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Suganuma J, Ueta K, Nakanishi K, Ikeda Y, Morioka S. Difference between voluntary control and conscious balance processing during quiet standing. Neurosci Lett 2024; 837:137900. [PMID: 39019147 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2024.137900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
The mechanism by which postural threat induced by standing at a high height causes a decrease in the amplitude and an increase in the frequency of postural sway might involve voluntary control (VC) to avoid swaying, rather than conscious balance processing, in which postural threat directs conscious balance processing. This study aimed to clarify the differences between VC and conscious balance processing during quiet standing. Twenty-seven healthy young adults were instructed to stand with their feet placed together and keep their eyes open. The standing task was performed under three standing conditions: relaxed, VC, and high-conscious movement processing (high-CMP). The center of pressure in the anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) directions was measured using a stabilometer to assess differences in postural control. The results indicated that the mean power frequency (MPF) ML and high frequency (HF) ML were higher in the VC condition than in the high-CMP condition. In the VC and high-CMP conditions, compared with the relaxed condition, MPF AP was higher, whereas the root mean square AP and low frequency AP were lower. These results show that the sway amplitude is lower, and the frequency is higher in both the VC and high-CMP conditions compared with those in the relaxed condition; however, the frequency is higher in the VC condition than in the high-CMP condition, suggesting that the VC condition is similar to postural control under the postural threat condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Suganuma
- Faculty of Nursing and Rehabilitation Department, Physical Therapy, Chubu Gakuin University, Gifu, Japan; Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kozo Ueta
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kio University, Nara, Japan; Department of Rehabilitation, JCHO Siga Hospital, Siga, Japan.
| | - Koji Nakanishi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Yasaka Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yumi Ikeda
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shu Morioka
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kio University, Nara, Japan; Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, Nara, Japan
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Matsuura Y, Sakairi Y, Sato H, Takiura K. Do Combined Oculomotor and Bimanual Coordination Exercises Instantly Stabilize Balance in Athletes? Open Access J Sports Med 2024; 15:77-89. [PMID: 39049901 PMCID: PMC11268565 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s472125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study examined the immediate effects of oculomotor and bimanual coordination exercises, as well as a combination of the two, on stability of balance in athletes. Patients and Methods Changes in center-of-gravity sway were measured in 30 college student athletes before and after the following three exercise conditions: 1) oculomotor exercises, 2) bimanual coordination exercises, and 3) a combination of oculomotor and bimanual coordination exercises (1+2). The order of these exercises was counterbalanced. Results The combination of exercises (condition 3) reduced large swaying during balancing and immediately increased postural stability. Moreover, the oculomotor and bimanual coordination exercises (conditions 1 and 2) immediately reduced large sway during balancing when performed independently. Thus, the present study revealed that the combination of oculomotor and bimanual coordination exercises immediately reduced accidental swaying during balancing and also improved postural stability. Conclusion This combination could be effective as an immediate balance adjustment method for athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Matsuura
- Cooperative Faculty of Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Yosuke Sakairi
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Haruki Sato
- Cooperative Faculty of Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Koki Takiura
- Institute for Social Innovation and Cooperation, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
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Williams B, Gichard L, Johnson D, Louis M. An investigation into the chiropractic practice and communication of routine repetitive radiographic imaging for the location of postural misalignments. J Clin Imaging Sci 2024; 14:18. [PMID: 38841311 PMCID: PMC11152518 DOI: 10.25259/jcis_5_2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Many clinicians use radiological imaging in efforts to locate and diagnose the cause of their patient's pain, relying on X-rays as a leading tool in clinical evaluation. This is fundamentally flawed because an X-ray represents a "snapshot" of the structural appearance of the spine and gives no indication of the current function of the spine. The health and well-being of any system, including the spinal motion segments, depend on the inter-relationship between structure and function. Pain, tissue damage, and injury are not always directly correlated. Due to such a high incidence of abnormalities found in asymptomatic patients, the diagnostic validity of X-rays can be questioned, especially when used in isolation of history and/or proper clinical assessment. The utility of routine X-rays is, therefore, questionable. One may posit that their application promotes overdiagnosis, and unvalidated treatment of X-ray findings (such as changes in postural curvature), which may mislead patients into believing these changes are directly responsible for their pain. A substantial amount of research has shown that there is no association between pain and reversed cervical curves. Accuracy can also be questioned, as X-ray measurements can vary based on the patient's standing position, which research shows is influenced by an overwhelming number of factors, such as patient positioning, patient physical and morphological changes over time, doctor interreliability, stress, pain, the patient's previous night's sleep or physical activity, hydration, and/or emotional state. Furthermore, research has concluded that strong evidence links various potential harms with routine, repeated X-rays, such as altered treatment procedures, overdiagnosis, radiation exposure, and unnecessary costs. Over the past two decades, medical boards and health associations worldwide have made a substantial effort to communicate better "when" imaging is required, with most education around reducing radiographic imaging. In this review, we describe concerns relating to the high-frequency, routine use of spinal X-rays in the primary care setting for spine-related pain in the absence of red-flag clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brogan Williams
- Department of Research, The Association of Musculoskeletal Sports Physiologists, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Luke Gichard
- Department of Research, The Association of Musculoskeletal Sports Physiologists, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David Johnson
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Functional Movement Clinicians, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew Louis
- Department of Research, Apollo Spine, Westville, Indiana, United States
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Hacohen-Brown S, Gilboa-Schechtman E, Zaidel A. Modality-specific effects of threat on self-motion perception. BMC Biol 2024; 22:120. [PMID: 38783286 PMCID: PMC11119305 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01911-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Threat and individual differences in threat-processing bias perception of stimuli in the environment. Yet, their effect on perception of one's own (body-based) self-motion in space is unknown. Here, we tested the effects of threat on self-motion perception using a multisensory motion simulator with concurrent threatening or neutral auditory stimuli. RESULTS Strikingly, threat had opposite effects on vestibular and visual self-motion perception, leading to overestimation of vestibular, but underestimation of visual self-motions. Trait anxiety tended to be associated with an enhanced effect of threat on estimates of self-motion for both modalities. CONCLUSIONS Enhanced vestibular perception under threat might stem from shared neural substrates with emotional processing, whereas diminished visual self-motion perception may indicate that a threatening stimulus diverts attention away from optic flow integration. Thus, threat induces modality-specific biases in everyday experiences of self-motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Hacohen-Brown
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Eva Gilboa-Schechtman
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Adam Zaidel
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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Raffegeau TE, Brinkerhoff SA, Clark M, McBride AD, Mark Williams A, Fino PC, Fawver B. Walking (and talking) the plank: dual-task performance costs in a virtual balance-threatening environment. Exp Brain Res 2024; 242:1237-1250. [PMID: 38536454 PMCID: PMC11078829 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-024-06807-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of engaging in extemporaneous speech in healthy young adults while they walked in a virtual environment meant to elicit low or high levels of mobility-related anxiety. We expected that mobility-related anxiety imposed by a simulated balance threat (i.e., virtual elevation) would impair walking behavior and lead to greater dual-task costs. Altogether, 15 adults (age = 25.6 ± 4.7 yrs, 7 women) walked at their self-selected speed within a VR environment that simulated a low (ground) and high elevation (15 m) setting while speaking extemporaneously (dual-task) or not speaking (single-task). Likert-scale ratings of cognitive and somatic anxiety, confidence, and mental effort were evaluated and gait speed, step length, and step width, as well as the variability of each, was calculated for every trial. Silent speech pauses (> 150 ms) were determined from audio recordings to infer the cognitive costs of extemporaneous speech planning at low and high virtual elevation. Results indicated that the presence of a balance threat and the inclusion of a concurrent speech task both perturbed gait kinematics, but the virtual height illusion led to increased anxiety and mental effort and a decrease in confidence. The extemporaneous speech pauses were longer on average when walking, but no effects of virtual elevation were reported. Trends toward interaction effects arose in self-reported responses, with participants reporting more comfort walking at virtual heights if they engaged in extemporaneous speech. Walking at virtual elevation and while talking may have independent and significant effects on gait; both effects were robust and did not support an interaction when combined (i.e., walking and talking at virtual heights). The nature of extemporaneous speech may have distracted participants from the detrimental effects of walking in anxiety-inducing settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiphanie E Raffegeau
- George Mason University, School of Kinesiology, 10890 George Mason Circle, Katherine Johnson Hall 201G, MSN 4E5, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA.
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Sarah A Brinkerhoff
- George Mason University, School of Kinesiology, 10890 George Mason Circle, Katherine Johnson Hall 201G, MSN 4E5, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Mindie Clark
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Rocky Mountain College, Billings, MT, USA
| | - Ashlee D McBride
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - A Mark Williams
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Human Health, Resilience and Performance, Pensacola, FL, USA
| | - Peter C Fino
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Bradley Fawver
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research-West, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Tacoma, WA, USA
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Hill MW, Johnson E, Ellmers TJ. The influence of false interoceptive feedback on emotional state and balance responses to height-induced postural threat. Biol Psychol 2024; 189:108803. [PMID: 38663458 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
Postural threat elicits a robust emotional response (e.g., fear and anxiety about falling), with concomitant modifications in balance. Recent theoretical accounts propose that emotional responses to postural threats are manifested, in part, from the conscious monitoring and appraisal of bodily signals ('interoception'). Here, we empirically probe the role of interoception in shaping emotional responses to a postural threat by experimentally manipulating interoceptive cardiac feedback. Sixty young adults completed a single 60-s trial under the following conditions: Ground (no threat) without heart rate (HR) feedback, followed by Threat (standing on the edge of a raised surface), during which participants received either false heart rate feedback (either slow [n = 20] or fast [n = 20] HR feedback) or no feedback (n = 20). Participants provided with false fast HR feedback during postural threat felt more fearful, reported feeling less stable, and rated the task more difficult than participants who did not receive HR feedback, or those who received false slow HR feedback (Cohen's d effect size = 0.79 - 1.78). However, behavioural responses did not significantly differ across the three groups. When compared to the no HR feedback group, false slow HR feedback did not significantly affect emotional or behavioural responses to the postural threat. These observations provide the first experimental evidence for emerging theoretical accounts describing the role of interoception in the generation of emotional responses to postural threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew W Hill
- Centre for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Sciences, Coventry University, Warwickshire, United Kingdom.
