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da Silva NS, Lombardi J, Kirchhoff F, Ferreira RS, Barraviera B, de Oliveira ALR, Cartarozzi LP. Effects of local and systemic treatment with human natural killer-1 mimetic peptide (HNK-1) after ventral root avulsion and reimplantation in mice. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2024; 30:e20230065. [PMID: 38770186 PMCID: PMC11105159 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2023-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal ventral root injuries generate significant motoneuron degeneration, which hinders full functional recovery. The poor prognosis of functional recovery can be attributed to the use or combination of different therapeutic approaches. Several molecules have been screened as potential treatments in combination with surgical reimplantation of the avulsed roots, the gold standard approach for such injuries. Among the studied molecules, human natural killer-1 (HNK-1) stands out as it is related to the stimulation of motor axon outgrowth. Therefore, we aimed to comparatively investigate the effects of local administration of an HNK-1 mimetic peptide (mp-HNK-1) and systemic treatment with ursolic acid (UA), another HNK-1 mimetic, after ventral root avulsion and reimplantation with heterologous fibrin biopolymer (HFB). Methods Female mice of the isogenic strain C57BL/6JUnib were divided into five experimental groups: Avulsion, Reimplantation, mp-HNK-1 (in situ), and UA (systemic treatment). Mice were evaluated 2 and 12 weeks after surgery. Functional assessment was performed every four days using the Catwalk platform. Neuronal survival was analyzed by cytochemistry, and glial reactions and synaptic coverage were evaluated by immunofluorescence. Results Treatment with UA elicited long-term neuroprotection, accompanied by a decrease in microglial reactions, and reactive astrogliosis. The neuroprotective effects of UA were preceded by increased glutamatergic and GABAergic inputs in the ventral spinal cord two weeks after injury. However, a single application of mp-HNK-1 had no significant effects. Functional analysis showed that UA treatment led to an improvement in motor and sensory recovery. Conclusion Overall, the results indicate that UA is neuroprotective, acting on glial cells and synaptic maintenance, and the combination of these findings led to a better functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Scanavachia da Silva
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Julia Lombardi
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
- Center for Gender-specific Biology and Medicine (CGBM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Rui Seabra Ferreira
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Benedito Barraviera
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Leite Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Politti Cartarozzi
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Shin AY, Socolovsky M, Desai K, Fox M, Wang S, Spinner RJ. Differences in management and treatment of traumatic adult pan brachial plexus injuries: a global perspective regarding continental variations. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2022; 47:40-51. [PMID: 34407694 DOI: 10.1177/17531934211039677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
An expert opinion study was designed to query five countries and six brachial plexus surgeons regarding the demographics, mechanisms of injury, evaluation, timing of surgery, reconstructive strategies and controversies in adult traumatic pan brachial plexus injuries. Variations in assessing outcomes, management of neuropathic pain and future considerations were elucidated. Clear differences in regional demographics, mechanisms of injury, patient evaluation and treatment strategies were identified. The role of phrenic nerve and contralateral C7 transfer, acute use of free functioning muscle transfers, root reimplantation and amputation/myoelectric prosthetic fitting were regional/surgeon dependent. Comparison of outcomes across regions requires an understanding of the regional nuances of patient demographics, injury mechanisms, preferred reconstructive strategies and how outcomes are measured. Future studies are required to allow accurate regional comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Y Shin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mariano Socolovsky
- Peripheral Nerve & Plexus Surgery Unit, University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ketan Desai
- Department of Neurosurgery, P D Hinduja Hospital and Medical Research Center, Mumbai, India
| | - Michael Fox
- Peripheral Nerve Injury Unit, The Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
| | - Shufeng Wang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
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Aldskogius H, Kozlova EN. Dorsal Root Injury-A Model for Exploring Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Strategies in Spinal Cord Injury. Cells 2021; 10:2185. [PMID: 34571835 PMCID: PMC8470715 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Unraveling the cellular and molecular mechanisms of spinal cord injury is fundamental for our possibility to develop successful therapeutic approaches. These approaches need to address the issues of the emergence of a non-permissive environment for axonal growth in the spinal cord, in combination with a failure of injured neurons to mount an effective regeneration program. Experimental in vivo models are of critical importance for exploring the potential clinical relevance of mechanistic findings and therapeutic innovations. However, the highly complex organization of the spinal cord, comprising multiple types of neurons, which form local neural networks, as well as short and long-ranging ascending or descending pathways, complicates detailed dissection of mechanistic processes, as well as identification/verification of therapeutic targets. Inducing different types of dorsal root injury at specific proximo-distal locations provide opportunities to distinguish key components underlying spinal cord regeneration failure. Crushing or cutting the dorsal root allows detailed analysis of the regeneration program of the sensory neurons, as well as of the glial response at the dorsal root-spinal cord interface without direct trauma to the spinal cord. At the same time, a lesion at this interface creates a localized injury of the spinal cord itself, but with an initial neuronal injury affecting only the axons of dorsal root ganglion neurons, and still a glial cell response closely resembling the one seen after direct spinal cord injury. In this review, we provide examples of previous research on dorsal root injury models and how these models can help future exploration of mechanisms and potential therapies for spinal cord injury repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkan Aldskogius
