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Singh R, Sharma D, Kumar A, Singh C, Singh A. Understanding zebrafish sleep and wakefulness physiology as an experimental model for biomedical research. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2024; 50:827-842. [PMID: 38150068 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01288-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is a globally observable fact, or period of reversible distracted rest, that can be distinguished from arousal by various behavioral criteria. Although the function of sleep is an evolutionarily conserved behavior, its mechanism is not yet clear. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become a valuable model for neurobehavioral studies such as studying learning, memory, anxiety, and depression. It is characterized by a sleep-like state and circadian rhythm, making it comparable to mammals. Zebrafish are a good model for behavioral studies because they share genetic similarities with humans. A number of neurotransmitters are involved in sleep and wakefulness. There is a binding between melatonin and the hypocretin system present in zebrafish. The full understanding of sleep and wakefulness physiology in zebrafish is still unclear among researchers. Therefore, to make a clear understanding of the sleep/wake cycle in zebrafish, this article covers the mechanism involved behind it, and the role of the neuromodulator system followed by the mechanism of the HPA axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi, 110017, India
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001, Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144603, India
| | - Deepali Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001, Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144603, India
| | - Anoop Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Charan Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, HNB Garhwal University (A Central University), Chauras Campus, Distt, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, 246174, India
| | - Arti Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001, Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144603, India.
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Rahimi S, Joyce L, Fenzl T, Drexel M. Crosstalk between the subiculum and sleep-wake regulation: A review. J Sleep Res 2024:e14134. [PMID: 38196146 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.14134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The circuitry underlying the initiation, maintenance, and coordination of wakefulness, rapid eye movement sleep, and non-rapid eye movement sleep is not thoroughly understood. Sleep is thought to arise due to decreased activity in the ascending reticular arousal system, which originates in the brainstem and awakens the thalamus and cortex during wakefulness. Despite the conventional association of sleep-wake states with hippocampal rhythms, the mutual influence of the hippocampal formation in regulating vigilance states has been largely neglected. Here, we focus on the subiculum, the main output region of the hippocampal formation. The subiculum, particulary the ventral part, sends extensive monosynaptic projections to crucial regions implicated in sleep-wake regulation, including the thalamus, lateral hypothalamus, tuberomammillary nucleus, basal forebrain, ventrolateral preoptic nucleus, ventrolateral tegmental area, and suprachiasmatic nucleus. Additionally, second-order projections from the subiculum are received by the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, locus coeruleus, and median raphe nucleus, suggesting the potential involvement of the subiculum in the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle. We also discuss alterations in the subiculum observed in individuals with sleep disorders and in sleep-deprived mice, underscoring the significance of investigating neuronal communication between the subiculum and pathways promoting both sleep and wakefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Rahimi
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Leesa Joyce
- Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, München, Germany
| | - Thomas Fenzl
- Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, München, Germany
| | - Meinrad Drexel
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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3
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Adamantidis AR, de Lecea L. Sleep and the hypothalamus. Science 2023; 382:405-412. [PMID: 37883555 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh8285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Neural substrates of wakefulness, rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), and non-REMS (NREMS) in the mammalian hypothalamus overlap both anatomically and functionally with cellular networks that support physiological and behavioral homeostasis. Here, we review the roles of sleep neurons of the hypothalamus in the homeostatic control of thermoregulation or goal-oriented behaviors during wakefulness. We address how hypothalamic circuits involved in opposing behaviors such as core body temperature and sleep compute conflicting information and provide a coherent vigilance state. Finally, we highlight some of the key unresolved questions and challenges, and the promise of a more granular view of the cellular and molecular diversity underlying the integrative role of the hypothalamus in physiological and behavioral homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine R Adamantidis
