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Modeling Central Nervous System Injury In Vitro: Current Status and Promising Future Strategies. Biomedicines 2022; 11:biomedicines11010094. [PMID: 36672601 PMCID: PMC9855387 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) injury, which occurs because of mechanical trauma or ischemia/hypoxia, is one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity in the modern society. Until know, despite the fact that numerous preclinical and clinical studies have been undertaken, no significant neuroprotective strategies have been discovered that could be used in the brain trauma or ischemia treatment. Although there are many potential explanations for the failure of those studies, it is clear that there are questions regarding the use of experimental models, both in vivo and in vitro, when studying CNS injury and searching new therapeutics. Due to some ethical issues with the use of live animals in biomedical research, implementation of experimental strategies that prioritize the use of cells and tissues in the in vitro environment has been encouraged. In this review, we examined some of the most commonly used in vitro models and the most frequently utilized cellular platforms in the research of traumatic brain injury and cerebral ischemia. We also proposed some future strategies that could improve the usefulness of these studies for better bench-to-bedside translational outcomes.
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Marsh JL, Bentil SA. Cerebrospinal Fluid Cavitation as a Mechanism of Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review of Current Debates, Methods, and Findings. Front Neurol 2021; 12:626393. [PMID: 33776887 PMCID: PMC7994250 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.626393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cavitation has gained popularity in recent years as a potential mechanism of blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI). This review presents the most prominent debates on cavitation; how bubbles can form or exist within the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain vasculature, potential mechanisms of cellular, and tissue level damage following the collapse of bubbles in response to local pressure fluctuations, and a survey of experimental and computational models used to address cavitation research questions. Due to the broad and varied nature of cavitation research, this review attempts to provide a necessary synthesis of cavitation findings relevant to bTBI, and identifies key areas where additional work is required. Fundamental questions about the viability and likelihood of CSF cavitation during blast remain, despite a variety of research regarding potential injury pathways. Much of the existing literature on bTBI evaluates cavitation based off its prima facie plausibility, while more rigorous evaluation of its likelihood becomes increasingly necessary. This review assesses the validity of some of the common assumptions in cavitation research, as well as highlighting outstanding questions that are essential in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Marsh
- The Bentil Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Sarah A Bentil
- The Bentil Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Barney CW, Dougan CE, McLeod KR, Kazemi-Moridani A, Zheng Y, Ye Z, Tiwari S, Sacligil I, Riggleman RA, Cai S, Lee JH, Peyton SR, Tew GN, Crosby AJ. Cavitation in soft matter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:9157-9165. [PMID: 32291337 PMCID: PMC7196784 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920168117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cavitation is the sudden, unstable expansion of a void or bubble within a liquid or solid subjected to a negative hydrostatic stress. Cavitation rheology is a field emerging from the development of a suite of materials characterization, damage quantification, and therapeutic techniques that exploit the physical principles of cavitation. Cavitation rheology is inherently complex and broad in scope with wide-ranging applications in the biology, chemistry, materials, and mechanics communities. This perspective aims to drive collaboration among these communities and guide discussion by defining a common core of high-priority goals while highlighting emerging opportunities in the field of cavitation rheology. A brief overview of the mechanics and dynamics of cavitation in soft matter is presented. This overview is followed by a discussion of the overarching goals of cavitation rheology and an overview of common experimental techniques. The larger unmet needs and challenges of cavitation in soft matter are then presented alongside specific opportunities for researchers from different disciplines to contribute to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Barney
- Polymer Science & Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Carey E Dougan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Kelly R McLeod
- Polymer Science & Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Amir Kazemi-Moridani
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Yue Zheng
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Ziyu Ye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Sacchita Tiwari
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Ipek Sacligil
- Polymer Science & Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Robert A Riggleman
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Shengqiang Cai
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
| | - Jae-Hwang Lee
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003;
| | - Shelly R Peyton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003;
| | - Gregory N Tew
- Polymer Science & Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003;
| | - Alfred J Crosby
- Polymer Science & Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003;
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Neurite Growth and Polarization on Vitronectin Substrate after in Vitro Trauma is not Enhanced after IGF Treatment. Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8080151. [PMID: 30103517 PMCID: PMC6119911 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8080151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Following traumatic brain injuries (TBI), insulin-like growth factor (IGF) is cortically widely upregulated. This upregulation has a potential role in the recovery of neuronal tissue, plasticity, and neurotrophic activity, though the molecular mechanisms involved in IGF regulation and the exact role of IGF after TBI remain unclear. Vitronectin (VN), an extracellular matrix (ECM) molecule, has recently been shown to be of importance for IGF-mediated cellular growth and migration. Since VN is downregulated after TBI, we hypothesized that insufficient VN levels after TBI impairs the potential beneficial activity of IGF. To test if vitronectin and IGF-1/IGFBP-2 could contribute to neurite growth, we cultured hippocampal neurons on ± vitronectin-coated coverslips and them treated with ± IGF-1/IGF binding protein 2 (IGFBP-2). Under same conditions, cell cultures were also subjected to in vitro trauma to investigate differences in the posttraumatic regenerative capacity with ± vitronectin-coated coverslips and with ± IGF-1/IGFBP-2 treatment. In both the control and trauma situations, hippocampal neurons showed a stronger growth pattern on vitronectin than on the control substrate. Surprisingly, the addition of IGF-1/IGFBP-2 showed a decrease in neurite growth. Since neurite growth was measured as the number of neurites per area, we hypothesized that IGF-1/IGFBP-2 contributes to the polarization of neurons and thus induced a less dense neurite network after IGF-1/IGFBP-2 treatment. This hypothesis could not be confirmed and we therefore conclude that vitronectin has a positive effect on neurite growth in vitro both under normal conditions and after trauma, but that addition of IGF-1/IGFBP-2 does not have a positive additive effect.
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Agoston DV, Langford D. Big Data in traumatic brain injury; promise and challenges. Concussion 2017; 2:CNC45. [PMID: 30202589 PMCID: PMC6122694 DOI: 10.2217/cnc-2016-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a spectrum disease of overwhelming complexity, the research of which generates enormous amounts of structured, semi-structured and unstructured data. This resulting big data has tremendous potential to be mined for valuable information regarding the "most complex disease of the most complex organ". Big data analyses require specialized big data analytics applications, machine learning and artificial intelligence platforms to reveal associations, trends, correlations and patterns not otherwise realized by current analytical approaches. The intersection of potential data sources between experimental TBI and clinical TBI research presents inherent challenges for setting parameters for the generation of common data elements and to mine existing legacy data that would allow highly translatable big data analyses. In order to successfully utilize big data analyses in TBI, we must be willing to accept the messiness of data, collect and store all data and give up causation for correlation. In this context, coupling the big data approach to established clinical and pre-clinical data sources will transform current practices for triage, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis into highly integrated evidence-based patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denes V Agoston
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dianne Langford
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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