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Beaufort N, Ingendahl L, Merdanovic M, Schmidt A, Podlesainski D, Richter T, Neumann T, Kuszner M, Vetter IR, Stege P, Burston SG, Filipovic A, Ruiz-Blanco YB, Bravo-Rodriguez K, Mieres-Perez J, Beuck C, Uebel S, Zobawa M, Schillinger J, Malik R, Todorov-Völgyi K, Rey J, Roberti A, Hagemeier B, Wefers B, Müller SA, Wurst W, Sanchez-Garcia E, Zimmermann A, Hu XY, Clausen T, Huber R, Lichtenthaler SF, Schmuck C, Giese M, Kaiser M, Ehrmann M, Dichgans M. Rational correction of pathogenic conformational defects in HTRA1. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5944. [PMID: 39013852 PMCID: PMC11252331 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49982-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the homotrimeric serine protease HTRA1 cause cerebral vasculopathy. Here, we establish independent approaches to achieve the functional correction of trimer assembly defects. Focusing on the prototypical R274Q mutation, we identify an HTRA1 variant that promotes trimer formation thus restoring enzymatic activity in vitro. Genetic experiments in Htra1R274Q mice further demonstrate that expression of this protein-based corrector in trans is sufficient to stabilize HtrA1-R274Q and restore the proteomic signature of the brain vasculature. An alternative approach employs supramolecular chemical ligands that shift the monomer-trimer equilibrium towards proteolytically active trimers. Moreover, we identify a peptidic ligand that activates HTRA1 monomers. Our findings open perspectives for tailored protein repair strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Beaufort
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Linda Ingendahl
- Center of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Melisa Merdanovic
- Center of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Andree Schmidt
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - David Podlesainski
- Center of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Tim Richter
- Center of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thorben Neumann
- Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Kuszner
- Center of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ingrid R Vetter
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Patricia Stege
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Steven G Burston
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bristol, UK
| | - Anto Filipovic
- Center of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Yasser B Ruiz-Blanco
- Center of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kenny Bravo-Rodriguez
- Center of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Joel Mieres-Perez
- Center of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christine Beuck
- Center of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stephan Uebel
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Monika Zobawa
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jasmin Schillinger
- Center of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Rainer Malik
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katalin Todorov-Völgyi
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Juliana Rey
- Center of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Annabell Roberti
- Center of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Birte Hagemeier
- Center of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Benedikt Wefers
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Institute of Developmental Genetics (IDG), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stephan A Müller
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Institute of Developmental Genetics (IDG), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
| | - Elsa Sanchez-Garcia
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alexander Zimmermann
- Center of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Xiao-Yu Hu
- College of Material Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
| | - Tim Clausen
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Huber
- Center of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Carsten Schmuck
- Center of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Giese
- Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Kaiser
- Center of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Ehrmann
- Center of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Martin Dichgans
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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Wang H, Lakshmana MK, Fields GB. Identification of binding partners that facilitate membrane-type 5 matrix metalloproteinase (MT5-MMP) processing of amyloid precursor protein. J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:e31218. [PMID: 38345408 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
One of the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the presence of extracellular deposits of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide. In addition to Aβ as the core component of the amyloid plaque, the amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing fragment Aβ was also found accumulated around the plaque. The APPη pathway, mainly mediated by membrane-type 5 matrix metalloproteinase (MT5-MMP), represents an important factor in AD pathogenesis. The proamyloidogenic features of MT5-MMP could result from interactions with APP when trafficking between organelles, so determination of the location within the cell of APPη cleavage and interacting proteins of MT5-MMP affecting this process will be of priority in understanding the role of MT5-MMP in AD. In the present study, MT5-MMP was found to be located in the nucleus, cytosol, and cytosolic subcellular granules of CHO cells that stably expressed wild-type human APP751. MT5-MMP fusion proteins were constructed that could localize enzyme production in the Golgi apparatus, endosome, ER, mitochondria, or plasma membrane. The fusion proteins significantly increased sAPPη when directed to the endosome, Golgi apparatus, plasma membrane, or mitochondria. Since the C-terminal region of MT5-MMP is responsible for its intracellular location and trafficking, this domain was used as the bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen to identify MT5-MMP protein partners in a human brain cDNA library. Identified binding partners included N4BP2L1, TMX3, EIG121, bridging Integrator 1 (BIN1), RUFY4, HTRA1, and TMEM199. The binding of N4BP2L1, EIG121, BIN1, or TMX3 to MT5-MMP resulted in the most significant increase in sAPPη production. Thus, the action of MT5-MMP on APP occurs in multiple locations within the cell and is facilitated by site-specific binding partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Institute for Human Health & Disease Intervention (I-HEALTH), Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Madepalli K Lakshmana