- Zentrum für Experimentelle Neurologie, Department of Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luis de Lecea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Urushihata T, Goto M, Kabetani K, Kiyozuka M, Maruyama S, Tsuji S, Tada H, Satoh A. Evaluation of cellular activity in response to sleep deprivation by a comprehensive analysis of the whole mouse brain. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1252689. [PMID: 37928729 PMCID: PMC10620513 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1252689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep deprivation (SD) causes several adverse functional outcomes, and understanding the associated processes can improve quality of life. Although the effects of SD on neuronal activity in several brain regions have been identified, a comprehensive evaluation of the whole brain is still lacking. Hence, we performed SD using two different methods, gentle handling and a dedicated chamber, in targeted recombination in active populations 2 (TRAP2) mice crossed with Rosa-ZsGreen reporter mice and visualized cellular activity in the whole brain. Using the semi-automated post-imaging analysis tool Slice Histology Alignment, Registration, and Cell Quantification (SHARCQ), the number of activated cells was quantified. From the analysis of 14 brain regions, cellular activity was significantly increased in the olfactory areas and decreased in the medulla by the two SD methods. From the analysis of the further subdivided 348 regions, cellular activity was significantly increased in the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis, lateral hypothalamic area, parabigeminal nucleus, ventral tegmental area, and magnocellular reticular nucleus, and decreased in the anterior part of the basolateral amygdalar nucleus, nucleus accumbens, septohippocampal nucleus, reticular nucleus of the thalamus, preoptic part of the periventricular hypothalamic nucleus, ventromedial preoptic nucleus, rostral linear nucleus raphe, facial motor nucleus, vestibular nuclei, and some fiber tracts (oculomotor nerve, genu of corpus callosum, and rubrospinal tract) by the two SD methods. Two subdivided regions of the striatum (caudoputamen and other striatum), epithalamus, vascular organ of the lamina terminalis, anteroventral preoptic nucleus, superior colliculus optic layer, medial terminal nucleus of the accessory optic tract, pontine gray, and fiber tracts (medial lemniscus, columns of the fornix, brachium of the inferior colliculus, and mammillary peduncle) were differentially affected by the two SD methods. Most brain regions detected from these analyses have been reported to be involved in regulating sleep/wake regulatory circuits. Moreover, the results from the connectivity analysis indicated that the connectivity of cellular activity among brain regions was altered by SD. Together, such a comprehensive analysis of the whole brain is useful for understanding the mechanisms by which SD and/or sleep disruption affects brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Urushihata
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Integrative Physiology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Mio Goto
- Department of Integrative Physiology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Keiko Kabetani
- Department of Integrative Physiology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Mai Kiyozuka
- Department of Integrative Physiology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Wellness, Shigakkan University, Obu, Japan
| | - Shiho Maruyama
- Department of Integrative Physiology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Wellness, Shigakkan University, Obu, Japan
| | - Shogo Tsuji
- Department of Integrative Physiology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Hirobumi Tada
- Department of Integrative Physiology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Wellness, Shigakkan University, Obu, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akiko Satoh
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Integrative Physiology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
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Kishi A, Van Dongen HPA. Phenotypic Interindividual Differences in the Dynamic Structure of Sleep in Healthy Young Adults. Nat Sci Sleep 2023; 15:465-476. [PMID: 37388963 PMCID: PMC10305769 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s392038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Evaluating the dynamic structure of sleep may yield new insights into the mechanisms underlying human sleep physiology. Methods We analyzed data from a 12-day, 11-night, strictly controlled laboratory study with an adaptation night, 3 iterations of a baseline night followed by a recovery night after 36 h of total sleep deprivation, and a final recovery night. All sleep opportunities were 12 h in duration (22:00-10:00) and recorded with polysomnography (PSG). The PSG records were scored for the sleep stages: rapid eye movement (REM) sleep; non-REM (NREM) stage 1 sleep (S1), stage 2 sleep (S2), and slow wave sleep (SWS); and wake (W). Phenotypic interindividual differences were assessed using indices of dynamic sleep structure - specifically sleep stage transitions and sleep cycle characteristics - and intraclass correlation coefficients across nights. Results NREM/REM sleep cycles and sleep stage transitions exhibited substantial and stable interindividual differences that were robust across baseline and recovery nights, suggesting that mechanisms underlying the dynamic structure of sleep are phenotypic. In addition, the dynamics of sleep stage transitions were found to be associated with sleep cycle characteristics, with a significant relationship between the length of sleep cycles and the degree to which S2-to-W/S1 and S2-to-SWS transitions were in equilibrium. Discussion Our findings are consistent with a model for the underlying mechanisms that involves three subsystems - characterized by S2-to-W/S1, S2-to-SWS, and S2-to-REM transitions - with S2 playing a hub-like role. Furthermore, the balance between the two subsystems within NREM sleep (S2-to-W/S1 and S2-to-SWS) may serve as a basis for the dynamic regulation of sleep structure and may represent a novel target for interventions aiming to improve sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akifumi Kishi
- Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hans P A Van Dongen
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
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Functional roles of REM sleep. Neurosci Res 2022; 189:44-53. [PMID: 36572254 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is an enigmatic and intriguing sleep state. REM sleep differs from non-REM sleep by its characteristic brain activity and from wakefulness by a reduced anti-gravity muscle tone. In addition to these key traits, diverse physiological phenomena appear across the whole body during REM sleep. However, it remains unclear whether these phenomena are the causes or the consequences of REM sleep. Experimental approaches using humans and animal models have gradually revealed the functional roles of REM sleep. Extensive efforts have been made to interpret the characteristic brain activity in the context of memory functions. Numerous physical and psychological functions of REM sleep have also been proposed. Moreover, REM sleep has been implicated in aspects of brain development. Here, we review the variety of functional roles of REM sleep, mainly as revealed by animal models. In addition, we discuss controversies regarding the functional roles of REM sleep.
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Saidi O, Rochette E, Del Sordo G, Peyrel P, Salles J, Doré E, Merlin E, Walrand S, Duché P. Isocaloric Diets with Different Protein-Carbohydrate Ratios: The Effect on Sleep, Melatonin Secretion and Subsequent Nutritional Response in Healthy Young Men. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14245299. [PMID: 36558458 PMCID: PMC9782994 DOI: 10.3390/nu14245299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the short-term effect of two isocaloric diets differing in the ratio of protein−carbohydrate on melatonin levels, sleep, and subsequent dietary intake and physical activity in healthy young men. Twenty-four healthy men took part in a crossover design including two sessions of three days on isocaloric diets whether high-protein, low-carbohydrate (HPLC) or low-protein, high-carbohydrate (LPHC) followed by 24-h free living assessments. Sleep was measured by ambulatory polysomnography pre-post-intervention. Melatonin levels were assessed on the third night of each session on eight-point salivary sampling. Physical activity was monitored by accelerometry. On day 4, participants reported their 24-h ad-libitum dietary intake. LPHC resulted in better sleep quality and increased secretion of melatonin compared to HPLC. A significant difference was noted in sleep efficiency (p < 0.05) between the two sessions. This was mainly explained by a difference in sleep onset latency (p < 0.01) which was decreased during LPHC (PRE: 15.8 ± 7.8 min, POST: 11.4 ± 4.5 min, p < 0.001). Differences were also noted in sleep staging including time spent on REM (p < 0.05) and N1 (p < 0.05). More importantly, REM latency (PRE: 97.2 ± 19.9 min, POST 112.0 ± 20.7 min, p < 0.001) and cortical arousals (PRE: 7.2 ± 3.9 event/h, POST 8.5 ± 3.3 event/h) increased in response to HPLC diet but not LPHC. On day 4, 24-h ad-libitum energy intake was higher following HPLC compared to LPHC (+64 kcal, p < 0.05) and explained by increased snacking behavior (p < 0.01) especially from carbohydrates (p < 0.05). Increased carbohydrates intake was associated with increased cortical arousals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Saidi
- Laboratory Impact of Physical Activity on Health (IAPS), Toulon University, F-83041 Toulon, France
- Laboratory of Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), Clermont Auvergne University, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Center for Research in Human Nutrition Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Emmanuelle Rochette
- Laboratory Impact of Physical Activity on Health (IAPS), Toulon University, F-83041 Toulon, France
- Department of Pediatrics, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- INSERM, CIC 1405, CRECHE Unit, Clermont Auvergne University, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Giovanna Del Sordo
- Laboratory Impact of Physical Activity on Health (IAPS), Toulon University, F-83041 Toulon, France
| | - Paul Peyrel
- Laboratory of Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), Clermont Auvergne University, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Jérôme Salles
- Human Nutrition Unit, INRAE, Auvergne Human Nutrition Research Center, Clermont Auvergne University, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Eric Doré
- Laboratory of Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), Clermont Auvergne University, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Center for Research in Human Nutrition Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Etienne Merlin
- Department of Pediatrics, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- INSERM, CIC 1405, CRECHE Unit, Clermont Auvergne University, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stéphane Walrand
- Human Nutrition Unit, INRAE, Auvergne Human Nutrition Research Center, Clermont Auvergne University, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pascale Duché
- Laboratory Impact of Physical Activity on Health (IAPS), Toulon University, F-83041 Toulon, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)652-1838-91