| | - Ellie Johnson
- Centre for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Sciences, Coventry University, Warwickshire, United Kingdom
| | - Toby J Ellmers
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Takahashi R, Kaneko N, Yokoyama H, Sasaki A, Nakazawa K. Effects of arousal and valence on center of pressure and ankle muscle activity during quiet standing. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297540. [PMID: 38635774 PMCID: PMC11025900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Emotion affects postural control during quiet standing. Emotional states can be defined as two-dimensional models comprising valence (pleasant/unpleasant) and arousal (aroused/calm). Most previous studies have investigated the effects of valence on postural control without considering arousal. In addition, studies have focused on the center of pressure (COP) trajectory to examine emotional effects on the quiet standing control; however, the relationship between neuromuscular mechanisms and the emotionally affected quiet standing control is largely unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effects of arousal and valence on the COP trajectory and ankle muscle activity during quiet standing. Twenty-two participants were instructed to stand on a force platform and look at affective pictures for 72 seconds. The tasks were repeated six times, according to the picture conditions composed of arousal (High and Low) and valence (Pleasant, Neutral, and Unpleasant). During the task, the COP, electromyogram (EMG) of the tibialis anterior and soleus muscles, and electrocardiogram (ECG) were recorded. The heart rate calculated from the ECG was significantly affected by valence; the value was lower in Unpleasant than that in Neutral and Pleasant. The 95% confidence ellipse area and standard deviation of COP in the anterior-posterior direction were lower, and the mean power frequency of COP in the anterior-posterior direction was higher in Unpleasant than in Pleasant. Although the mean velocity of the COP in the medio-lateral direction was significantly lower in Unpleasant than in Pleasant, the effect was observed only when arousal was low. Although the EMG variables were not significantly affected by emotional conditions, some EMG variables were significantly correlated with the COP variables that were affected by emotional conditions. Therefore, ankle muscle activity may be partially associated with postural changes triggered by emotional intervention. In conclusion, both valence and arousal affect the COP variables, and ankle muscle activity may be partially associated with these COP changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryogo Takahashi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naotsugu Kaneko
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hikaru Yokoyama
- Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sasaki
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kimitaka Nakazawa
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Norouzian P, Horslen BC, Martens KAE. The effects of trait and state anxiety on gait in healthy young adults. Exp Brain Res 2024:10.1007/s00221-024-06800-3. [PMID: 38456925 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-024-06800-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Stable, personality-based (trait), and fluctuating, situational (state) anxiety have both been shown to consume attentional resources and reduce functional cognitive capacity, which may play a role in gait control. However, the role of attention in the relationship between trait and state anxiety has not yet been investigated formally. This study used a virtual reality-threat environment to evaluate whether changes in attention mediate the effects of state and trait anxiety on gait. Thirty adults aged 19-28 completed five walking trials in four conditions: (i) low threat-walking across a virtual plank (0.5 m wide) on flat ground; (ii) low threat + dual task (auditory digit monitoring); (iii) high threat-walking across a virtual plank elevated above a deep pit; and (iv) high threat + dual task. Trait anxiety levels were determined by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, while state anxiety was captured using self-assessment manikins. Higher trait anxiety predicted slower gait velocity and longer time in double support in the high-threat condition compared to low-threat condition (i vs iii), but not when dual tasking, compared to single-task walking, in the absence of threat (ii vs i). Additionally, higher trait anxiety predicted increased step length variability in the high compared to low-threat dual-task condition. Overall, trait anxiety predicts a slower, more cautious gait pattern during threatening conditions while dual tasking during the threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pershia Norouzian
- Neurocognition and Mobility Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L3G1, Canada
| | - Brian C Horslen
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L3G1, Canada
| | - Kaylena A Ehgoetz Martens
- Neurocognition and Mobility Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L3G1, Canada.
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Hill M, Brayne L, Hosseini E, Duncan M, Muehlbauer T, Lord SR, Ellmers TJ. The influence of fear of falling on the control of upright stance across the lifespan. Gait Posture 2024; 109:226-232. [PMID: 38364509 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2024.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Standing at height, and subsequent changes in emotional state (e.g., fear of falling), lead to robust alterations in balance in adults. However, little is known about how height-induced postural threat affects balance performance in children. Children may lack the cognitive capability necessary to inhibit the processing of threat and fear-related stimuli, and as a result, may show more marked (and perhaps detrimental) changes in postural control compared to adults. This work explored the emotional and balance responses to standing at height in children, and compared responses to young and older adults. METHODS Children (age: 9.7 ± 0.8 years, n = 38), young adults (age: 21.8 ± 4.0 years, n = 45) and older adults (age: 73.3 ± 5.0 years, n = 15) stood in bipedal stance in two conditions: at ground level and 80 cm above ground. Centre of pressure (COP) amplitude (RMS), frequency (MPF) and complexity (sample entropy) were calculated to infer postural performance and strategy. Emotional responses were quantified by assessing balance confidence, fear of falling and perceived instability. RESULTS Young and older adults demonstrated a postural adaptation characterised by increased frequency and decreased amplitude of the COP, in conjunction with increased COP complexity (sample entropy). In contrast, children demonstrated opposite patterns of changes: they exhibited an increase in COP amplitude and decrease in both frequency and complexity when standing at height. SIGNIFICANCE Children and adults adopted different postural control strategies when standing at height. Whilst young and older adults exhibited a potentially protective "stiffening" response to a height-induced threat, children demonstrated a potentially maladaptive and ineffective postural adaptation strategy. These observations expand upon existing postural threat related research in adults, providing important new insight into understanding how children respond to standing in a hazardous situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hill
- Centre for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom.
| | - L Brayne
- Centre for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - E Hosseini
- Centre for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - M Duncan
- Centre for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - T Muehlbauer
- Division of Movement and Training Sciences/Biomechanics of Sport, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - S R Lord
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - T J Ellmers
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Otani Y, Aoki O. Fear-related visual stimuli do not promote internal focus of attention in older adults. Gait Posture 2024; 108:70-76. [PMID: 37995552 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of internal focus (IF) on postural balance needs to be determined when assessing fall risk in older adults. Moreover, the mechanism through which IF is triggered should be elucidated. RESEARCH QUESTION Does fear unrelated to threats to postural balance modulate IF during postural control? METHODS The participants were 16 community-dwelling older adults. We generated visual stimuli for neutral and fear conditions using the International Affective Picture System. Participants were assessed for postural control while standing on a stabilometer and looking at projected images. The IF allocated to postural control during task was assessed immediately after the task using the Conscious Movement Processing subscale of the Movement-Specific Reinvestment Scale (MSRS-CMP). Sympathetic activity was assessed using the mean low-frequency/high-frequency ratio (LF/HF), and posture was evaluated using the root mean square area (RMS-A), anteroposterior mean power frequency (MPF-AP), mediolateral MPF, and co-contraction index. Differences (Δ) in the MSRS-CMP, RMS-A and MPF between the neutral/fear conditions and control condition were calculated. Each index was also compared among the control, neutral, and fear conditions. The correlations between ΔMSRS-CMP and postural measures were evaluated. Equivalence tests were conducted to determine whether change of IF was different among conditions. RESULTS The MSRS-CMP score did not differ significantly among conditions; equivalence was observed. The LF/HF and MPF-AP in the fear condition were higher than in the other conditions. The RMS-A in the fear condition was lower than in the neutral condition. ΔMSRS-CMP and ΔMPF-AP were significantly negatively correlated. SIGNIFICANCE The results of this study suggest that feelings of fear affect postural control but not the IF of attention. Taken together with previous research, the findings of this study suggest that consideration of the fear-inducing context may be useful in assessments of, and interventions for, older adults with a fall risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Otani
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kobe International University, 9-1-6 Kouyocho-naka, Higashinada, Kobe, Hyogo 658-0032, Japan.
| | - Osamu Aoki
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Shijonawate Gakuen University, 5-11-10 Houjo, Daito, Osaka 574-0011, Japan
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Wang D, Bargiotas I, Cao J, Vayatis N, Oudre L, Vidal PP. Heterogeneities of the perceptual-motor style during locomotion at height. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 17:1228195. [PMID: 38283095 PMCID: PMC10810983 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1228195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
In a recent review, we summarized the characteristics of perceptual-motor style in humans. Style can vary from individual to individual, task to task and pathology to pathology, as sensorimotor transformations demonstrate considerable adaptability and plasticity. Although the behavioral evidence for individual styles is substantial, much remains to be done to understand the neural and mechanical substrates of inter-individual differences in sensorimotor performance. In this study, we aimed to investigate the modulation of perceptual-motor style during locomotion at height in 16 persons with no history of fear of heights or acrophobia. We used an inexpensive virtual reality (VR) video game. In this VR game, Richie's Plank, the person progresses on a narrow plank placed between two buildings at the height of the 30th floor. Our first finding was that the static markers (head, trunk and limb configurations relative to the gravitational vertical) and some dynamic markers (jerk, root mean square, sample entropy and two-thirds power law at head, trunk and limb level) we had previously identified to define perceptual motor style during locomotion could account for fear modulation during VR play. Our second surprising result was the heterogeneity of this modulation in the 16 young, healthy individuals exposed to moving at a height. Finally, 56% of participants showed a persistent change in at least one variable of their skeletal configuration and 61% in one variable of their dynamic control during ground locomotion after exposure to height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danping Wang
- Plateforme d’Etude Sensorimotricité, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Machine Learning and I-Health International Cooperation Base of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ioannis Bargiotas
- Centre Borelli, CNRS, SSA, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Université Paris Saclay, ENS Paris Saclay, Paris, France
- Centre Borelli, CNRS, SSA, INSERM, Université Paris Saclay, Université Paris Cité, ENS Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jiuwen Cao
- Machine Learning and I-Health International Cooperation Base of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nicolas Vayatis
- Centre Borelli, CNRS, SSA, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Université Paris Saclay, ENS Paris Saclay, Paris, France
- Centre Borelli, CNRS, SSA, INSERM, Université Paris Saclay, Université Paris Cité, ENS Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Laurent Oudre
- Centre Borelli, CNRS, SSA, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Université Paris Saclay, ENS Paris Saclay, Paris, France
- Centre Borelli, CNRS, SSA, INSERM, Université Paris Saclay, Université Paris Cité, ENS Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pierre-Paul Vidal
- Plateforme d’Etude Sensorimotricité, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Machine Learning and I-Health International Cooperation Base of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
- Centre Borelli, CNRS, SSA, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Université Paris Saclay, ENS Paris Saclay, Paris, France
- Centre Borelli, CNRS, SSA, INSERM, Université Paris Saclay, Université Paris Cité, ENS Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Van Wesemael S, Bogaerts K, De Baets L, Goossens N, Vlemincx E, Amerijckx C, Sohail S, Matheve T, Janssens L. The association between pain-related psychological variables and postural control in low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gait Posture 2024; 107:253-268. [PMID: 37925241 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in postural control have been found in individuals with low back pain (LBP), particularly during challenging postural tasks. Moreover, higher levels of negative pain-related psychological variables are associated with increased trunk muscle activity, reduced spinal movement, and worse maximal physical performance in individuals with LBP. RESEARCH QUESTION Are pain-related psychological variables associated with postural control during static bipedal standing tasks in individuals with LBP? METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted. Pubmed, Web of Science, and PsycINFO were searched until March 2023. Studies were included if they evaluated postural control during static bipedal standing in individuals with LBP by measuring center of pressure (CoP) variables, and reported at least one pain-related psychological variable. Correlation coefficients between pain-related psychological variables and CoP variables were extracted. Study quality was assessed with the "Quality In Prognosis Studies" tool (QUIPS). Random-effect models were used to calculate pooled correlation coefficients for different postural tasks. Sub-analyses were performed for positional or dynamic CoP variables. Certainty of evidence was assessed with an adjusted "Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations" tool (GRADE). The protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021241739). RESULTS Sixteen studies (n = 723 participants) were included. Pain-related fear (16 studies) and pain catastrophizing (three studies) were the only reported pain-related psychological variables. Both pain-related fear (-0.04 < pooled r < 0.14) and pain catastrophizing (0.28 < pooled r < 0.29) were weakly associated with CoP variables during different postural tasks. For all associations, the certainty of evidence was very low. SIGNIFICANCE Pain-related fear and pain catastrophizing are only weakly associated with postural control during static bipedal standing in individuals with LBP, regardless of postural task difficulty. Certainty of evidence is very low thus it is conceivable that future studies accounting for current study limitations might reveal different findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Van Wesemael