- Laboratory of Regenertive Neurobiology, Biomedical Center, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden;
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Gaja-Capdevila N, Hernández N, Zamanillo D, Vela JM, Merlos M, Navarro X, Herrando-Grabulosa M. Neuroprotective Effects of Sigma 1 Receptor Ligands on Motoneuron Death after Spinal Root Injury in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6956. [PMID: 34203381 PMCID: PMC8269081 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of motor neurons (MNs) after spinal root injury is a drawback limiting the recovery after palliative surgery by nerve or muscle transfers. Research based on preventing MN death is a hallmark to improve the perspectives of recovery following severe nerve injuries. Sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R) is a protein highly expressed in MNs, proposed as neuroprotective target for ameliorating MN degenerative conditions. Here, we used a model of L4-L5 rhizotomy in adult mice to induce MN degeneration and to evaluate the neuroprotective role of Sig-1R ligands (PRE-084, SA4503 and BD1063). Lumbar spinal cord was collected at 7, 14, 28 and 42 days post-injury (dpi) for immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses. This proximal axotomy at the immediate postganglionic level resulted in significant death, up to 40% of spinal MNs at 42 days after injury and showed markedly increased glial reactivity. Sig-1R ligands PRE-084, SA4503 and BD1063 reduced MN loss by about 20%, associated to modulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress markers IRE1α and XBP1. These pathways are Sig-1R specific since they were not produced in Sig-1R knockout mice. These findings suggest that Sig-1R is a promising target for the treatment of MN cell death after neural injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Gaja-Capdevila
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 01893 Bellaterra, Spain; (N.G.-C.); (N.H.); (X.N.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Neus Hernández
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 01893 Bellaterra, Spain; (N.G.-C.); (N.H.); (X.N.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Zamanillo
- Welab, Parc Científic Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (D.Z.); (J.M.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Jose Miguel Vela
- Welab, Parc Científic Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (D.Z.); (J.M.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Manuel Merlos
- Welab, Parc Científic Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (D.Z.); (J.M.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Xavier Navarro
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 01893 Bellaterra, Spain; (N.G.-C.); (N.H.); (X.N.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Institut Guttmann Hospital de Neurorehabilitació, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Mireia Herrando-Grabulosa
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 01893 Bellaterra, Spain; (N.G.-C.); (N.H.); (X.N.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
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Spinal Reflex Recovery after Dorsal Rhizotomy and Repair with Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Gel Combined with Bioengineered Human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESCs). Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:8834360. [PMID: 33178285 PMCID: PMC7647752 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8834360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dorsal root rhizotomy (DRZ) is currently considered an untreatable injury, resulting in the loss of sensitive function and usually leading to neuropathic pain. In this context, we recently proposed a new surgical approach to treat DRZ that uses platelet-rich plasma (PRP) gel to restore the spinal reflex. Success was correlated with the reentry of primary afferents into the spinal cord. Here, aiming to enhance previous results, cell therapy with bioengineered human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to overexpress fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) was combined with PRP. For these experiments, adult female rats were submitted to a unilateral rhizotomy of the lumbar spinal dorsal roots, which was followed by root repair with PRP gel with or without bioengineered hESCs. One week after DRZ, the spinal cords were processed to evaluate changes in the glial response (GFAP and Iba-1) and excitatory synaptic circuits (VGLUT1) by immunofluorescence. Eight weeks postsurgery, the lumbar intumescences were processed for analysis of the repaired microenvironment by transmission electron microscopy. Spinal reflex recovery was evaluated by the electronic Von Frey method for eight weeks. The transcript levels for human FGF2 were over 37-fold higher in the induced hESCs than in the noninduced and the wildtype counterparts. Altogether, the results indicate that the combination of hESCs with PRP gel promoted substantial and prominent axonal regeneration processes after DRZ. Thus, the repair of dorsal roots, if done appropriately, may be considered an approach to regain sensory-motor function after dorsal root axotomy.