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New Perspectives on Sleep Regulation by Tea: Harmonizing Pathological Sleep and Energy Balance under Stress. Foods 2022; 11:foods11233930. [PMID: 36496738 PMCID: PMC9738644 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep, a conservative evolutionary behavior of organisms to adapt to changes in the external environment, is divided into natural sleep, in a healthy state, and sickness sleep, which occurs in stressful environments or during illness. Sickness sleep plays an important role in maintaining energy homeostasis under an injury and promoting physical recovery. Tea, a popular phytochemical-rich beverage, has multiple health benefits, including lowering stress and regulating energy metabolism and natural sleep. However, the role of tea in regulating sickness sleep has received little attention. The mechanism underlying tea regulation of sickness sleep and its association with the maintenance of energy homeostasis in injured organisms remains to be elucidated. This review examines the current research on the effect of tea on sleep regulation, focusing on the function of tea in modulating energy homeostasis through sickness sleep, energy metabolism, and damage repair in model organisms. The potential mechanisms underlying tea in regulating sickness sleep are further suggested. Based on the biohomology of sleep regulation, this review provides novel insights into the role of tea in sleep regulation and a new perspective on the potential role of tea in restoring homeostasis from diseases.
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Oh JY, Lee YS, Hwang TY, Cho SJ, Jang JH, Ryu Y, Park HJ. Acupuncture Regulates Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease via Brain Neural Activity and Functional Connectivity in Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:885396. [PMID: 35774113 PMCID: PMC9237259 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.885396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a multilayered progressive brain disease characterized by motor dysfunction and a variety of other symptoms. Although acupuncture has been used to ameliorate various symptoms of neurodegenerative disorders, including PD, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we investigated the mechanism of acupuncture by revealing the effects of acupuncture treatment on brain neural responses and its functional connectivity in an animal model of PD. We observed that destruction of neuronal network between many brain regions in PD mice were reversed by acupuncture. Using machine learning analysis, we found that the key region associated with the improvement of abnormal behaviors might be related to the neural activity of M1, suggesting that the changes of c-Fos in M1 could predict the improvement of motor function induced by acupuncture treatment. In addition, acupuncture treatment was shown to significantly normalize the brain neural activity not only in M1 but also in other brain regions related to motor behavior (striatum, substantia nigra pars compacta, and globus pallidus) and non-motor symptoms (hippocampus, lateral hypothalamus, and solitary tract) of PD. Taken together, our results demonstrate that acupuncture treatment might improve the PD symptoms by normalizing the brain functional connectivity in PD mice model and provide new insights that enhance our current understanding of acupuncture mechanisms for non-motor symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Young Oh
- Department of Korean Medical Science, Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Studies of Translational Acupuncture Research (STAR), Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center (AMSRC), Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ye-Seul Lee
- Jaseng Spine and Joint Research Institute, Jaseng Medical Foundation, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae-Yeon Hwang
- Department of Korean Medical Science, Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Studies of Translational Acupuncture Research (STAR), Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center (AMSRC), Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong-Jin Cho
- Korean Medicine Fundamental Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hwan Jang
- Department of Korean Medical Science, Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Studies of Translational Acupuncture Research (STAR), Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center (AMSRC), Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeonhee Ryu
- Korean Medicine Fundamental Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hi-Joon Park
- Department of Korean Medical Science, Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Studies of Translational Acupuncture Research (STAR), Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center (AMSRC), Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Hi-Joon Park
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Žunkovič B, Schmidt M. Sleep: The great adaptive diversity. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R1527-R1530. [PMID: 34875243 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A new study shows that bird pupillary responses during sleep are opposite to those seen in mammals, findings that expand our understanding of the great adaptive diversity of sleep and the expression of its components across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breda Žunkovič
- Clinical Institute for Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Markus Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Center for Experimental Neurology, Bern University Hospital (Inselspital) and University, Bern, Switzerland; Ohio Sleep Medicine Institute, 4975 Bradenton Avenue, Dublin, OH 43017, USA.