- UHasselt, REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Agoralaan Gebouw A, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Katleen Bogaerts
- UHasselt, REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Agoralaan Gebouw A, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; KU Leuven, Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Tiensestraat 102, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbet De Baets
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pain in Motion Research Group (PAIN), Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nina Goossens
- UHasselt, REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Agoralaan Gebouw A, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Elke Vlemincx
- KU Leuven, Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Tiensestraat 102, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam Movement Sciences Research Institute, Department of Health Sciences, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Charlotte Amerijckx
- UHasselt, REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Agoralaan Gebouw A, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Suniya Sohail
- UHasselt, REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Agoralaan Gebouw A, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; Foundation University Islamabad, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Defence Avenue, Phase-I, DHA, 44000 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Thomas Matheve
- UHasselt, REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Agoralaan Gebouw A, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; Ghent University, Spine, Head and Pain Research Unit Ghent, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lotte Janssens
- UHasselt, REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Agoralaan Gebouw A, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Uno T, Matsuo T, Asano M, Loh PY. Effects of Simulated Visual Impairment Conditions on Movement and Anxiety during Gap Crossing. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 12:42. [PMID: 38200948 PMCID: PMC10779388 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of visual conditions associated with progressive eye disease on movement patterns and anxiety levels during gap-crossing tasks. Notably, 15 healthy young adults performed crossover platforms with a 10 cm gap at three different heights, namely equal (0 cm), raised (+15 cm), and lowered (-15 cm) levels, under four vision conditions, namely normal or corrected eyesight, 10° tunnel vision, 5° tunnel vision, and 5° tunnel vision with 0.04 occlusion. Leg movements during gap crossing were analyzed using three-dimensional motion analysis. The results highlighted a distinct motion pattern in the trajectories of participants' legs under the different visual conditions. Specifically, at the point where the gap-crossing movement began (D1), the normal or corrected eyesight conditions resulted in further separation between the steps compared with the other visual conditions. The highest point of the foot during movement (D2) did not differ between the visual conditions, except for the 0 cm step. Furthermore, anxiety levels, as quantified by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S) questionnaire, were exacerbated under conditions of restricted visual information. In conclusion, visual impairments associated with progressive ocular diseases may perturb complex motor movement patterns, including those involved in gap-crossing tasks, with heightened anxiety potentially amplifying these disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Uno
- Center of Liberal Arts and Science, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Yamaguchi 756-0884, Japan
| | - Taihei Matsuo
- Graduate School of Design, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 815-8540, Japan;
| | - Masanari Asano
- Faculty of Humanity-Oriented Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Fukuoka 820-8555, Japan;
| | - Ping Yeap Loh
- Department of Life Design and Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 815-8540, Japan;
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14
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Yamanaka E, Goto R, Kawakami M, Tateishi T, Kondo K, Nojima I. Intermuscular Coherence during Quiet Standing in Sub-Acute Patients after Stroke: An Exploratory Study. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1640. [PMID: 38137088 PMCID: PMC10742243 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Asymmetrically impaired standing control is a prevalent disability among stroke patients; however, most of the neuromuscular characteristics are unclear. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to investigate between-limb differences in intermuscular coherence during quiet standing. Consequently, 15 patients who had sub-acute stroke performed a quiet standing task without assistive devices, and electromyography was measured on the bilateral tibialis anterior (TA), soleus (SL), and medial gastrocnemius (MG). The intermuscular coherence of the unilateral synergistic (SL-MG) pair and unilateral antagonist (TA-SL and TA-MG) pairs in the delta (0-5 Hz) and beta (15-35 Hz) bands were calculated and compared between the paretic and non-paretic limbs. The unilateral synergistic SL-MG coherence in the beta band was significantly greater in the non-paretic limb than in the paretic limb (p = 0.017), while unilateral antagonist TA-MG coherence in the delta band was significantly greater in the paretic limb than in the non-paretic limb (p < 0.01). During quiet standing, stroke patients showed asymmetry in the cortical control of the plantar flexor muscles, and synchronous control between the antagonistic muscles was characteristic of the paretic limb. This study identified abnormal muscle activity patterns and asymmetrical cortical control underlying impaired standing balance in patients with sub-acute stroke using an intermuscular coherence analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Yamanaka
- Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan;
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tokyo Bay Rehabilitation Hospital, 4-1-1 Yatsu, Narashino 275-0026, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Goto
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tokyo Bay Rehabilitation Hospital, 4-1-1 Yatsu, Narashino 275-0026, Japan
| | - Michiyuki Kawakami
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tokyo Bay Rehabilitation Hospital, 4-1-1 Yatsu, Narashino 275-0026, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takaki Tateishi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tokyo Bay Rehabilitation Hospital, 4-1-1 Yatsu, Narashino 275-0026, Japan
| | - Kunitsugu Kondo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tokyo Bay Rehabilitation Hospital, 4-1-1 Yatsu, Narashino 275-0026, Japan
| | - Ippei Nojima
- Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan;
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-0001, Japan
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15
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Jiang L, Kasahara S, Ishida T, Koshino Y, Chiba A, Yoshimi K, Wei Y, Samukawa M, Tohyama H. Change in sensory integration and regularity of postural sway with the suspensory strategy during static standing balance. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1290986. [PMID: 38020661 PMCID: PMC10651086 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1290986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aim The suspensory strategy, a method for controlling postural balance in the vertical direction of the center of mass (COM), is considered by the elderly as a means of balance control. The vertical COM control might alter the sensory integration and regularity of postural sway, which in turn impacts balance. However, to date, this was not confirmed. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the influence of the suspensory strategy achieved through knee flexion on the static standing balance. Methods Nineteen participants were monitored at knee flexion angles of 0°, 15°, and 65°. Time-frequency analysis and sample entropy were employed to analyze the COM data. Time-frequency analysis was utilized to assess the energy content across various frequency bands and corresponding percentage of energy within each frequency band. The outcomes of time-frequency are hypothesized to reflect the balance-related sensory input and sensory weights. Sample entropy was applied to evaluate the regularity of the COM displacement patterns. Results Knee flexion led to a decreased COM height. The highest energy content was observed at 65° knee flexion, in contrast with the lowest energy observed at 0° in both the anterior-posterior (AP) and medial-lateral (ML) directions. Additionally, the ultra-low-frequency band was more pronounced at 65° than that at 0° or 15° in the ML direction. Furthermore, the COM amplitudes were notably higher at 65° than those at 0° and 15° in the AP and ML directions, respectively. The sample entropy values were lower at 65° and 15° than those at 0° in the ML direction, with the lowest value observed at 65° in the vertical direction. Conclusion The suspensory strategy could enhance the sensory input and cause sensory reweighting, culminating in a more regular balance control. Such suspensory strategy-induced postural control modifications may potentially provide balance benefits for people with declining balance-related sensory, central processing, and musculoskeletal system functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjing Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kasahara
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomoya Ishida
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuta Koshino
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ami Chiba
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hirosaki University Hospital, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Yoshimi
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuting Wei
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mina Samukawa
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Harukazu Tohyama
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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16
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Riemer H, Joseph JV, Lee AY, Riemer R. Emotion and motion: Toward emotion recognition based on standing and walking. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290564. [PMID: 37703239 PMCID: PMC10499259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotion recognition is key to interpersonal communication and to human-machine interaction. Body expression may contribute to emotion recognition, but most past studies focused on a few motions, limiting accurate recognition. Moreover, emotions in most previous research were acted out, resulting in non-natural motion, which is unapplicable in reality. We present an approach for emotion recognition based on body motion in naturalistic settings, examining authentic emotions, natural movement, and a broad collection of motion parameters. A lab experiment using 24 participants manipulated participants' emotions using pretested movies into five conditions: happiness, relaxation, fear, sadness, and emotionally-neutral. Emotion was manipulated within subjects, with fillers in between and a counterbalanced order. A motion capture system measured posture and motion during standing and walking; a force plate measured center of pressure location. Traditional statistics revealed nonsignificant effects of emotions on most motion parameters; only 7 of 229 parameters demonstrate significant effects. Most significant effects are in parameters representing postural control during standing, which is consistent with past studies. Yet, the few significant effects suggest that it is impossible to recognize emotions based on a single motion parameter. We therefore developed machine learning models to classify emotions using a collection of parameters, and examined six models: k-nearest neighbors, decision tree, logistic regression, and the support vector machine with radial base function and linear and polynomial functions. The decision tree using 25 parameters provided the highest average accuracy (45.8%), more than twice the random guess for five conditions, which advances past studies demonstrating comparable accuracies, due to our naturalistic setting. This research suggests that machine learning models are valuable for emotion recognition in reality and lays the foundation for further progress in emotion recognition models, informing the development of recognition devices (e.g., depth camera), to be used in home-setting human-machine interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hila Riemer
- Guilford Glazer Faculty of Business and Management, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er-Sheva, Israel
| | - Joel V. Joseph
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er-Sheva, Israel
| | - Angela Y. Lee
- Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Raziel Riemer
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er-Sheva, Israel
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17
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Bzdúšková D, Marko M, Hirjaková Z, Riečanský I, Kimijanová J. Fear of heights shapes postural responses to vibration-induced balance perturbation at virtual height. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1229484. [PMID: 37771346 PMCID: PMC10523023 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1229484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Standing upright at height is a challenging situation involving intense threat of balance loss and fall. The ability to maintain balance in such conditions requires properly resolving sensory conflicts and is influenced by fear. To get more insight on the role of fear in balance control at height, we explored the dynamics of postural behavior in the situation of enhanced threat of potential balance loss. Methods In 40 young individuals with varying fear of heights, we combined simulated exposure to height in a virtual reality environment with bilateral vibration of tibialis anterior muscles which evokes posture destabilization (the so-called vibration-induced falling). Results Under such condition of enhanced postural threat, individuals with intense fear of heights showed stronger stiffening of posture compared with individuals with low fear of heights who react more flexibly and adaptively to posture destabilization. This group difference was evident already at ground level but further increased during virtual height exposure. Discussion Our data show that fear of height significantly affects posture adaptation to balance-destabilizing events. Our findings demonstrate that the assessment of postural behavior during threatening situations in the virtual reality environment provides valuable insights into the mechanisms of balance control and may be used to develop novel strategies aimed at prevention of falls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Bzdúšková
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Marko
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Applied Informatics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Hirjaková
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Igor Riečanský
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Kimijanová
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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18