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von Wild T, Brunelli GA, von Wild KR, Löhnhardt M, Catoi C, Catoi AF, Vester JC, Strilciuc S, Trillenberg P. Regeneration of Denervated Skeletal Muscles - Brunelli's CNS-PNS Paradigm. J Med Life 2019; 12:342-353. [PMID: 32025252 PMCID: PMC6993288 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2019-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The restoration of voluntary muscle activity in posttraumatic paraplegia in both animal experiments and other clinical applications requires reproducibility of a technically-demanding microsurgical procedure, limited by physicians' understanding of Brunelli's spinal cord grafting paradigm. The insufficient clinical investigation of the long-term benefits of the CNS-PNS graft application warrants additional inquiry. The objective of this study is to explore the potential benefits of the first replicated, graft-induced neuroregeneration of denervated skeletal muscle regarding long-term clinical outcomes and to investigate the effect of Cerebrolysin on neuromodulation. A randomized study evaluating 30 rats, approved by the National Animal Ethics Advisory Committee was performed. The medication was administered postoperatively. For 14 days, 12 rats received Cerebrolysin (serum), 11 received NaCl 0.9% (shams), and 7 were controls. For microsurgery, the lateral corticospinal tract T10 was grafted to the denervated internal obliquus abdominal muscle. On day 90, intraoperative proof of reinnervation was observed. On day 100, 15 rats were euthanized for fixation, organ removal, and extensive histology-morphology examination, and the Wei-Lachin statistical procedure was employed. After an open revision of 16 rats, 8 were CMAP positive. After intravenous Vecuronium application, two (Cerebrolysin, NaCl) out of two rats showed an incomplete compound muscle action potential (CMAP) loss due to glutamatergic and cholinergic co-transmission, while two others showed a complete loss of amplitude. Cerebrolysin medication initiated larger restored muscle fiber diameters and less scarring. FB+ neurons were not observed in the brain but were observed in the Rexed laminae. Brunelli's concept was successfully replicated, demonstrating the first graft induced existence of cholinergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission in denervated grafted muscles. Statistics of the histometric count of muscle fibers revealed larger fiber diameters after Cerebrolysin. Brunelli's CNS-PNS experimental concept is suitable to analyze graft-neuroplasticity focused on the voluntary restoration of denervated skeletal muscles in spinal cord injury. Neuroprotection by Cerebrolysin is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias von Wild
- Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Hand Surgery, Praxisklinik in der Alster City, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Giorgio A. Brunelli
- School of Specialists in Orthopedics, Traumatology, Hand and Microsurgery, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Foundation Giorgio Brunelli for Research on Spinal Cord Lesions ONLUS, E.S.C.R.I., Brescia, Italy
| | - Klaus R.H. von Wild
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty Westphalia Wilhelm’s University Münster, Münster, Germany
- International Neuroscience Institute, Hanover, Germany
| | - Marlene Löhnhardt
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hand Surgery, University Hospital, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cornel Catoi
- Department of Pathology, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adriana Florinela Catoi
- Department of Functional Biosciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Johannes C. Vester
- Department of Biometry & Clinical Research, idv Data Analysis and Study Planning, Gauting, Germany
| | - Stefan Strilciuc
- Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, Cluj-Napoca; Romania
| | - Peter Trillenberg
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
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Romeo-Guitart D, Forés J, Navarro X, Casas C. Boosted Regeneration and Reduced Denervated Muscle Atrophy by NeuroHeal in a Pre-clinical Model of Lumbar Root Avulsion with Delayed Reimplantation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12028. [PMID: 28931824 PMCID: PMC5607317 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11086-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The “gold standard” treatment of patients with spinal root injuries consists of delayed surgical reconnection of nerves. The sooner, the better, but problems such as injury-induced motor neuronal death and muscle atrophy due to long-term denervation mean that normal movement is not restored. Herein we describe a preclinical model of root avulsion with delayed reimplantation of lumbar roots that was used to establish a new adjuvant pharmacological treatment. Chronic treatment (up to 6 months) with NeuroHeal, a new combination drug therapy identified using a systems biology approach, exerted long-lasting neuroprotection, reduced gliosis and matrix proteoglycan content, accelerated nerve regeneration by activating the AKT pathway, promoted the formation of functional neuromuscular junctions, and reduced denervation-induced muscular atrophy. Thus, NeuroHeal is a promising treatment for spinal nerve root injuries and axonal regeneration after trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Romeo-Guitart
- Institut de Neurociències (INc) and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Forés
- Hand and Peripheral Nerve Unit, Hospital Clínic i Provincial, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Navarro
- Institut de Neurociències (INc) and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Caty Casas
