limbic system, acts as a modulator of fear learning and extinction learning, using prediction-error signaling and regulation of fear related thalamo-cortical oscillations.
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11
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Jung F, Yanovsky Y, Brankačk J, Tort ABL, Draguhn A. Respiratory entrainment of units in the mouse parietal cortex depends on vigilance state. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:65-76. [PMID: 35982341 PMCID: PMC9816213 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02727-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Synchronous oscillations are essential for coordinated activity in neuronal networks and, hence, for behavior and cognition. While most network oscillations are generated within the central nervous system, recent evidence shows that rhythmic body processes strongly influence activity patterns throughout the brain. A major factor is respiration (Resp), which entrains multiple brain regions at the mesoscopic (local field potential) and single-cell levels. However, it is largely unknown how such Resp-driven rhythms interact or compete with internal brain oscillations, especially those with similar frequency domains. In mice, Resp and theta (θ) oscillations have overlapping frequencies and co-occur in various brain regions. Here, we investigated the effects of Resp and θ on neuronal discharges in the mouse parietal cortex during four behavioral states which either show prominent θ (REM sleep and active waking (AW)) or lack significant θ (NREM sleep and waking immobility (WI)). We report a pronounced state-dependence of spike modulation by both rhythms. During REM sleep, θ effects on unit discharges dominate, while during AW, Resp has a larger influence, despite the concomitant presence of θ oscillations. In most states, unit modulation by θ or Resp increases with mean firing rate. The preferred timing of Resp-entrained discharges (inspiration versus expiration) varies between states, indicating state-specific and different underlying mechanisms. Our findings show that neurons in an associative cortex area are differentially and state-dependently modulated by two fundamentally different processes: brain-endogenous θ oscillations and rhythmic somatic feedback signals from Resp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Jung
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yevgenij Yanovsky
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jurij Brankačk
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adriano B L Tort
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-900, Brazil
| | - Andreas Draguhn
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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12
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Respiratory influence on brain dynamics: the preponderant role of the nasal pathway and deep slow regime. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:23-35. [PMID: 35768698 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02722-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
As a possible body signal influencing brain dynamics, respiration is fundamental for perception, cognition, and emotion. The olfactory system has recently acquired its credentials by proving to be crucial in the transmission of respiratory influence on the brain via the sensitivity to nasal airflow of its receptor cells. Here, we present recent findings evidencing respiration-related activities in the brain. Then, we review the data explaining the fact that breathing is (i) nasal and (ii) being slow and deep is crucial in its ability to stimulate the olfactory system and consequently influence the brain. In conclusion, we propose a possible scenario explaining how this optimal respiratory regime can promote changes in brain dynamics of an olfacto-limbic-respiratory circuit, providing a possibility to induce calm and relaxation by coordinating breathing regime and brain state.
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13
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Candia-Rivera D, Sappia MS, Horschig JM, Colier WNJM, Valenza G. Confounding effects of heart rate, breathing rate, and frontal fNIRS on interoception. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20701. [PMID: 36450811 PMCID: PMC9712694 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25119-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have established that cardiac and respiratory phases can modulate perception and related neural dynamics. While heart rate and respiratory sinus arrhythmia possibly affect interoception biomarkers, such as heartbeat-evoked potentials, the relative changes in heart rate and cardiorespiratory dynamics in interoceptive processes have not yet been investigated. In this study, we investigated the variation in heart and breathing rates, as well as higher functional dynamics including cardiorespiratory correlation and frontal hemodynamics measured with fNIRS, during a heartbeat counting task. To further investigate the functional physiology linked to changes in vagal activity caused by specific breathing rates, we performed the heartbeat counting task together with a controlled breathing rate task. The results demonstrate that focusing on heartbeats decreases breathing and heart rates in comparison, which may be part of the physiological mechanisms related to "listening" to the heart, the focus of attention, and self-awareness. Focusing on heartbeats was also observed to increase frontal connectivity, supporting the role of frontal structures in the neural monitoring of visceral inputs. However, cardiorespiratory correlation is affected by both heartbeats counting and controlled breathing tasks. Based on these results, we concluded that variations in heart and breathing rates are confounding factors in the assessment of interoceptive abilities and relative fluctuations in breathing and heart rates should be considered to be a mode of covariate measurement of interoceptive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Candia-Rivera
- Bioengineering and Robotics Research Center E. Piaggio & Department of Information Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122, Pisa, Italy.