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Missen KJ, Assländer L, Babichuk A, Chua R, Inglis JT, Carpenter MG. The role of torque feedback in standing balance. J Neurophysiol 2023; 130:585-595. [PMID: 37492897 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00046.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that sensory force/pressure cues are integrated within a positive feedback mechanism, which accounts for the slow dynamics of human standing behavior and helps align the body with gravity. However, experimental evidence of this mechanism remains scarce. This study tested predictions of a positive torque feedback mechanism for standing balance, specifically that differences between a "reference" torque and actual torque are self-amplified, causing the system to generate additional torque. Seventeen healthy young adults were positioned in an apparatus that permitted normal sway at the ankle until a brake on the apparatus was applied, discreetly "locking" body movement during stance. Once locked, a platform positioned under the apparatus remained in place (0 mm) or slowly translated backward (3 mm or 6 mm), tilting subjects forward. Postural behavior was characterized by two distinct responses: the center of pressure (COP) offset (i.e., change in COP elicited by the surface translation) and the COP drift (i.e., change in COP during the sustained tilt). Model simulations were performed using a linear balance control model containing torque feedback to provide a conceptual basis for the interpretation of experimental results. Holding the body in sustained tilt positions resulted in COP drifting behavior, reflecting attempts of the balance control system to restore an upright position through increases in plantar flexor torque. In line with predictions of positive torque feedback, larger COP offsets led to faster increases in COP over time. These findings provide experimental support for a positive torque feedback mechanism involved in the control of standing balance.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Using model simulations and a novel experimental approach, we tested behavioral predictions of a sensory torque feedback mechanism involved in the control of upright standing. Torque feedback is thought to reduce the effort required to stand and play a functional role in slowly aligning the body with gravity. Our results provide experimental evidence of a torque feedback mechanism and offer new and valuable insights into the sensorimotor control of human balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Missen
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lorenz Assländer
- Human Performance Research Centre, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Alison Babichuk
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Romeo Chua
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - J Timothy Inglis
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mark G Carpenter
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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19
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Hall KJ, Van Ooteghem K, McIlroy WE. Emotional state as a modulator of autonomic and somatic nervous system activity in postural control: a review. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1188799. [PMID: 37719760 PMCID: PMC10500443 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1188799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in our understanding of postural control have highlighted the need to examine the influence of higher brain centers in the modulation of this complex function. There is strong evidence of a link between emotional state, autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity and somatic nervous system (somatic NS) activity in postural control. For example, relationships have been demonstrated between postural threat, anxiety, fear of falling, balance confidence, and physiological arousal. Behaviorally, increased arousal has been associated with changes in velocity and amplitude of postural sway during quiet standing. The potential links between ANS and somatic NS, observed in control of posture, are associated with shared neuroanatomical connections within the central nervous system (CNS). The influence of emotional state on postural control likely reflects the important influence the limbic system has on these ANS/somatic NS control networks. This narrative review will highlight several examples of behaviors which routinely require coordination between the ANS and somatic NS, highlighting the importance of the neurofunctional link between these systems. Furthermore, we will extend beyond the more historical focus on threat models and examine how disordered/altered emotional state and ANS processing may influence postural control and assessment. Finally, this paper will discuss studies that have been important in uncovering the modulatory effect of emotional state on postural control including links that may inform our understanding of disordered control, such as that observed in individuals living with Parkinson's disease and discuss methodological tools that have the potential to advance understanding of this complex relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlee J. Hall
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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20
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Guo P, Wang D, Li Y, Wang R, Xu H, Han J, Lyu J. Do visual and step height factors cause imbalance during bipedal and unipedal stances? A plantar pressure perspective. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1253056. [PMID: 37662431 PMCID: PMC10470124 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1253056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The plantar pressure analysis technique was used to explore the static balance ability and stability of healthy adult males under the influence of visual and step height factors during bipedal and unipedal stances. Methods: Thirty healthy adult males volunteered for the study. Experiments used the F-scan plantar pressure analysis insoles to carry out with eyes open (EO) and eyes closed (EC) at four different step heights. The plantar pressure data were recorded for 10 s and pre-processed to derive kinematic and dynamic parameters. Results: For unipedal stance, most of kinematic parameters of the subjects' right and left feet were significantly greater when the eyes were closed compared to the EO condition and increased with step height. The differences in toe load between right and left feet, open and closed eyes were extremely statistically significant (p < 0.001). The differences in midfoot load between the EO and EC conditions were statistically significant (p = 0.024) and extremely statistically significant between the right and left feet (p < 0.001). The difference in rearfoot load between EO and EC conditions was extremely statistically significant (p < 0.001) and statistically significant (p = 0.002) between the right and left feet. For bipedal stance, most of kinematic parameters of the subjects' EO and EC conditions were statistically significant between the right and left feet and increased with step height. The overall load's difference between EO and EC states was statistically significant (p = 0.003) for both feet. The overall load's difference between the right and left feet was extremely statistically significant (p < 0.001) in the EC state. The differences between the right and left feet of the forefoot and rearfoot load with EO and EC suggested that the right foot had a smaller forefoot load, but a larger rearfoot load than the left foot (p < 0.001). The differences between the forefoot and rearfoot load of the subjects' both feet with EO and EC were extremely statistically significant (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Both visual input and step height factors, even the dominant foot, act on kinematic and dynamic parameters that affect the maintenance of static balance ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panjing Guo
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Duoduo Wang
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yumin Li
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiqin Wang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoran Xu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Han
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Lyu
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
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21
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Cleworth TW, Peters RM, Chua R, Inglis JT, Carpenter MG. Effects of postural threat on perceptions of lower leg somatosensory stimuli during standing. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1191976. [PMID: 37621714 PMCID: PMC10445653 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1191976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Height-induced postural threat affects emotional state and standing balance behaviour during static, voluntary, and dynamic tasks. Facing a threat to balance also affects sensory and cortical processes during balance tasks. As sensory and cognitive functions are crucial in forming perceptions of movement, balance-related changes during threatening conditions might be associated with changes in conscious perceptions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the changes and potential mechanisms underlying conscious perceptions of balance-relevant information during height-induced postural threat. A combination of three experimental procedures utilized height-induced postural threat to manipulate emotional state, balance behavior, and/or conscious perceptions of balance-related stimuli. Experiment 1 assessed conscious perception of foot position during stance. During continuous antero-posterior pseudorandom support surface rotations, perceived foot movement was larger while actual foot movement did not change in the High (3.2 m, at the edge) compared to Low (1.1 m, away from edge) height conditions. Experiment 2 and 3 assessed somatosensory perceptual thresholds during upright stance. Perceptual thresholds for ankle rotations were elevated while foot sole vibrations thresholds remained unchanged in the High compared to Low condition. This study furthers our understanding of the relationship between emotional state, sensory perception, and balance performance. While threat can influence the perceived amplitude of above threshold ankle rotations, there is a reduction in the sensitivity of an ankle rotation without any change to foot sole sensitivity. These results highlight the effect of postural threat on neurophysiological and cognitive components of balance control and provide insight into balance assessment and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor W. Cleworth
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ryan M. Peters
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Romeo Chua
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - J. Timothy Inglis
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- International Collaboration for Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mark G. Carpenter
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- International Collaboration for Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Ellmers TJ, Wilson MR, Kal EC, Young WR. The perceived control model of falling: developing a unified framework to understand and assess maladaptive fear of falling. Age Ageing 2023; 52:afad093. [PMID: 37466642 PMCID: PMC10355179 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afad093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND fear of falling is common in older adults and can have a profound influence on a variety of behaviours that increase fall risk. However, fear of falling can also have potentially positive outcomes for certain individuals. Without progressing our understanding of mechanisms underlying these contrasting outcomes, it is difficult to clinically manage fear of falling. METHODS this paper first summarises recent findings on the topic of fear of falling, balance and fall risk-including work highlighting the protective effects of fear. Specific focus is placed on describing how fear of falling influences perceptual, cognitive and motor process in ways that might either increase or reduce fall risk. Finally, it reports the development and validation of a new clinical tool that can be used to assess the maladaptive components of fear of falling. RESULTS we present a new conceptual framework-the Perceived Control Model of Falling-that describes specific mechanisms through which fear of falling can influence fall risk. The key conceptual advance is the identification of perceived control over situations that threaten one's balance as the crucial factor mediating the relationship between fear and increased fall risk. The new 4-item scale that we develop-the Updated Perceived Control over Falling Scale (UP-COF)-is a valid and reliable tool to clinically assess perceived control. CONCLUSION this new conceptualisation and tool (UP-COF) allows clinicians to identify individuals for whom fear of falling is likely to increase fall risk, and target specific underlying maladaptive processes such as low perceived control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark R Wilson
- Department of Public Health and Sports Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Elmar C Kal
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Brunel University London, London, UK
| | - William R Young
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Brunel University London, London, UK
- Department of Public Health and Sports Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Fischer OM, Missen KJ, Tokuno CD, Carpenter MG, Adkin AL. Postural threat increases sample entropy of postural control. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1179237. [PMID: 37342783 PMCID: PMC10277644 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1179237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Postural threat elicits modifications to standing balance. However, the underlying neural mechanism(s) responsible remain unclear. Shifts in attention focus including directing more attention to balance when threatened may contribute to the balance changes. Sample entropy, a measure of postural sway regularity with lower values reflecting less automatic and more conscious control of balance, may support attention to balance as a mechanism to explain threat-induced balance changes. The main objectives were to investigate the effects of postural threat on sample entropy, and the relationships between threat-induced changes in physiological arousal, perceived anxiety, attention focus, sample entropy, and traditional balance measures. A secondary objective was to explore if biological sex influenced these relationships. Methods Healthy young adults (63 females, 42 males) stood quietly on a force plate without (No Threat) and with (Threat) the expectation of receiving a postural perturbation (i.e., forward/backward support surface translation). Mean electrodermal activity and anterior-posterior centre of pressure (COP) sample entropy, mean position, root mean square, mean power frequency, and power within low (0-0.05 Hz), medium (0.5-1.8 Hz), and high-frequency (1.8-5 Hz) components were calculated for each trial. Perceived anxiety and attention focus to balance, task objectives, threat-related stimuli, self-regulatory strategies, and task-irrelevant information were rated after each trial. Results and Discussion Significant threat effects were observed for all measures, except low-frequency sway. Participants were more physiologically aroused, more anxious, and directed more attention to balance, task objectives, threat-related stimuli, and self-regulatory strategies, and less to task-irrelevant information in the Threat compared to No Threat condition. Participants also increased sample entropy, leaned further forward, and increased the amplitude and frequency of COP displacements, including medium and high-frequency sway, when threatened. Males and females responded in the same way when threatened, except males had significantly larger threat-induced increases in attention to balance and high-frequency sway. A combination of sex and threat-induced changes in physiological arousal, perceived anxiety, and attention focus accounted for threat-induced changes in specific traditional balance measures, but not sample entropy. Increased sample entropy when threatened may reflect a shift to more automatic control. Directing more conscious control to balance when threatened may act to constrain these threat-induced automatic changes to balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M. Fischer
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Kyle J. Missen
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Craig D. Tokuno
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Mark G. Carpenter
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Allan L. Adkin
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