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11
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Murillo-Rodríguez E, Millán-Aldaco D, Arankowsky-Sandoval G, Yamamoto T, Pertwee RG, Parker L, Mechoulam R. Assessing the treatment of cannabidiolic acid methyl ester: a stable synthetic analogue of cannabidiolic acid on c-Fos and NeuN expression in the hypothalamus of rats. J Cannabis Res 2021; 3:31. [PMID: 34253253 PMCID: PMC8276432 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-021-00081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 04/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabidiol (CBD), the non-psychotropic compound from Cannabis sativa, shows positive results on controlling several health disturbances; however, comparable data regarding additional chemical from C. sativa, such as cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), is scarce due to its instability. To address this limitation, a stable CBDA analogue, CBDA methyl ester (HU-580), was synthetized and showed CBDA-like effects. Recently, we described that HU-580 increased wakefulness and wake-related neurochemicals. OBJECTIVE To extend the comprehension of HU-580´s properties on waking, the c-Fos and NeuN expression in a wake-linked brain area, the hypothalamus was evaluated. METHODS c-Fos and NeuN expression in hypothalamic sections were analyzed after the injections of HU-580 (0.1 or 100 μg/kg, i.p.). RESULTS Systemic administrations of HU-580 increased c-Fos and neuronal nuclei (NeuN) expression in hypothalamic nuclei, including the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus dorsal part, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus compact part, and dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus ventral part. CONCLUSION HU-580 increased c-Fos and NeuN immunoreactivity in hypothalamus nuclei suggesting that this drug might modulate the sleep-wake cycle by engaging the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Murillo-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab Mérida, Km. 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Progreso, Int. Km. 2 Carretera a Chablekal, Yucatán, C.P. 97,308, Mérida, México.
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mérida, Yucatán, México.
| | - Diana Millán-Aldaco
- Depto. de Neurociencia Cognitiva. División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Gloria Arankowsky-Sandoval
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Tetsuya Yamamoto
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mérida, Yucatán, México
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Roger G Pertwee
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Linda Parker
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Raphael Mechoulam
- Institute for Drug Research, Medical Faculty, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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12
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Adamantidis AR, Schmidt MH, Carter ME, Burdakov D, Peyron C, Scammell TE. A circuit perspective on narcolepsy. Sleep 2021; 43:5699663. [PMID: 31919524 PMCID: PMC7215265 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The sleep disorder narcolepsy is associated with symptoms related to either boundary state control that include excessive daytime sleepiness and sleep fragmentation, or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep features including cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hallucinations, and sleep-onset REM sleep events (SOREMs). Although the loss of Hypocretin/Orexin (Hcrt/Ox) peptides or their receptors have been associated with the disease, here we propose a circuit perspective of the pathophysiological mechanisms of these narcolepsy symptoms that encompasses brain regions, neuronal circuits, cell types, and transmitters beyond the Hcrt/Ox system. We further discuss future experimental strategies to investigate brain-wide mechanisms of narcolepsy that will be essential for a better understanding and treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Adamantidis
- Department of Neurology, Centre for Experimental Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Research, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - M H Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Centre for Experimental Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Ohio Sleep Medicine Institute, Dublin, OH
| | - M E Carter
- Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience, Williams College, Williamstown, MA
| | - D Burdakov
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - C Peyron
- Center for Research in Neuroscience of Lyon, SLEEP team, CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028, University Lyon 1, Bron, France
| | - Thomas E Scammell
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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13
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Panchin Y, Kovalzon VM. Total Wake: Natural, Pathological, and Experimental Limits to Sleep Reduction. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:643496. [PMID: 33897357 PMCID: PMC8058214 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.643496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is not considered a pathological state, but it consumes a third of conscious human life. This share is much more than most optimistic life extension forecasts that biotechnologies or experimental and medical interventions can offer. Are there insurmountable physical or biological limitations to reducing the duration of sleep? How far can it be avoided without fatal consequences? What means can reduce the length of sleep? It is widely accepted that sleep is necessary for long-term survival. Here we review the limited yet intriguing evidence that is not consistent with this notion. We concentrate on clinical cases of complete and partial loss of sleep and on human mutations that result in a short sleep phenotype. These observations are supported by new animal studies and are discussed from the perspective of sleep evolution. Two separate hypotheses suggest distinct approaches for remodeling our sleep machinery. If sleep serves an unidentified vital physiological function, this indispensable function has to be identified before “sleep prosthesis” (technical, biological, or chemical) can be developed. If sleep has no vital function, but rather represents a timing mechanism for adaptive inactivity, sleep could be reduced by forging the sleep generation system itself, with no adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Panchin