| | - M Sofía Sappia
- Artinis Medical Systems, B.V., Einsteinweg 17, 6662 PW, Elst, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Cognition, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jörn M Horschig
- Artinis Medical Systems, B.V., Einsteinweg 17, 6662 PW, Elst, The Netherlands
| | - Willy N J M Colier
- Artinis Medical Systems, B.V., Einsteinweg 17, 6662 PW, Elst, The Netherlands
| | - Gaetano Valenza
- Bioengineering and Robotics Research Center E. Piaggio & Department of Information Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122, Pisa, Italy
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14
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Yan H, Yang X, Liu Y, He W, Liao Y, Yang J, Gao Y. Feasibility Analysis and Implementation of Head-Mounted Electrical Impedance Respiratory Monitoring. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:934. [PMID: 36354443 PMCID: PMC9687582 DOI: 10.3390/bios12110934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The respiratory rate is one of the crucial indicators for monitoring human physiological health. The purpose of this paper was to introduce a head-mounted respiratory monitoring solution based on electrical impedance sensing. Firstly, we constructed a finite element model to analyze the feasibility of using head impedance for respiratory sensing based on the physiological changes in the pharynx. After that, we developed a circuit module that could be integrated into a head-mounted respiratory monitoring device using a bioelectrical impedance sensor. Furthermore, we combined adaptive filtering and respiratory tracking algorithms to develop an app for a mobile phone. Finally, we conducted controlled experiments to verify the effectiveness of this electrical impedance sensing system for extracting respiratory rate. We found that the respiration rates measured by the head-mounted electrical impedance respiratory monitoring system were not significantly different from those of commercial respiratory monitoring devices by a paired t-test (p > 0.05). The results showed that the respiratory rates of all subjects were within the 95% confidence interval. Therefore, the head-mounted respiratory monitoring scheme proposed in this paper was able to accurately measure respiratory rate, indicating the feasibility of this solution. In addition, this respiratory monitoring scheme helps to achieve real-time continuous respiratory monitoring, which can provide new insights for personalized health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Yan
- College of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- The International Joint Laboratory on Intelligent Health Monitoring Systems, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Key Lab of Medical Instrumentation & Pharmaceutical Technology of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xudong Yang
- The International Joint Laboratory on Intelligent Health Monitoring Systems, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Key Lab of Medical Instrumentation & Pharmaceutical Technology of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350108, China
- The School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Quanzhou 362251, China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- The International Joint Laboratory on Intelligent Health Monitoring Systems, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Key Lab of Medical Instrumentation & Pharmaceutical Technology of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350108, China
- The School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Quanzhou 362251, China
| | - Wanting He
- The International Joint Laboratory on Intelligent Health Monitoring Systems, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Key Lab of Medical Instrumentation & Pharmaceutical Technology of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350108, China
- The School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Quanzhou 362251, China
| | - Yipeng Liao
- College of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- The International Joint Laboratory on Intelligent Health Monitoring Systems, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jiejie Yang
- College of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- The International Joint Laboratory on Intelligent Health Monitoring Systems, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yueming Gao
- College of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- The International Joint Laboratory on Intelligent Health Monitoring Systems, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Key Lab of Medical Instrumentation & Pharmaceutical Technology of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350108, China
- The School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Quanzhou 362251, China
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15
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Tu W, Zhang N. Neural underpinning of a respiration-associated resting-state fMRI network. eLife 2022; 11:e81555. [PMID: 36263940 PMCID: PMC9645809 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiration can induce motion and CO2 fluctuation during resting-state fMRI (rsfMRI) scans, which will lead to non-neural artifacts in the rsfMRI signal. In the meantime, as a crucial physiologic process, respiration can directly drive neural activity change in the brain, and may thereby modulate the rsfMRI signal. Nonetheless, this potential neural component in the respiration-fMRI relationship is largely unexplored. To elucidate this issue, here we simultaneously recorded the electrophysiology, rsfMRI, and respiration signals in rats. Our data show that respiration is indeed associated with neural activity changes, evidenced by a phase-locking relationship between slow respiration variations and the gamma-band power of the electrophysiological signal recorded in the anterior cingulate cortex. Intriguingly, slow respiration variations are also linked to a characteristic rsfMRI network, which is mediated by gamma-band neural activity. In addition, this respiration-related brain network disappears when brain-wide neural activity is silenced at an isoelectrical state, while the respiration is maintained, further confirming the necessary role of neural activity in this network. Taken together, this study identifies a respiration-related brain network underpinned by neural activity, which represents a novel component in the respiration-rsfMRI relationship that is distinct from respiration-related rsfMRI artifacts. It opens a new avenue for investigating the interactions between respiration, neural activity, and resting-state brain networks in both healthy and diseased conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Tu
- The Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
- Center for Neurotechnology in Mental Health Research, The Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
| | - Nanyin Zhang
- The Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
- Center for Neurotechnology in Mental Health Research, The Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