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Demchenko I, Desai N, Iwasa SN, Gholamali Nezhad F, Zariffa J, Kennedy SH, Rule NO, Cohn JF, Popovic MR, Mulsant BH, Bhat V. Manipulating facial musculature with functional electrical stimulation as an intervention for major depressive disorder: a focused search of literature for a proposal. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2023; 20:64. [PMID: 37193985 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-023-01187-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is associated with interoceptive deficits expressed throughout the body, particularly the facial musculature. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, afferent feedback from the facial muscles suffices to alter the emotional experience. Thus, manipulating the facial muscles could provide a new "mind-body" intervention for MDD. This article provides a conceptual overview of functional electrical stimulation (FES), a novel neuromodulation-based treatment modality that can be potentially used in the treatment of disorders of disrupted brain connectivity, such as MDD. METHODS A focused literature search was performed for clinical studies of FES as a modulatory treatment for mood symptoms. The literature is reviewed in a narrative format, integrating theories of emotion, facial expression, and MDD. RESULTS A rich body of literature on FES supports the notion that peripheral muscle manipulation in patients with stroke or spinal cord injury may enhance central neuroplasticity, restoring lost sensorimotor function. These neuroplastic effects suggest that FES may be a promising innovative intervention for psychiatric disorders of disrupted brain connectivity, such as MDD. Recent pilot data on repetitive FES applied to the facial muscles in healthy participants and patients with MDD show early promise, suggesting that FES may attenuate the negative interoceptive bias associated with MDD by enhancing positive facial feedback. Neurobiologically, the amygdala and nodes of the emotion-to-motor transformation loop may serve as potential neural targets for facial FES in MDD, as they integrate proprioceptive and interoceptive inputs from muscles of facial expression and fine-tune their motor output in line with socio-emotional context. CONCLUSIONS Manipulating facial muscles may represent a mechanistically novel treatment strategy for MDD and other disorders of disrupted brain connectivity that is worthy of investigation in phase II/III trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Demchenko
- Interventional Psychiatry Program, Mental Health and Addictions Service, St. Michael's Hospital - Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5B 1M4, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Naaz Desai
- Krembil Research Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada
- KITE, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2A2, Canada
| | - Stephanie N Iwasa
- KITE, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2A2, Canada
- CRANIA, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Gholamali Nezhad
- Interventional Psychiatry Program, Mental Health and Addictions Service, St. Michael's Hospital - Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5B 1M4, Canada
| | - José Zariffa
- KITE, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2A2, Canada
- CRANIA, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1V7, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E2, Canada
- The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Sidney H Kennedy
- Interventional Psychiatry Program, Mental Health and Addictions Service, St. Michael's Hospital - Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5B 1M4, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Nicholas O Rule
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts & Science , University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Jeffrey F Cohn
- Department of Psychology, Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts & Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Milos R Popovic
- Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- KITE, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2A2, Canada
- CRANIA, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E2, Canada
- The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Benoit H Mulsant
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, M6J 1H4, Canada
| | - Venkat Bhat
- Interventional Psychiatry Program, Mental Health and Addictions Service, St. Michael's Hospital - Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5B 1M4, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Krembil Research Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada.
- KITE, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2A2, Canada.
- CRANIA, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada.
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Hill MW, Russel K, Wdowski M, Lord SR, Muehlbauer T, Ellmers T. Effects of arm movement strategies on emotional state and balance control during height-induced postural threat in young adults. Gait Posture 2023; 103:73-79. [PMID: 37121215 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is firmly established that postural threat seems to lead to an increased. reliance on an ankle control ('stiffening') strategy. However, little is known about how. postural threat affects performance in challenging tasks that require the use of upper. body postural control strategies for stability. It is logical to assume that in such. conditions, being able to utilise an upper body strategy may reduce the reliance on. such ankle stiffening strategy. Research question The objective of this study was to determine how arm movement. influences balance control during a challenging balance task performed under. conditions of postural threat. METHODS Thirty young adults (mean ± SD age; 22.0 ± 4.0 years) balanced in tandem. stance whilst standing at both ground-level (no threat) and 0.8 m above ground. (threat). In both conditions, participants performed the task under two different arm. POSITIONS restricted arm movements and free arm movements. Postural sway. amplitude and frequency were calculated to infer postural stiffening response. Selfreported. emotional responses were quantified by assessing balance confidence, fear. of falling, perceived stability, and conscious balance processing. RESULTS Independent of arm movements, postural threat evoked an increase in fear of. falling and conscious balance processing, and reductions in balance confidence and. perceived stability. These threat-related changes in emotional state were further. amplified when arm movements were restricted. Whilst significant increases in sway. frequency during threat were observed in both arm conditions, reductions in sway. amplitude were only observed during the restricted arm movement condition. SIGNIFICANCE We propose that these responses likely reflect a fear-related cautious. strategy intended to reduce the postural destabilisation associated with individuals. being unable to use their arms to counter any destabilisation, as would normally be the. case in daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Hill
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom.
| | - K Russel
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - M Wdowski
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - S R Lord
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - T Muehlbauer
- Division of Movement and Training Sciences/Biomechanics of Sport, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - T Ellmers
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Johnson E, Ellmers TJ, Muehlbauer T, Lord SR, Hill MW. Exploring how arm movement moderates the effect of task difficulty on balance performance in young and older adults. Hum Mov Sci 2023; 89:103093. [PMID: 37088011 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2023.103093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence highlights that arm movements exert a substantial and functionally relevant contribution on quiet standing balance control in young adults. Ageing is associated with "non-functional" compensatory postural control strategies (i.e., lower limb co-contraction), which in turn, may increase the reliance on an upper body strategy to control upright stance. Thus, the primary purpose of this study was to compare the effects of free versus restricted arm movements on balance performance in young and older adults, during tasks of different difficulty. Fifteen young (mean ± SD age; 21.3 ± 4.2 years) and fifteen older (mean ± SD age; 73.3 ± 5.0 years) adults performed bipedal, semi-tandem and tandem balance tasks under two arm position conditions: restricted arm movements and free arm movements. Centre of pressure (COP) amplitude and frequency were calculated as indices of postural performance and strategy, respectively. Especially in older adults, restriction of arm movement resulted in increased sway amplitude and frequency, which was primarily observed for the mediolateral direction. Further, increasing balance task difficulty raised the arm restriction cost (ARC; a new measure to quantify free vs. restricted arm movement differences in postural control) that was more prominent in older adults. These findings indicate the ARC provides a measure of reliance on the upper body for balance control and that arm movement is important for postural control in older adults, especially during tasks of greater difficulty.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Johnson
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, United Kingdom
| | - T J Ellmers
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - T Muehlbauer
- Division of Movement and Training Sciences/Biomechanics of Sport, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - S R Lord
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M W Hill
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, United Kingdom.
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27
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Hodgson DD, King JA, Darici O, Dalton BH, Cleworth TW, Cluff T, Peters RM. Visual feedback-dependent modulation of arousal, postural control, and muscle stretch reflexes assessed in real and virtual environments. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1128548. [PMID: 37082148 PMCID: PMC10110857 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1128548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionThe mechanisms regulating neuromuscular control of standing balance can be influenced by visual sensory feedback and arousal. Virtual reality (VR) is a cutting-edge tool for probing the neural control of balance and its dependence on visual feedback, but whether VR induces neuromodulation akin to that seen in real environments (eyes open vs. closed or ground level vs. height platform) remains unclear.MethodsHere we monitored 20 healthy young adults (mean age 23.3 ± 3.2 years; 10 females) during four conditions of quiet standing. Two real world conditions (eyes open and eyes closed; REO and REC) preceded two eyes-open virtual ‘low’ (ground level; VRL) and ‘high’ (14 m height platform; VRH) conditions. We measured arousal via electrodermal activity and psychosocial questionnaires rating perceived fear and anxiety. We recorded surface electromyography over the right soleus, medial gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior, and performed force plate posturography. As a proxy for modulations in neural control, we assessed lower limb reflexive muscle responses evoked by tendon vibration and electrical stimulation.ResultsPhysiological and perceptual indicators of fear and anxiety increased in the VRH condition. Background soleus muscle activation was not different across conditions; however, significant increases in muscle activity were observed for medial gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior in VRH relative to REO. The mean power frequency of postural sway also increased in the VRH condition relative to REO. Finally, with a fixed stimulus level across conditions, mechanically evoked reflexes remained constant, while H-reflex amplitudes decreased in strength within virtual reality.DiscussionNotably, H-reflexes were lower in the VRL condition than REO, suggesting that these ostensibly similar visual environments produce different states of reflexive balance control. In summary, we provide novel evidence that VR can be used to modulate upright postural control, but caution that standing balance in analogous real and virtual environments may involve different neural control states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jordan A. King
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Osman Darici
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Brian H. Dalton
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | | | - Tyler Cluff
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ryan M. Peters
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Ryan M. Peters,
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de Oliveira CEN, Coelho DB, de Souza CR, Batista AX, Marquesini R, Moreira-Neto A, Silva-Batista C, Bitiati AT, Teixeira LA, de Lima-Pardini AC. Cognitive and emotional factors influence specific domains of postural control in individuals with moderate-to-severe Parkinson's disease. Gait Posture 2023; 101:66-72. [PMID: 36758424 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cognition and emotional state are domains that highly interfere with postural control in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). This study aims to find associations between executive function, anxiety, depression, and reactive and anticipatory postural control domains in individuals with moderate-to-severe Parkinson's disease. METHODS In this study, 34 individuals with PD while on medication were thoroughly assessed for postural control in perturbed, quiet standing and stepping. We performed multiple linear stepwise regressions using postural variables as dependent and cognitive/emotional as independent variables. RESULTS The results showed that cognitive flexibility explained 23 % of anticipatory postural adjustments (APA) duration, inhibitory control explained 42 % of instability on a malleable surface, anxiety explained 21 % of APA amplitude, and 38 % of reactive postural response amplitude. CONCLUSION Our results highlight the impact of emotional and cognitive states on particular domains of postural control in individuals with PD while on medication. These results may have significant implications for future treatments, mainly considering the predictors for postural control domains, which were consistent with the assumption that impairments in affective and executive domains underlie posture. As we have shown that cognitive and emotional states influence postural control domains in individuals with PD, this should be taken into account in rehabilitation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Boari Coelho
- Center for Mathematics, Computation, and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil; Biomedical Engineering, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Caroline Ribeiro de Souza
- Human Motor Systems Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alana Xavier Batista
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel Marquesini
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Acácio Moreira-Neto
- Exercise Neuroscience Research Group, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Silva-Batista
- Exercise Neuroscience Research Group, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luis Augusto Teixeira
- Human Motor Systems Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Farias SG, Rodrigues M, da Costa SD, Ribeiro de Macedo A, Nogueira-Campos AA, Garcia MAC, Imbiriba LA. Cardiorespiratory and Emotional Responses During Balance Exercises. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:186-193. [PMID: 35040750 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2021.1953691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Physical exercises on unstable surfaces have been largely applied for clinical practice as well as in sports training. Although the unsteadiness can lead to physiological and psychological adaptations, little is known about the autonomic and emotional acute responses during the practice of balance exercises. This study aimed to evaluate both cardiorespiratory and emotional responses while standing on different unstable surfaces. Methods: Eighty-eight healthy participants performed postural balance tasks in three experimental conditions: (1) a rigid surface (control); (2) balance pad; and (3) the Both Sides Up (BOSU) ball. Respiratory activity was recorded through the thoracic movement and the heart rate variability by the electrocardiographic signal during the balance tasks. After the participants evaluated the level of perceived stability and emotional aspects related to each experimental condition. Results: The main results showed that BOSU condition was perceived as more unstable, unpleasant, with higher arousal and lower dominance levels (p < .05). Accordingly, participants had also an increase in the mean respiratory frequency and heart rate (p < .05). Conclusion: These results showed that the postural task with greater instability prompted congruent physiological adjustments to ensure the homeostasis in the more challenging condition. Therefore, the cardiorespiratory and emotional responses should be considered to ensure the safety and benefits in rehabilitation programs in which the exercise progression is based on unstable surfaces.