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Mathematical Methods in Biology, Belozersky Institute, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir M Kovalzon
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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14
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Wu J, Liu D, Li J, Sun J, Huang Y, Zhang S, Gao S, Mei W. Central Neural Circuits Orchestrating Thermogenesis, Sleep-Wakefulness States and General Anesthesia States. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:223-253. [PMID: 33632102 PMCID: PMC9199556 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210225152728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Great progress has been made in specifically identifying the central neural circuits (CNCs) of the core body temperature (Tcore), sleep-wakefulness states (SWs), and general anesthesia states (GAs), mainly utilizing optogenetic or chemogenetic manipulations. We summarize the neuronal populations and neural pathways of these three CNCs, which gives evidence for the orchestration within these three CNCs, and the integrative regulation of these three CNCs by different environmental light signals. We also outline some transient receptor potential (TRP) channels that function in the CNCs-Tcore and are modulated by some general anesthetics, which makes TRP channels possible targets for addressing the general-anesthetics-induced-hypothermia (GAIH). We suggest this review will provide new orientations for further consummating these CNCs and elucidating the central mechanisms of GAIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030. China
| | - Daiqiang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030. China
| | - Jiayan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030. China
| | - Jia Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030. China
| | - Yujie Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030. China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030. China
| | - Shaojie Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030. China
| | - Wei Mei
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Ave 1095, Wuhan 430030. China
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15
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Boss C, Gatfield J, Brotschi C, Heidmann B, Sifferlen T, von Raumer M, Schmidt G, Williams JT, Treiber A, Roch C. The Quest for the Best Dual Orexin Receptor Antagonist (Daridorexant) for the Treatment of Insomnia Disorders. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:2286-2305. [PMID: 32937014 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1998, the orexin system has been of interest to the research community as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of sleep/wake disorders, stress and anxiety disorders, addiction or eating disorders. It consists of two G protein-coupled receptors, the orexin 1 and orexin 2 receptors, and two neuropeptides with agonistic effects, the orexin A and orexin B peptides. Herein we describe our efforts leading to the identification of a promising set of dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) which subsequently went through physiology-based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modelling>[1] and finally led to the selection of daridorexant, currently in phase 3 clinical trials for the treatment of insomnia disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Boss
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, BL, Switzerland
| | - John Gatfield
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, BL, Switzerland
| | - Christine Brotschi
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, BL, Switzerland
| | - Bibia Heidmann
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, BL, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Sifferlen
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, BL, Switzerland
| | - Markus von Raumer
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, BL, Switzerland
| | - Gunther Schmidt
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, BL, Switzerland
| | - Jodi T Williams
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, BL, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Treiber
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, BL, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Roch
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, BL, Switzerland
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16
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Le Bon O. Relationships between REM and NREM in the NREM-REM sleep cycle: a review on competing concepts. Sleep Med 2020; 70:6-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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17
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Abstract
In homeothermic animals sleep preparatory behaviours often promote thermal efficiency, including warmth-seeking, adopting particular postures (curling up, head tucking) and nest building, all promoting warmer skin microclimates. Skin warmth induces NREM sleep and body cooling via circuitry that connects skin sensation to the preoptic hypothalamus. Coupling sleep induction and lower body temperature could serve to minimise energy expenditure or allow energy reallocation. Cooling during NREM sleep may also induce transcriptional changes in genes whose products facilitate housekeeping functions or measure the time spent sleeping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Harding