- Institut de Neurociències (INc) and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Kim HS, Yudoyono F, Paudel B, Kim KJ, Jang JS, Choi JH, Chung SK, Kim JH, Jang IT, Oh SH, Park JE, Lee S. Analysis of Clinical Results of Three Different Routes of Percutaneous Endoscopic Transforaminal Lumbar Discectomy for Lumbar Herniated Disk. World Neurosurg 2017; 103:442-448. [PMID: 28408266 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal lumbar discectomy (PETLD) can be performed by using foraminal, intervertebral, and suprapedicular routes. The aim of this study was to assess clinical results of three different routes of PETLD. METHODS One hundred eleven patients who underwent PETLD between January 2016 and October 2016 were included in this study. PETLD was performed using the foraminal (group A), intervertebral (group B), and suprapedicular (group C) routes in 32, 46, and 33 patients, respectively. Outcomes were evaluated using the visual analogue scale (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and MacNab criteria. RESULTS Seventy-one men and 40 were women (mean age 53.33 ± 14.12 years). The mean follow-up period was 6.44 ± 3.26 months. The preoperative VAS score decreased significantly (P < 0.01) in all 3 groups, but the postoperative VAS score was higher for the foraminal route than for the intervertebral (P = 0.001) and suprapedicular routes (P < 0.001). Excellent outcome grade according to MacNab criteria was less in foraminal route (18.7%) than in intervertebral (52.2%) and suprapedicular (56.7%) routes. ODI improved significantly (P < 0.01) in all 3 groups. CONCLUSION All 3 routes of PETLD resulted in good to excellent clinical results. Nevertheless, the postoperative VAS score was higher for the foraminal route than for the intervertebral and suprapedicular routes, probably not because of the surgery but because of the neurologic characteristics of the disk location. The surgeon should consider this problem to alleviate pain postoperatively and counsel to patient well before surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeun Sung Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanoori Suwon Hospital, Suwon, Korea
| | - Farid Yudoyono
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanoori Suwon Hospital, Suwon, Korea; Department of Neurosurgery, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, College of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Jawa Barat, Indonesia.
| | - Byapak Paudel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanoori Suwon Hospital, Suwon, Korea; Grande International Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ki Joon Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanoori Suwon Hospital, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jee Soo Jang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanoori Suwon Hospital, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Choi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanoori Suwon Hospital, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sung Kyun Chung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanoori Suwon Hospital, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanoori Suwon Hospital, Suwon, Korea
| | - Il Tae Jang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanoori Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Hoon Oh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanoori Incheon Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jae Eun Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanoori Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sol Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanoori Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Lindholm T, Risling M, Carlstedt T, Hammarberg H, Wallquist W, Cullheim S, Sköld MK. Expression of Semaphorins, Neuropilins, VEGF, and Tenascins in Rat and Human Primary Sensory Neurons after a Dorsal Root Injury. Front Neurol 2017; 8:49. [PMID: 28270793 PMCID: PMC5318460 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Dorsal root injury is a situation not expected to be followed by a strong regenerative growth, or growth of the injured axon into the central nervous system of the spinal cord, if the central axon of the dorsal root is injured but of strong regeneration if subjected to injury to the peripherally projecting axons. The clinical consequence of axonal injury is loss of sensation and may also lead to neuropathic pain. In this study, we have used in situ hybridization to examine the distribution of mRNAs for the neural guidance molecules semaphorin 3A (SEMA3A), semaphorin 3F (SEMA3F), and semaphorin 4F (SEMA4F), their receptors neuropilin 1 (NP1) and neuropilin 2 (NP2) but also for the neuropilin ligand vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Tenascin J1, an extracellular matrix molecule involved in axonal guidance, in rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) after a unilateral dorsal rhizotomy (DRT) or sciatic nerve transcetion (SNT). The studied survival times were 1–365 days. The different forms of mRNAs were unevenly distributed between the different size classes of sensory nerve cells. The results show that mRNA for SEMA3A was diminished after trauma to the sensory nerve roots in rats. The SEMA3A receptor NP1, and SEMA3F receptor NP2, was significantly upregulated in the DRG neurons after DRT and SNT. SEMA4F was upregulated after a SNT. The expression of mRNA for VEGF in DRG neurons after DRT showed a significant upregulation that was high even a year after the injuries. These data suggest a role for the semaphorins, neuropilins, VEGF, and J1 in the reactions after dorsal root lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Lindholm
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Helsa Företagshälsovård Östermalm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mårten Risling
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Thomas Carlstedt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Hammersmith Hospital, University College London and Imperial College, London, UK; Department of Hand Surgery, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hammarberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Hand Surgery, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wilhelm Wallquist
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Västerås General Hospital, Västerås, Sweden
| | - Staffan Cullheim
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Mattias K Sköld
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience, Section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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