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Szulc A, Prokopowicz P, Buśko K, Mikołajewski D. Model of the Performance Based on Artificial Intelligence-Fuzzy Logic Description of Physical Activity. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1117. [PMID: 36772159 PMCID: PMC9918994 DOI: 10.3390/s23031117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to build a fuzzy model of lower limb peak torque in an isokinetic mode. The study involved 93 male participants (28 male deaf soccer players, 19 hearing soccer players and 46 deaf untraining male). A fuzzy computational model of different levels of physical activity with a focus on the lower limbs was constructed. The proposed fuzzy model assessing lower limb peak torque in an isokinetic mode demonstrated its effectiveness. The novelty of our research lies in the use of hierarchical fuzzy logic to extract computational rules from data provided explicitly and then to determine the corresponding physiological and pathological mechanisms. The contribution of our research lies in complementing the methods for describing physiology, pathology and rehabilitation with fuzzy parameters, including the so-called dynamic norm embedded in the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Szulc
- Institute of Physical Education, Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Piotr Prokopowicz
- Institute of Computer Science, Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Buśko
- Institute of Physical Education, Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Dariusz Mikołajewski
- Institute of Computer Science, Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Jie LJ, Kal E, Ellmers TJ, Rosier J, Meijer K, Boonstra TW. The Effects of Conscious Movement Processing on the Neuromuscular Control of Posture. Neuroscience 2023; 509:63-73. [PMID: 36403689 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining balance is thought to primarily occur sub-consciously. Occasionally, however, individuals will direct conscious attention towards balance, e.g., in response to a threat to balance. Such conscious movement processing (CMP) increases the reliance on attentional resources and may disrupt balance performance. However, the underlying changes in neuromuscular control remain poorly understood. We investigated the effects of CMP (manipulated using verbal instructions) on neural control of posture in twenty-five adults (11 females, mean age = 23.9, range = 18-33). Participants performed 90-s, bipedal stance balance trials in high- and low-CMP conditions, during both stable (solid surface) and unstable (foam) task conditions. Postural sway amplitude, frequency and complexity were used to assess postural control. Surface EMG was recorded bilaterally from lower leg muscles (Soleus, Tibialis Anterior, Gastrocnemius Medialis, Peroneus Longus) and intermuscular coherence (IMC) was assessed for 12 muscle pairs across four frequency bands. We observed significantly increased sway amplitude, and decreased sway frequency and complexity in the high- compared to the low-CMP conditions. All sway variables increased in the unstable compared to the stable conditions. We observed reduced beta band IMC between several muscle pairs during high- compared to low-CMP, but these findings did not remain significant after controlling for multiple comparisons. Finally, IMC significantly increased in the unstable conditions for most muscle combinations and frequency bands. In all, results tentatively suggest that CMP-induced changes in sway outcomes may be facilitated by reduced beta-band IMC, but these findings need to be replicated before they can be interpreted more conclusively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Jie
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Research Centre for Nutrition, Lifestyle and Exercise, Zuyd University of Applied Sciences, the Netherlands.
| | - Elmar Kal
- College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, UK; Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Brunel University London, UK
| | - Toby J Ellmers
- Centre for Vestibular Neurology, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Joëlle Rosier
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Kenneth Meijer
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Tjeerd W Boonstra
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
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Krasovsky T. Cognition, Emotion, and Movement in the Context of Rehabilitation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192114532. [PMID: 36361412 PMCID: PMC9654978 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This Special Issue aims to advance the state of inquiry into the interaction between emotions, cognition, and motor performance and learning [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Krasovsky
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel;
- Pediatric Rehabilitation Department, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan 52621, Israel
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Verdonk C, Trousselard M, Medani T, Vialatte F, Dreyfus G. Probing the posture with machine learning provides physiological evidence supporting the enhanced body awareness hypothesis in trait mindfulness. Front Physiol 2022; 13:915134. [PMID: 36117705 PMCID: PMC9480617 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.915134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced body awareness has been suggested as one of the cognitive mechanisms that characterize mindfulness. Yet neuroscience literature still lacks strong empirical evidence to support this claim. Body awareness contributes to postural control during quiet standing; in particular, it may be argued that body awareness is more strongly engaged when standing quietly with eyes closed, because only body cues are available, than with eyes open. Under these theoretical assumptions, we recorded the postural signals of 156 healthy participants during quiet standing in Eyes closed (EC) and Eyes open (EO) conditions. In addition, each participant completed the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory, and his/her mindfulness score was computed. Following a well-established machine learning methodology, we designed two numerical models per condition: one regression model intended to estimate the mindfulness score of each participant from his/her postural signals, and one classifier intended to assign each participant to one of the classes “Mindful” or “Non-mindful.” We show that the two models designed from EC data are much more successful in their regression and classification tasks than the two models designed from EO data. We argue that these findings provide the first physiological evidence that contributes to support the enhanced body awareness hypothesis in mindfulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Verdonk
- Department of Neurosciences and Cognitive Sciences, Unit of Neurophysiology of Stress, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- ESPCI Paris – PSL University, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Charles Verdonk,
| | - Marion Trousselard
- Department of Neurosciences and Cognitive Sciences, Unit of Neurophysiology of Stress, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- French Military Health Service Academy, Paris, France
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The effects of slow breathing on postural muscles during standing perturbations in young adults. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:2623-2631. [PMID: 35962803 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06437-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining standing balance is vital to completing activities in daily living. Recent findings suggest an interaction between cardiovascular and postural control systems. Volitional slow breathing can modulate the cardiovascular response and affect postural control during quiet standing. However, the effects of slow breathing during threats to standing balance have not been studied. The study examined the effect of slow breathing on the latency and amplitude of postural muscle responses to perturbations of the base of support in healthy, young adults. Twenty-seven participants completed two balance perturbation tasks in standing on an instrumented split-belt treadmill while breathing spontaneously and breathing at 6 breaths per minute. Each perturbation task consisted of 25 posteriorly directed translations of the treadmill belts every 8-12 s. Muscle latency and muscle burst amplitude were measured using surface electromyography from the right limb for the quadriceps (QUADS), medial hamstring (MH), gastrocnemii (GASTROC), soleus (SOL), and tibialis anterior (TA) muscle groups, while a respiratory belt was used to record respiratory rate. Results indicated that during the slow breathing task both muscle latency (p = 0.022) and muscle burst amplitude (p = 0.011) decreased compared to spontaneous breathing. The EMG pre-perturbation activation was not significantly different in any muscle group between conditions (p > 0.167). The study found that reducing respiratory rate to approximately 6 breaths per minute affects the neuromuscular responses in the lower limb muscles to perturbations.
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Jo D, Pannetier M, Drouin S, Bassil S, Matte C, Bilodeau M. Sex differences in the effect of muscle fatigue on static postural control under different vision and task conditions. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269705. [PMID: 35731747 PMCID: PMC9216616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to compare the effects of ankle plantar flexors fatigue on postural control between healthy young adult males and females. The secondary aim was to determine the effects of vision on the fatigue-induced postural changes. Ten healthy young males and nine females were asked to perform quiet standing (QS) and standing forward lean (FL) tasks with eyes open (EO) and closed (EC) before and immediately following exercise, and throughout a 15-min recovery period. A sustained isometric exercise of ankle plantar flexors was performed until participants were no longer able to maintain a target torque of 50% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). Mean anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) positions of the center of pressure (COP), mean COP sway velocity, and 95% ellipse area of COP sway were measured. Ankle plantar flexors fatigue had significant effects on all dependent variables, except for sway area. A fatigue X sex interaction was found for sway velocity with the most challenging task condition (FL-EC), where males showed a significant increase in sway velocity up to 15 min following exercise, whereas females did not. Fatigue X vision interactions for AP position were also found, with the withdrawal of vision leading to a greater backward shift during recovery for both the QS (5 to 15 min) and FL (5 to 10 min) tasks. Our findings suggest the use of different postural control strategies with ankle fatigue between males and females, and also a contribution of vision to compensate for fatigue-induced instability that is not dependent on task difficulty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donguk Jo
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Aging and Movement Laboratory, Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maya Pannetier
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sophie Drouin
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Bassil
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caroline Matte
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin Bilodeau
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Aging and Movement Laboratory, Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Association between Fear of Falling and Seven Performance-Based Physical Function Measures in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10061139. [PMID: 35742190 PMCID: PMC9222699 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10061139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fear of falling (FOF), a common phenomenon among older adults, may result in adverse health consequences. The strength of the association between FOF and physical function among older adults has not been well compared in previous studies. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was performed on 105 older adults to determine and compare the strength of the association between FOF and seven common physical function measures. After controlling for age, logistic regression models were fitted for each physical function measure. According to odds ratios, the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Short Physical Performance Battery, gait speed, and Timed Up & Go Test were associated with the identification of FOF. Based on a c-statistic value of 0.76, the BBS, a common and quick assessment of functional balance tasks, was found to be able to distinguish between fearful and non-fearful older adults. Interventions targeted to improve lower-extremity physical functions, especially functional balance ability, may help prevent or delay the adverse consequences of FOF.