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16
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Zaccaro A, Perrucci MG, Parrotta E, Costantini M, Ferri F. Brain-heart interactions are modulated across the respiratory cycle via interoceptive attention. Neuroimage 2022; 262:119548. [PMID: 35964864 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiration and heartbeat continuously interact within the living organism at many different levels, representing two of the main oscillatory rhythms of the body and providing major sources of interoceptive information to the brain. Despite the modulatory effect of respiration on exteroception and cognition has been recently established in humans, its role in shaping interoceptive perception has been scarcely investigated so far. In two independent studies, we investigated the effect of spontaneous breathing on cardiac interoception by assessing the Heartbeat Evoked Potential (HEP) in healthy humans. In Study 1, we compared HEP activity for heartbeats occurred during inhalation and exhalation in 40 volunteers at rest. We found higher HEP amplitude during exhalation, compared to inhalation, over fronto-centro-parietal areas. This suggests increased brain-heart interactions and improved cortical processing of the heartbeats during exhalation. Further analyses revealed that this effect was moderated by heart rate changes. In Study 2, we tested the respiratory phase-dependent modulation of HEP activity in 20 volunteers during Exteroceptive and Interoceptive conditions of the Heartbeat Detection (HBD) task. In these conditions, participants were requested to tap at each heartbeat, either listened to or felt, respectively. Results showed higher HEP activity and higher detection accuracy at exhalation than inhalation in the Interoceptive condition only. Direct comparisons of Interoceptive and Exteroceptive conditions confirmed stronger respiratory phase-dependent modulation of HEP and accuracy when attention was directed towards the interoceptive stimuli. Moreover, HEP changes during the Interoceptive condition were independent of heart physiology, but were positively correlated with higher detection accuracy at exhalation than inhalation. This suggests a link between optimization of cortical processing of cardiac signals and detection of heartbeats across the respiratory cycle. Overall, we provide data showing that respiration shapes cardiac interoception at the neurophysiological and behavioural levels. Specifically, exhalation may allow attentional shift towards the internal bodily states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Zaccaro
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Mauro Gianni Perrucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies ‑ ITAB, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Eleonora Parrotta
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Marcello Costantini
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies ‑ ITAB, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesca Ferri
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies ‑ ITAB, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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17
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Totty MS, Maren S. Neural Oscillations in Aversively Motivated Behavior. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:936036. [PMID: 35846784 PMCID: PMC9284508 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.936036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fear and anxiety-based disorders are highly debilitating and among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders. These disorders are associated with abnormal network oscillations in the brain, yet a comprehensive understanding of the role of network oscillations in the regulation of aversively motivated behavior is lacking. In this review, we examine the oscillatory correlates of fear and anxiety with a particular focus on rhythms in the theta and gamma-range. First, we describe neural oscillations and their link to neural function by detailing the role of well-studied theta and gamma rhythms to spatial and memory functions of the hippocampus. We then describe how theta and gamma oscillations act to synchronize brain structures to guide adaptive fear and anxiety-like behavior. In short, that hippocampal network oscillations act to integrate spatial information with motivationally salient information from the amygdala during states of anxiety before routing this information via theta oscillations to appropriate target regions, such as the prefrontal cortex. Moreover, theta and gamma oscillations develop in the amygdala and neocortical areas during the encoding of fear memories, and interregional synchronization reflects the retrieval of both recent and remotely encoded fear memories. Finally, we argue that the thalamic nucleus reuniens represents a key node synchronizing prefrontal-hippocampal theta dynamics for the retrieval of episodic extinction memories in the hippocampus.
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18
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Malhotra V, Javed D, Wakode S, Bharshankar R, Soni N, Porter P. Study of immediate neurological and autonomic changes during kapalbhati pranayama in yoga practitioners. J Family Med Prim Care 2022; 11:720-727. [PMID: 35360798 PMCID: PMC8963645 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1662_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Kapalbhati is a fast pace respiratory exercise or pranayam, which is supposed to be practiced by yogis to clean their brain. Pranayamas are well known to improve heart rate variability (HRV) ultimately leading to better autonomic functions. Other studies have observed the immediate effect of kapalbhati on various neurological (brain and spine) and autonomic functions, but their results are varied and inconclusive. Objective: The aim of this study is to find out the changes in HRV and brain waves during and after practice of kapalbhati as compared with the baseline values of different parameters. Methods: Various parameters were measured at baseline, during and after kapalbhati pranayam with the help of Dinamika HRV-Advanced HRV Test System, Moscow, Russia. Statistical analysis was accomplished employing repeated measures analysis of variance with Bonferroni post-hoc analysis and Holm’s multiple comparisons using the Version 28.0.0.0 of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows (190) SPSS Inc., Chicago. Results: We found that during and after kapalbhati, changes in HRV were significant in time and frequency domain showing parasympathetic withdrawal and insignificant changes in brain waves as compared with reference point values. Conclusion: Kapalbhati is initially energizing, cleansing, and heating. There occurs parasympathetic withdrawal and sympathetic activation during pranayama. There is an increase gamma wave activation post pranayama showing control of the default mode network.
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