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Gregg B Fields
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Institute for Human Health & Disease Intervention (I-HEALTH), Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida, USA
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Schrader JM, Xu F, Agostinucci KJ, DaSilva NA, Van Nostrand WE. Longitudinal markers of cerebral amyloid angiopathy and related inflammation in rTg-DI rats. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8441. [PMID: 38600214 PMCID: PMC11006668 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a prevalent vascular dementia and common comorbidity of Alzheimer's disease (AD). While it is known that vascular fibrillar amyloid β (Aβ) deposits leads to vascular deterioration and can drive parenchymal CAA related inflammation (CAA-ri), underlying mechanisms of CAA pathology remain poorly understood. Here, we conducted brain regional proteomic analysis of early and late disease stages in the rTg-DI CAA rat model to gain molecular insight to mechanisms of CAA/CAA-ri progression and identify potential brain protein markers of CAA/CAA-ri. Longitudinal brain regional proteomic analysis revealed increased differentially expressed proteins (DEP) including ANXA3, HTRA1, APOE, CST3, and CLU, shared between the cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus, at both stages of disease in rTg-DI rats. Subsequent pathway analysis indicated pathway enrichment and predicted activation of TGF-β1, which was confirmed by immunolabeling and ELISA. Further, we identified numerous CAA related DEPs associate with astrocytes (HSPB1 and MLC1) and microglia (ANXA3, SPARC, TGF-β1) not previously associated with astrocytes or microglia in other AD models, possibly indicating that they are specific to CAA-ri. Thus, the data presented here identify several potential brain protein biomarkers of CAA/CAA-ri while providing novel molecular and mechanistic insight to mechanisms of CAA and CAA-ri pathological progression and glial cell mediated responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Schrader
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, 130 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island, 02881, USA
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, 130 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island, 02881, USA
| | - Kevin J Agostinucci
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, 130 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island, 02881, USA
| | - Nicholas A DaSilva
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, USA
| | - William E Van Nostrand
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, 130 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island, 02881, USA.
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Avraham O, Tsaban T, Ben-Aharon Z, Tsaban L, Schueler-Furman O. Protein language models can capture protein quaternary state. BMC Bioinformatics 2023; 24:433. [PMID: 37964216 PMCID: PMC10647083 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-023-05549-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determining a protein's quaternary state, i.e. the number of monomers in a functional unit, is a critical step in protein characterization. Many proteins form multimers for their activity, and over 50% are estimated to naturally form homomultimers. Experimental quaternary state determination can be challenging and require extensive work. To complement these efforts, a number of computational tools have been developed for quaternary state prediction, often utilizing experimentally validated structural information. Recently, dramatic advances have been made in the field of deep learning for predicting protein structure and other characteristics. Protein language models, such as ESM-2, that apply computational natural-language models to proteins successfully capture secondary structure, protein cell localization and other characteristics, from a single sequence. Here we hypothesize that information about the protein quaternary state may be contained within protein sequences as well, allowing us to benefit from these novel approaches in the context of quaternary state prediction. RESULTS We generated ESM-2 embeddings for a large dataset of proteins with quaternary state labels from the curated QSbio dataset. We trained a model for quaternary state classification and assessed it on a non-overlapping set of distinct folds (ECOD family level). Our model, named QUEEN (QUaternary state prediction using dEEp learNing), performs worse than approaches that include information from solved crystal structures. However, it successfully learned to distinguish multimers from monomers, and predicts the specific quaternary state with moderate success, better than simple sequence similarity-based annotation transfer. Our results demonstrate that complex, quaternary state related information is included in such embeddings. CONCLUSIONS QUEEN is the first to investigate the power of embeddings for the prediction of the quaternary state of proteins. As such, it lays out strengths as well as limitations of a sequence-based protein language model approach, compared to structure-based approaches. Since it does not require any structural information and is fast, we anticipate that it will be of wide use both for in-depth investigation of specific systems, as well as for studies of large sets of protein sequences. A simple colab implementation is available at: https://colab. RESEARCH google.com/github/Furman-Lab/QUEEN/blob/main/QUEEN_prediction_notebook.ipynb .
