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Lee HY, Song SY, Hwang J, Baek A, Baek D, Kim SH, Park JH, Choi S, Pyo S, Cho SR. Very early environmental enrichment protects against apoptosis and improves functional recovery from hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 15:1019173. [PMID: 36824441 PMCID: PMC9942523 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1019173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Appropriate rehabilitation of stroke patients at a very early phase results in favorable outcomes. However, the optimal strategy for very early rehabilitation is at present unclear due to the limited knowledge on the effects of very early initiation of rehabilitation based on voluntary exercise (VE). Environmental enrichment (EE) is a therapeutic paradigm for laboratory animals that involves complex combinations of physical, cognitive, and social stimuli, as well as VE. Few studies delineated the effect of EE on apoptosis in very early stroke in an experimental model. Although a minimal benefit of early rehabilitation in stroke models has been claimed in previous studies, these were based on a forced exercise paradigm. The aim of this study is to determine whether very early exposure to EE can effectively regulate Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis following hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury and improve neurobehavioral function. C57Bl/6 mice were housed for 2 weeks in either cages with EE or standard cages (SC) 3 h or 72 h after HI brain injury. Very early exposure to EE was associated with greater improvement in motor function and cognitive ability, reduced volume of the infarcted area, decreased mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, and decreased oxidative stress. Very early exposure to EE significantly downregulated Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis, decreased expression of Fas, Fas-associated death domain, cleaved caspase-8/caspase-8, cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3, as well as Bax and Bcl-2, in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. Delayed exposure to EE, on the other hand, failed to inhibit the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis. This study demonstrates that very early exposure to EE is a potentially useful therapeutic translation for stroke rehabilitation through effective inhibition of the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoo Young Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea,National Traffic Injury Rehabilitation Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea,Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Young Song
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Hwang
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahreum Baek
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dawoon Baek
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Park
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Rehabilitation Institute of Neuromuscular Disease, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungchul Choi
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonil Pyo
- Neuracle Science Co. Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Rae Cho
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Rehabilitation Institute of Neuromuscular Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,*Correspondence: Sung-Rae Cho, ✉
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Ganiyat AM, Caleb OJ, Dezi AD, Adamu M. Glutathione attenuated lambda-cyhalothrin-induced alteration of serum total cholesterol concentration and oxidative stress parameters in rats. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2023; 12:33-38. [PMID: 36866217 PMCID: PMC9972829 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfac080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lambda-cyhalothrin is a type II pyrethroid insecticide that is used for pest control in agricultural, domestic, and industrial settings. Glutathione is an antioxidant that has been reported to confer protection on biological systems against the adverse impacts of insecticides. Objective The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of glutathione on the serum lipid profile and oxidative stress parameters of rats exposed to lambda-cyhalothrin toxicity. Methods Thirty-five rats were assigned into 5 groups each. Distilled water was given to the first group, whereas the second group received soya oil (1 mL/kg). Lambda-cyhalothrin (25 mg/kg) was administered to the third group. The fourth group was given lambda-cyhalothrin (25 mg/kg) and glutathione (100 mg/kg) successively, whereas the fifth group received lambda-cyhalothrin (25 mg/kg) and glutathione (200 mg/kg) consecutively. The treatments were administered once daily by oral gavage for 21 days. The rats were sacrificed after the completion of the study. The serum lipid profile and oxidative stress parameters were assessed. Results A significant (P < 0.05) increase was observed in the total cholesterol concentration of the lambda-cyhalothrin group. The serum malondialdehyde level was elevated (P < 0.05) in the lambda-cyhalothrin group. The superoxide dismutase activity of the lambda-cyhalothrin+glutathione200 group was enhanced (P < 0.05). The results revealed that lambda-cyhalothrin perturbed the total cholesterol concentration of the rats, whereas glutathione (particularly at 200 mg/kg, indicating a dose-response effect) ameliorated the disruptive impacts of lambda-cyhalothrin. Conclusion The advantageous effects of glutathione may be ascribed to its antioxidant property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akande Motunrayo Ganiyat
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, 900001, Nigeria
| | - Ogunnubi Johnson Caleb
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, 900001, Nigeria
| | - Akumka David Dezi
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, 900001, Nigeria
| | - Mohammed Adamu
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, 900001, Nigeria
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Jian S, Zhang L, Ding N, Yang K, Xin Z, Hu M, Zhou Z, Zhao Z, Deng B, Deng J. Effects of black soldier fly larvae as protein or fat sources on apparent nutrient digestibility, fecal microbiota, and metabolic profiles in beagle dogs. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1044986. [PMID: 36504773 PMCID: PMC9733673 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1044986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) act as a biological system converting organic waste into protein and fat with great potential application as pet food. To evaluate the feasibility of BSFL as a protein and fat source, 20 healthy beagle dogs were fed three dietary treatments for 65 days, including (1) a basal diet group (CON group), (2) a basal diet that replaced 20% chicken meal with defatted black soldier fly larvae protein group (DBP group), and (3) a basal diet that replaced 8% mixed oil with black soldier fly larvae fat group (BF group). This study demonstrated that the serum biochemical parameters among the three groups were within the normal range. No difference (p > 0.05) was observed in body weight, body condition score, or antioxidant capacity among the three groups. The mean IFN-γ level in the BF group was lower than that in the CON group, but there was no significant difference (p > 0.05). Compared with the CON group, the DBP group had decreasing (p < 0.05) apparent crude protein and organic matter digestibility. Furthermore, the DBP group had decreasing (p < 0.05) fecal propionate, butyrate, total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), isobutyrate, isovalerate, and total branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) and increased (p < 0.05) fecal pH. Nevertheless, there was no difference (p > 0.05) in SCFAs or BCFAs between the CON and BF groups. The fecal microbiota revealed that Lachnoclostridium, Clostridioides, Blautia, and Enterococcus were significantly enriched in the DBP group, and Terrisporobacter and Ralstonia were significantly enriched in the BF group. The fecal metabolome showed that the DBP group significantly influenced 18 metabolic pathways. Integrating biological and statistical correlation analysis on differential fecal microbiota and metabolites between the CON and DBP groups found that Lachnoclostridium, Clostridioides, and Enterococcus were positively associated with biotin. In addition, Lachnoclostridium, Clostridioides, Blautia, and Enterococcus were positively associated with niacinamide, phenylalanine acid, fumaric acid, and citrulline and negatively associated with cadavrine, putrescine, saccharopine, and butyrate. In all, 20% DBP restrained the apparent CP and OM digestibility, thereby affecting hindgut microbial metabolism. In contrast, 8% BF in the dog diet showed no adverse effects on body condition, apparent nutrient digestibility, fecal microbiota, or metabolic profiles. Our findings are conducive to opening a new avenue for the exploitation of DBP and BF as protein and fat resources in dog food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyan Jian
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Limeng Zhang
- Guangzhou Qingke Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kang Yang
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongquan Xin
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minhua Hu
- Guangzhou General Pharmaceutical Research Institute Co., Ltd. (National Canine Laboratory Animal Resources Center), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhidong Zhou
- Guangzhou General Pharmaceutical Research Institute Co., Ltd. (National Canine Laboratory Animal Resources Center), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhihong Zhao
- Guangzhou General Pharmaceutical Research Institute Co., Ltd. (National Canine Laboratory Animal Resources Center), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Baichuan Deng
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Baichuan Deng,
| | - Jinping Deng
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China,Jinping Deng,
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Pyo S, Kim J, Hwang J, Heo JH, Kim K, Cho SR. Environmental Enrichment and Estrogen Upregulate Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Underlying Functional Improvement. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:869799. [PMID: 35592114 PMCID: PMC9113201 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.869799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental enrichment (EE) is a promising therapeutic strategy in improving metabolic and neuronal responses, especially due to its non-invasive nature. However, the exact mechanism underlying the sex-differential effects remains unclear. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of EE on metabolism, body composition, and behavioral phenotype based on sex. Long-term exposure to EE for 8 weeks induced metabolic changes and fat reduction. In response to the change in metabolism, the level of βHB were influenced by sex and EE possibly in accordance to the phases of estrogen cycle. The expression of β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB)-related genes and proteins such as monocarboxylate transporters, histone deacetylases (HDAC), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were significantly regulated. In cerebral cortex and hippocampus, EE resulted in a significant increase in the level of βHB and a significant reduction in HDAC, consequently enhancing BDNF expression. Moreover, EE exerted significant effects on motor and cognitive behaviors, indicating a significant functional improvement in female mice under the condition that asserts the influence of estrogen cycle. Using an ovariectomized mice model, the effects of EE and estrogen treatment proved the hypothesis that EE upregulates β-hydroxybutyrate and BDNF underlying functional improvement in female mice. The above findings demonstrate that long-term exposure to EE can possibly alter metabolism by increasing the level of βHB, regulate the expression of βHB-related proteins, and improve behavioral function as reflected by motor and cognitive presentation following the changes in estrogen level. This finding may lead to a marked improvement in metabolism and neuroplasticity by EE and estrogen level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soonil Pyo
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joohee Kim
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jihye Hwang
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Heo
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyungri Kim
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Rae Cho
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Rehabilitation Institute of Neuromuscular Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Sung-Rae Cho
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Environmental Enrichment Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Alters Detoxifying Enzymes in an A53T α-Synuclein Transgenic Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9100928. [PMID: 32998299 PMCID: PMC7600645 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although environmental enrichment (EE) is known to reduce oxidative stress in Parkinson’s disease (PD), the metabolic alternations for detoxifying endogenous and xenobiotic compounds according to various brain regions are not fully elucidated yet. This study aimed to further understand the role of EE on detoxifying enzymes, especially those participating in phase I of metabolism, by investigating the levels of enzymes in various brain regions such as the olfactory bulb, brain stem, frontal cortex, and striatum. Eight-month-old transgenic PD mice with the overexpression of human A53T α-synuclein and wild-type mice were randomly allocated to either standard cage condition or EE for 2 months. At 10 months of age, the expression of detoxifying enzymes was evaluated and compared with wild-type of the same age raised in standard cages. EE improved neurobehavioral outcomes such as olfactory and motor function in PD mice. EE-treated mice showed that oxidative stress was attenuated in the olfactory bulb, brain stem, and frontal cortex. EE also reduced apoptosis and induced cell proliferation in the subventricular zone of PD mice. The overexpression of detoxifying enzymes was observed in the olfactory bulb and brain stem of PD mice, which was ameliorated by EE. These findings were not apparent in the other experimental regions. These results suggest the stage of PD pathogenesis may differ according to brain region, and that EE has a protective effect on the PD pathogenesis by decreasing oxidative stress.
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