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Castro P, Bancroft MJ, Arshad Q, Kaski D. Persistent Postural-Perceptual Dizziness (PPPD) from Brain Imaging to Behaviour and Perception. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12060753. [PMID: 35741638 PMCID: PMC9220882 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12060753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD) is a common cause of chronic dizziness associated with significant morbidity, and perhaps constitutes the commonest cause of chronic dizziness across outpatient neurology settings. Patients present with altered perception of balance control, resulting in measurable changes in balance function, such as stiffening of postural muscles and increased body sway. Observed risk factors include pre-morbid anxiety and neuroticism and increased visual dependence. Following a balance-perturbing insult (such as vestibular dysfunction), patients with PPPD adopt adaptive strategies that become chronically maladaptive and impair longer-term postural behaviour. In this article, we explore the relationship between behavioural postural changes, perceptual abnormalities, and imaging correlates of such dysfunction. We argue that understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of PPPD necessitates an integrated methodological approach that is able to concurrently measure behaviour, perception, and cortical and subcortical brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Castro
- Neuro-Otology Department, University College London Hospitals, London WC1E 6DG, UK;
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W6 8RF, UK
- Departamento de Fonoaudiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Matthew J. Bancroft
- Centre for Vestibular and Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK;
| | - Qadeer Arshad
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK;
| | - Diego Kaski
- Neuro-Otology Department, University College London Hospitals, London WC1E 6DG, UK;
- Centre for Vestibular and Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK;
- Correspondence:
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The Relationship between Personality and Postural Control in Young Adults—A Pilot Study. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12104978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Postural control is a term used to describe how the central nervous system regulates sensory information from other systems to produce adequate motor output to maintain a controlled, upright posture. Emotions (fear, anxiety) and thus personality type can affect the strategy of body control. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of personality on postural control. Thirty-three healthy individuals participated in this study. The big-five model was used to examine personality traits. Each participant performed four different standing tasks (one and both legs standing with eyes open (eo) and closed (ec): 2eo, 2ec, 1eo, 1ec). We showed that the dominant personality traits in the study group were extraversion and agreeableness. There were significantly low negative associations between nonlinear parameters and personality traits. A moderate correlation was noted for the 1eo trial between Openness and the Lyapunov exponent. In conclusion, nonlinear measures provide a possible link between personality and postural control. The relationships detected are weak. It shows that factors such as visual control and the size of the support area rather than personality will play a significant role in describing postural control.
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Development of Dynamic Measures to Assess Balance Confidence and State Anxiety While Walking at Increasing Speeds in Young and Older Adults. J Aging Phys Act 2022; 30:995-1002. [PMID: 35339111 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2021-0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the test-retest reliability and construct validity of tools to assess how balance confidence (BC) and state anxiety (SA) change with progressively increasing walking speeds. Sixteen young adults and 15 older adults attended two sessions. Individuals began walking on a treadmill at 0.4 m/s Participants chose to continue increasing the treadmill speed (up to 2.0 m/s) or to discontinue the protocol while rating their BC and SA after completing each speed. BC at participants' fastest speed attempted demonstrated high and moderate test-retest reliability among young (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = .908) and older adults (ICC = .704). SA for young adults and older adults was good (ICC = .833) and fair (ICC = .490), respectively. Our measures also correlated with measures of dynamic stability while walking for young (r = -.67, p = .008) and older adults (r = .54, p = .046). Our dynamic measures of BC and SA are valid and reliable in young and older adults.
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Nielsen EI, Cleworth TW, Carpenter MG. Exploring emotional-modulation of visually evoked postural responses through virtual reality. Neurosci Lett 2022; 777:136586. [PMID: 35331814 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to postural threat has been documented to influence the sensory contributions of proprioceptive and vestibular information in standing balance control. Contributions from the visual system to balance are also crucial, yet the degree to which postural threat may modulate visual control of balance is not well characterized. Therefore, the aims of this study were to assess the feasibility of eliciting visual evoked postural responses (VEPRs) using head-mounted virtual reality (VR) and use this method to examine the potential influence of virtual postural threat on the visual control of balance. 36 healthy young adults were exposed to a pseudorandom, translational visual stimulus of a real-world environment in VR. The visual stimulus was presented in virtual conditions of LOW and HIGH postural threat in which participants stood at ground level, and on a 7m elevated platform, respectively. VEPRs were successfully produced in both postural threat conditions. When exposed to the visual stimulus while at an elevated surface height, participants demonstrated significant changes to their physiological arousal and emotional state. Despite significant coherence across the stimulus' frequency range, stimulus correlated VEPRs were not significantly modulated during exposure to the visual stimulus under virtual postural threat. This study supports the future utility of VR head-mounted displays in examining emotional influences on the visual control of balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma I Nielsen
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Taylor W Cleworth
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark G Carpenter
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Cesari P, Piscitelli F, Pascucci F, Bertucco M. Postural threat influences the coupling between anticipatory and compensatory postural adjustments in response to an external perturbation. Neuroscience 2022; 490:25-35. [PMID: 35276303 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fear of falling increases conscious control of balance and postural threat warrants accurate anticipatory motor commands for keeping a safe body posture. This study examines the anticipatory (APAs) and compensatory (CPAs) postural adjustments generated in response to an external perturbation while individuals are positioned at two different altitudes (2 cm and 80 cm) from the floor level. The main result indicates that due to the perceived emotional threat, different agonist and antagonist muscles synergies (R and C-Indexes) are manifested, particularly during the anticipatory phase. The results suggest that the CNS sends central commands for anticipating postural adjustments by adopting primarily a muscle reciprocal activation instead of a muscle co-activation strategy. Interestingly, the APAs strategies were modified under different postural threats by controlling the agonist-antagonist muscles at different joints of lower extremity. For CPAs the reciprocal activation was less applied compared to muscles co-activation to unsure larger margin for compensatory adjustments as needed and re-establish the postural stability. The results indicate that when facing to a postural threat, the CNS modulates the anticipatory and compensatory phases of postural adjustments to minimize the risk of falling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Cesari
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Piscitelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Pascucci
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Matteo Bertucco
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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Bzdúšková D, Marko M, Hirjaková Z, Kimijanová J, Hlavačka F, Riečanský I. The Effects of Virtual Height Exposure on Postural Control and Psychophysiological Stress Are Moderated by Individual Height Intolerance. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 15:773091. [PMID: 35095450 PMCID: PMC8789875 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.773091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Virtual reality (VR) enables individuals to be exposed to naturalistic environments in laboratory settings, offering new possibilities for research in human neuroscience and treatment of mental disorders. We used VR to study psychological, autonomic and postural reactions to heights in individuals with varying intensity of fear of heights. Study participants (N = 42) were immersed in a VR of an unprotected open-air elevator platform in an urban area, while standing on an unstable ground. Virtual elevation of the platform (up to 40 m above the ground level) elicited robust and reliable psychophysiological activation including increased distress, heart rate, and electrodermal activity, which was higher in individuals suffering from fear of heights. In these individuals, compared with individuals with low fear of heights, the VR height exposure resulted in higher velocity of postural movements as well as decreased low-frequency (<0.5 Hz) and increased high-frequency (>1 Hz) body sway oscillations. This indicates that individuals with strong fear of heights react to heights with maladaptive rigidity of posture due to increased weight of visual input for balance control, while the visual information is less reliable at heights. Our findings show that exposure to height in a naturalistic VR environment elicits a complex reaction involving correlated changes of the emotional state, autonomic activity, and postural balance, which are exaggerated in individuals with fear of heights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Bzdúšková
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Marko
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Applied Informatics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Hirjaková
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Kimijanová
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - František Hlavačka
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Igor Riečanský
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- *Correspondence: Igor Riečanský,
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Zaback M, Adkin AL, Chua R, Timothy Inglis J, Carpenter MG. Facilitation and habituation of cortical and subcortical control of standing balance following repeated exposure to a height-related postural threat. Neuroscience 2022; 487:8-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Quixadá AP, Miranda JGV, Osypiuk K, Bonato P, Vergara-Diaz G, Ligibel JA, Mehling W, Thompson ET, Wayne PM. Qigong Training Positively Impacts Both Posture and Mood in Breast Cancer Survivors With Persistent Post-surgical Pain: Support for an Embodied Cognition Paradigm. Front Psychol 2022; 13:800727. [PMID: 35265005 PMCID: PMC8900705 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.800727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Theories of embodied cognition hypothesize interdependencies between psychological well-being and physical posture. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of objectively measuring posture, and to explore the relationship between posture and affect and other patient centered outcomes in breast cancer survivors (BCS) with persistent postsurgical pain (PPSP) over a 12-week course of therapeutic Qigong mind-body training. Twenty-one BCS with PPSP attended group Qigong training. Clinical outcomes were pain, fatigue, self-esteem, anxiety, depression, stress and exercise self-efficacy. Posture outcomes were vertical spine and vertical head angles in the sagittal plane, measured with a 3D motion capture system in three conditions: eyes open (EO), eyes open relaxed (EOR) and eyes closed (EC). Assessments were made before and after the Qigong training. The association between categorical variables (angle and mood) was measured by Cramer's V. In the EO condition, most participants who improved in fatigue and anxiety scales also had better vertical head values. For the EOR condition, a moderate correlation was observed between changes in vertical head angle and changes in fatigue scale. In the EC condition, most of the participants who improved in measures of fatigue also improved vertical head angle. Additionally, pain severity decreased while vertical spine angle improved. These preliminary findings support that emotion and other patient centered outcomes should be considered within an embodied framework, and that Qigong may be a promising intervention for addressing biopsychosocially complex interventions such as PPSP in BCSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Quixadá
- Laboratory of Biosystems, Institute of Physics, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Ana Paula Quixadá,
| | - Jose G. V. Miranda
- Laboratory of Biosystems, Institute of Physics, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Kamila Osypiuk
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Paolo Bonato
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gloria Vergara-Diaz
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Ligibel
- Zakim Center for Integrative Therapies and Healthy Living, Harvard Medical School, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Wolf Mehling
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Evan T. Thompson
- Department of Philosophy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Peter M. Wayne