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Nicholas P Franks
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, SW7 2AZ, UK.,Centre for Neurotechnology, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, UK
| | - William Wisden
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, SW7 2AZ, UK.,Centre for Neurotechnology, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, UK
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18
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Abstract
For many decades, sleep researchers have sought to determine which species 'have' rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. In doing so, they relied predominantly on a template derived from the expression of REM sleep in the adults of a small number of mammalian species. Here, we argue for a different approach that focuses less on a binary decision about haves and have nots, and more on the diverse expression of REM sleep components over development and across species. By focusing on the components of REM sleep and discouraging continued reliance on a restricted template, we aim to promote a richer and more biologically grounded developmental-comparative approach that spans behavioral, physiological, neural, and ecological domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Blumberg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - John A Lesku
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
| | - Paul-Antoine Libourel
- Neurosciences Research Center of Lyon, CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Neurocampus, 95 Boulevard Pinel, 69675 BRON, France
| | - Markus H Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Bern University Hospital (Inselspital), University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 18, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Ohio Sleep Medicine Institute, 4975 Bradenton Avenue, Dublin, OH 43017, USA
| | - Niels C Rattenborg
- Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Haus 5, Seewiesen 82319, Germany.
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19
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Hooshmand B, Azizi H, Ahmadi-Soleimani SM, Semnanian S. Synergistic effect of orexin-glutamate co-administration on spontaneous discharge rate of locus coeruleus neurons in morphine-dependent rats. Neurosci Lett 2019; 706:12-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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20
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Komagata N, Latifi B, Rusterholz T, Bassetti CLA, Adamantidis A, Schmidt MH. Dynamic REM Sleep Modulation by Ambient Temperature and the Critical Role of the Melanin-Concentrating Hormone System. Curr Biol 2019; 29:1976-1987.e4. [PMID: 31155350 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ambient temperature (Ta) warming toward the high end of the thermoneutral zone (TNZ) preferentially increases rapid eye movement (REM) sleep over non-REM (NREM) sleep across species. The control and function of this temperature-induced REM sleep expression have remained unknown. Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons play an important role in REM sleep control. We hypothesize that the MCH system may modulate REM sleep as a function of Ta. Here, we show that wild-type (WT) mice dynamically increased REM sleep durations specifically during warm Ta pulsing within the TNZ, compared to both the TNZ cool and baseline constant Ta conditions, without significantly affecting either wake or NREM sleep durations. However, genetically engineered MCH receptor-1 knockout (MCHR1-KO) mice showed no significant changes in REM sleep as a function of Ta, even with increased sleep pressure following a 4-h sleep deprivation. Using MCH-cre mice transduced with channelrhodopsin, we then optogenetically activated MCH neurons time locked with Ta warming, showing an increase in REM sleep expression beyond what Ta warming in yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) control mice achieved. Finally, in mice transduced with archaerhodopsin-T, semi-chronic optogenetic MCH neuronal silencing during Ta warming completely blocked the increase in REM sleep seen in YFP controls. These data demonstrate a previously unknown role for the MCH system in the dynamic output expression of REM sleep during Ta manipulation. These findings are consistent with the energy allocation hypothesis of sleep function, suggesting that endotherms have evolved neural circuits to opportunistically express REM sleep when the need for thermoregulatory defense is minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noëmie Komagata
- Bern University Hospital (Inselspital), University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Blerina Latifi
- Bern University Hospital (Inselspital), University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Rusterholz
- Center for Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Bern University Hospital (Inselspital), University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Claudio L A Bassetti
- Department of Neurology, Bern University Hospital (Inselspital), University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 18, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Adamantidis
- Center for Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Bern University Hospital (Inselspital), University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Research (DBMR), Bern University Hospital (Inselspital), University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Markus H Schmidt
- Center for Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Bern University Hospital (Inselspital), University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, Bern University Hospital (Inselspital), University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 18, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Ohio Sleep Medicine Institute, 4975 Bradenton Avenue, Dublin, OH 43017, USA.