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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Amiaz R, Kimel Naor S, Caspi A, Czerniak E, Noy S, Pelc T, Mintz M, Plotnik M. Responses to balance challenges in persons with panic disorder: A pilot study of computerized static and dynamic balance measurements. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2411. [PMID: 34843172 PMCID: PMC8785611 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several studies have shown an association between panic disorder (PD) and reduced balance abilities, mainly based on functional balance scales. This pilot study aims to demonstrate the feasibility of studying balance abilities of persons with PD (PwPD) using computerized static and, for the first time, dynamic balance measurements in order to characterize balance control strategies employed by PwPD. METHODS Twelve PwPD and 11 healthy controls were recruited. PD diagnosis was confirmed using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV), and the severity of symptoms was evaluated using the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A), PD Severity Scales (PDSS), and Panic and Agoraphobia Scale (PAS). Balance was clinically assessed using the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence (ABC) scale and physically by the Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test (Mini-BESTest). Dizziness was evaluated using the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) scale. Postural control was evaluated statically by measuring body sway and dynamically by measuring body responses to rapid unexpected physical perturbations. RESULTS PwPD had higher scores on the HAM-A (17.6 ± 10.3 vs. 3.0 ± 2.9; p < .001), PDSS (11.3 ± 5.1 vs. 0; p < .001), and PAS (20.3 ± 8.7 vs. 0; p < .001) questionnaires and lower scores on the balance scales compared to the controls (ABC scale: 156.2 ± 5.9 vs. 160 ± 0.0, p = .016; Mini-BESTest: 29.4 ± 2.1 vs. 31.4 ± 0.9, p = .014; DHI: 5.3 ± 4.4 vs. 0.09 ± 0.3, p < .001). In the static balance tests, PwPD showed a not-significantly smaller ellipse area of center of pressure trajectory (p = .36) and higher body sway velocity (p = .46), whereas in the dynamic balance tests, PwPD had shorter recovery time from physical perturbations in comparison to controls (2.1 ± 1.2s vs. 1.6 ± 0.9 s, p = .018). CONCLUSION The computerized balance tests results point to an adoption of a ''postural rigidity'' strategy by the PwPD, that is, reduced dynamic adaptations in the face of postural challenges. This may reflect a nonsecure compensatory behavior. Further research is needed to delineate this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revital Amiaz
- Psychiatry Department, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shani Kimel Naor
- The Center of Advanced Technologies in Rehabilitation, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Asaf Caspi
- Psychiatry Department, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Efrat Czerniak
- Psychiatry Department, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shlomo Noy
- Psychiatry Department, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tatiana Pelc
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Matti Mintz
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Meir Plotnik
- The Center of Advanced Technologies in Rehabilitation, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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46
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Ellmers TJ, Wilson MR, Kal EC, Young WR. Standing up to threats: Translating the two-system model of fear to balance control in older adults. Exp Gerontol 2021; 158:111647. [PMID: 34861355 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The 'two-system' view of fear builds on traditional conceptualisations of emotion; proposing that the mechanisms responsible for behavioural and physiological responses to threat may be distinct from those underpinning the (conscious) emotional experience itself. We empirically tested this notion within a novel, applied context of social and economic importance: fear of falling in older adults. Older adults stood on the edge of a raised platform and were stratified based on whether they reported fear in response to this postural threat. Irrespective of whether participants reported fear, we observed behaviours indicative of postural 'stiffening' during the threat condition. Self-reports indicated that participants cognitively monitored these changes in balance, and fear of falling was experienced in those who interpreted these behaviours to imply that harm was likely to occur. Fearful participants exhibited additional changes in balance (increased movement complexity and altered utilisation of sensory feedback) - behaviours likely influenced by attempts to consciously control balance. Taken together, these findings provide novel insight into the systems that regulate behavioural and emotional responses to postural threats. The novel conceptual framework developed from these findings helps identify specific mechanisms that might be targeted through clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby J Ellmers
- Neuro-Otology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, UK; School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, UK; Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Brunel University London, UK.
| | - Mark R Wilson
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, UK.
| | - Elmar C Kal
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Brunel University London, UK.
| | - William R Young
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, UK; Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Brunel University London, UK.
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Emmanouil A, Rousanoglou E, Georgaki A, Boudolos KD. When Musical Accompaniment Allows the Preferred Spatio-Temporal Pattern of Movement. Sports Med Int Open 2021; 5:E81-E90. [PMID: 34646934 PMCID: PMC8500738 DOI: 10.1055/a-1553-7063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A musical accompaniment is often used in movement coordination and stability
exercise modalities, although considered obstructive for their fundament of
preferred movement pace. This study examined if the rhythmic strength of musical
excerpts used in movement coordination and exercise modalities allows the
preferred spatio-temporal pattern of movement. Voluntary and spontaneous body
sway (70 s) were tested (N=20 young women) in a non-musical
(preferred) and two rhythmic strength (RS) musical conditions (Higher:HrRS,
Lower:LrRS). The center of pressure trajectory was used for the body sway
spatio-temporal characteristics (Kistler forceplate, 100 Hz). Statistics
included paired t-tests between each musical condition and the non-musical one,
as well as between musical conditions (p≤0.05). Results indicated no
significant difference between the musical and the non-musical conditions
(p>0.05). The HrRS differed significantly from LrRS only in the
voluntary body sway, with increased sway duration (p=0.03), center of
pressure path (p=0.04) and velocity (p=0.01). The findings
provide evidence-based support for the rhythmic strength recommendations in
movement coordination and stability exercise modalities. The HrRS to LrRS
differences in voluntary body sway most possibly indicate that low-frequency
musical features rather than just tempo and pulse clarity are also
important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analina Emmanouil
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Department of Sport Medicine and Biology of Exercise, Sport Biomechanics Lab, Daphne, Greece
| | - Elissavet Rousanoglou
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Department of Sport Medicine and Biology of Exercise, Sport Biomechanics Lab, Daphne, Greece
| | - Anastasia Georgaki
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Music Studies, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos D Boudolos
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Department of Sport Medicine and Biology of Exercise, Sport Biomechanics Lab, Daphne, Greece
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48
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Does height-induced threat modulate shortening of reaction times induced by a loud stimulus in a lateral stepping and a wrist extension task? Hum Mov Sci 2021; 80:102857. [PMID: 34481328 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2021.102857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The StartReact (SR) effect is the accelerated release of a prepared movement when a startling acoustic stimulus is presented at the time of the imperative stimulus (IS). SR paradigms have been used to study defective control of balance and gait in people with neurological conditions, but differences in emotional state (e.g. fear of failure) may be a potential confounder when comparing patients to healthy subjects. In this study, we aimed to gain insight in the effects of postural threat on the SR effect by manipulating surface height during a postural (lateral step) task and a non-postural (wrist extension) task. METHODS Eleven healthy participants performed a lateral step perpendicular to the platform edge, and 19 participants performed a wrist extension task while standing at the platform edge. Participants initiated the movement as fast as possible in response to an IS that varied in intensity across trials (80 dB to 121 dB) at both low and high platform height (3.2 m). For the lateral step task, we determined anticipatory postural adjustments (APA) and step onset latencies. For the wrist extension task, muscle onset latencies were determined. We used Wilcoxon signed-rank tests on the relative onset latencies between both heights, to identify whether the effect of height was different for IS intensities between 103 and 118 dB compared to 121 dB. RESULTS For both tasks, onset latencies were significantly shortened at 121 dB compared to 80 dB, regardless of height. In the lateral step task, the effect of height was larger at 112 dB compared to 121 dB. The absolute onset latencies showed that at 112 dB there was no such stimulus intensity effect at high as seen at low surface height. In the wrist extension task, no differential effects of height could be demonstrated across IS intensities. CONCLUSIONS Postural threat had a significant, yet modest effect on shortening of RTs induced by a loud IS, with a mere 3 dB difference between standing on high versus low surface height. Interestingly, this effect of height was specific to the postural (i.e. lateral stepping) task, as no such differences could be demonstrated in the wrist extension task. This presumably reflects more cautious execution of the lateral step task when standing on height. The present findings suggest that applying stimuli of sufficiently high intensity (≥115 dB) appears to neutralize potential differences in emotional state when studying SR effects.
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Noordewier MK, Scheepers DT, Stins JF, Hagenaars MA. On the physiology of interruption after unexpectedness. Biol Psychol 2021; 165:108174. [PMID: 34453984 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We tested whether surprise elicits similar physiological changes as those associated with orienting and freezing after threat, as surprise also involves a state of interruption and attention for effective action. Moreover, because surprise is primarily driven by the unexpectedness of an event, initial physiological responses were predicted to be similar for positive, neutral, and negative surprises. Results of repetition-change studies (4 + 1 in Supplemental Materials) showed that surprise lowers heart rate (Experiments 1-4) and increases blood pressure (Experiment 4). No effects on body movement (Experiment 2) or finger temperature (Experiment 4) were found. When unexpected stimuli were presented more often (making them less surprising) heart rate returned to baseline, while blood pressure remained high (Experiment 4). These effects were not influenced by stimulus valence. However, second-to-second analyses within the first (surprising) block showed a tendency for a stronger increase in systolic blood pressure after negative vs. positive surprise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marret K Noordewier
- Social, Economic and Organisational Psychology, Social and Behavioural Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Daan T Scheepers
- Social, Economic and Organisational Psychology, Social and Behavioural Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Social, Health and Organizational Psychology, Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - John F Stins
- Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Muriel A Hagenaars
- Clinical Psychology, Social and Behavioural Sciences, Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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50
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Avedesian JM, Singh H, Diekfuss JA, Myer GD, Grooms DR. Loss of Motor Stability After Sports-Related Concussion: Opportunities for Motor Learning Strategies to Reduce Musculoskeletal Injury Risk. Sports Med 2021; 51:2299-2309. [PMID: 34339041 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01527-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Current best practices to direct recovery after sports-related concussion (SRC) typically require asymptomatic presentation at both rest and during a graduated exercise progression, and cognitive performance resolution. However, this standard of care results in a significantly elevated risk for musculoskeletal (MSK) injury after return-to-sport (RTS). The elevated risk is likely secondary to, in part, residual neurophysiological and dual-task motor stability deficits that remain despite RTS. These deficits present as a loss of autonomous control of gait and posture and an increased need for cognition for motor stability. Thus, the incorporation of strategies that can enhance motor stability and restore autonomous control of gait and posture during SRC recovery and RTS progression may facilitate a reduction of the elevated risk of secondary MSK injury. We provide a theoretical framework for the application of motor learning principles to restore autonomous gait and postural stability after SRC via incorporation, or targeted manipulation, of external focus, enhanced expectations, autonomy support, practice schedule variability, and dual-task strategies during rehabilitation and RTS training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Avedesian
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
- Emory Sports Performance and Research Center, 4450 Falcon Pkwy, Flowery Branch, GA, USA.
| | - Harjiv Singh
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Jed A Diekfuss
- Emory Sports Performance and Research Center, 4450 Falcon Pkwy, Flowery Branch, GA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gregory D Myer
- Emory Sports Performance and Research Center, 4450 Falcon Pkwy, Flowery Branch, GA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Sports Medicine Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Dustin R Grooms
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Division of Athletic Training, School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Division of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation and Communication Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
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