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21
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Steward T, Mestre-Bach G, Granero R, Sánchez I, Riesco N, Vintró-Alcaraz C, Sauchelli S, Jiménez-Murcia S, Agüera Z, Fernández-García JC, Garrido-Sánchez L, Tinahones FJ, Casanueva FF, Baños RM, Botella C, Crujeiras AB, Torre RDL, Fernández-Real JM, Frühbeck G, Ortega FJ, Rodríguez A, Menchón JM, Fernández-Aranda F. Reduced Plasma Orexin-A Concentrations are Associated with Cognitive Deficits in Anorexia Nervosa. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7910. [PMID: 31133733 PMCID: PMC6536521 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44450-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Orexins/hypocretins are neuropeptides implicated in numerous processes, including food intake and cognition. The role of these peptides in the psychopathology of anorexia nervosa (AN) remains poorly understood. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the associations between plasma orexin-A (OXA) concentrations and neuropsychological functioning in adult women with AN, and a matched control group. Fasting plasma OXA concentrations were taken in 51 females with AN and in 51 matched healthy controls. Set-shifting was assessed using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), whereas decision making was measured using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). The AN group exhibited lower plasma OXA levels than the HC group. Lower mean scores were obtained on the IGT in AN patients. WCST perseverative errors were significantly higher in the AN group compared to HC. In both the AN and HC group, OXA levels were negatively correlated with WCST non-perseverative errors. Reduced plasma OXA concentrations were found to be associated with set-shifting impairments in AN. Taking into consideration the function of orexins in promoting arousal and cognitive flexibility, future studies should explore whether orexin partly underpins the cognitive impairments found in AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Steward
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Salud Carlos III (Spain), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Mestre-Bach
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Salud Carlos III (Spain), Madrid, Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Salud Carlos III (Spain), Madrid, Spain.,Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Sánchez
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Salud Carlos III (Spain), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadine Riesco
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Salud Carlos III (Spain), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Vintró-Alcaraz
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Salud Carlos III (Spain), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sarah Sauchelli
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Salud Carlos III (Spain), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zaida Agüera
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Salud Carlos III (Spain), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose C Fernández-García
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Salud Carlos III (Spain), Madrid, Spain.,Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, Hospital Clínico Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Lourdes Garrido-Sánchez
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Salud Carlos III (Spain), Madrid, Spain.,Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, Hospital Clínico Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco J Tinahones
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Salud Carlos III (Spain), Madrid, Spain.,Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, Hospital Clínico Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Felipe F Casanueva
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Salud Carlos III (Spain), Madrid, Spain.,Molecular and Celular Endocrinology, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS) and Santiago de Compostela University (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosa M Baños
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Salud Carlos III (Spain), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychological, Personality, Evaluation and Treatment of the University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Botella
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Salud Carlos III (Spain), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B Crujeiras
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Salud Carlos III (Spain), Madrid, Spain.,Molecular and Celular Endocrinology, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS) and Santiago de Compostela University (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Salud Carlos III (Spain), Madrid, Spain.,Integrated Pharmacology and Systems Neurosciences Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program Organization IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Health and Experimental Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose M Fernández-Real
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Salud Carlos III (Spain), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació, Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), Hospital Dr Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Salud Carlos III (Spain), Madrid, Spain.,Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra-IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Francisco J Ortega
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Salud Carlos III (Spain), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació, Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), Hospital Dr Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Amaia Rodríguez
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Salud Carlos III (Spain), Madrid, Spain.,Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra-IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - José M Menchón
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Salud Mental, Instituto Salud Carlos III (Spain), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain. .,Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Salud Carlos III (Spain), Madrid, Spain. .,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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