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Avraham
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tomer Tsaban
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ziv Ben-Aharon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Linoy Tsaban
- Gaffin Center for Neuro-Oncology, Sharett Institute for Oncology, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ora Schueler-Furman
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Merle DA, Sen M, Armento A, Stanton CM, Thee EF, Meester-Smoor MA, Kaiser M, Clark SJ, Klaver CCW, Keane PA, Wright AF, Ehrmann M, Ueffing M. 10q26 - The enigma in age-related macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 96:101154. [PMID: 36513584 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite comprehensive research efforts over the last decades, the pathomechanisms of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) remain far from being understood. Large-scale genome wide association studies (GWAS) were able to provide a defined set of genetic aberrations which contribute to disease risk, with the strongest contributors mapping to distinct regions on chromosome 1 and 10. While the chromosome 1 locus comprises factors of the complement system with well-known functions, the role of the 10q26-locus in AMD-pathophysiology remains enigmatic. 10q26 harbors a cluster of three functional genes, namely PLEKHA1, ARMS2 and HTRA1, with most of the AMD-associated genetic variants mapping to the latter two genes. High linkage disequilibrium between ARMS2 and HTRA1 has kept association studies from reliably defining the risk-causing gene for long and only very recently the genetic risk region has been narrowed to ARMS2, suggesting that this is the true AMD gene at this locus. However, genetic associations alone do not suffice to prove causality and one or more of the 14 SNPs on this haplotype may be involved in long-range control of gene expression, leaving HTRA1 and PLEKHA1 still suspects in the pathogenic pathway. Both, ARMS2 and HTRA1 have been linked to extracellular matrix homeostasis, yet their exact molecular function as well as their role in AMD pathogenesis remains to be uncovered. The transcriptional regulation of the 10q26 locus adds an additional level of complexity, given, that gene-regulatory as well as epigenetic alterations may influence expression levels from 10q26 in diseased individuals. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview on the 10q26 locus and its three gene products on various levels of biological complexity and discuss current and future research strategies to shed light on one of the remaining enigmatic spots in the AMD landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Merle
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Department for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany; Department for Ophthalmology, University Eye Clinic, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, 8036, Graz, Austria.
| | - Merve Sen
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Department for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Angela Armento
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Department for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chloe M Stanton
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Eric F Thee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015CE, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Magda A Meester-Smoor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015CE, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Markus Kaiser
- Center of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, 45117, Essen, Germany
| | - Simon J Clark
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Department for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany; Department for Ophthalmology, University Eye Clinic, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany; Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015CE, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Radboudumc, 6525EX, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, CH-4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pearse A Keane
- Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Alan F Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Michael Ehrmann
- Center of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, 45117, Essen, Germany
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Department for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany; Department for Ophthalmology, University Eye Clinic, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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Uemura M, Kitahara S, Kato T, Nozaki H, Ando S, Ishihara T, Onodera O. Inappropriate interpretation of non-pathogenic HTRA1 variant as pathogenic. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2023; 10:1261-1262. [PMID: 37259478 PMCID: PMC10351663 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Grants
- 19ek0109236h0003 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
- 21FC0201 Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare
- 19H01043 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- 26117006 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- Takeda Science Foundation
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- Takeda Science Foundation
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Uemura
- Department of NeurologyBrain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Sho Kitahara
- Department of NeurologyBrain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Taisuke Kato
- Department of Molecular NeuroscienceBrain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Hiroaki Nozaki
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health SciencesNiigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Shoichiro Ando
- Department of NeurologyBrain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Tomohiko Ishihara
- Department of NeurologyBrain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Osamu Onodera
- Department of NeurologyBrain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigataJapan
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Haffner C. The emerging role of the HTRA1 protease in brain microvascular disease. FRONTIERS IN DEMENTIA 2023; 2:1146055. [PMID: 39081996 PMCID: PMC11285548 DOI: 10.3389/frdem.2023.1146055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Pathologies of the brain microvasculature, often referred to as cerebral small-vessel disease, are important contributors to vascular dementia, the second most common form of dementia in aging societies. In addition to their role in acute ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, they have emerged as major cause of age-related cognitive decline in asymptomatic individuals. A central histological finding in these pathologies is the disruption of the vessel architecture including thickening of the vessel wall, narrowing of the vessel lumen and massive expansion of the mural extracellular matrix. The underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown, but from the investigation of several disease forms with defined etiology, high temperature requirement protein A1 (HTRA1), a secreted serine protease degrading primarily matrisomal substrates, has emerged as critical factor and potential therapeutic target. A genetically induced loss of HTRA1 function in humans is associated with cerebral autosomal-recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL), a rare, hereditary form of brain microvascular disease. Recently, proteomic studies on cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), a common cause of age-related dementia, and cerebral autosomal-dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), the most prevalent monogenic small-vessel disease, have provided evidence for an impairment of HTRA1 activity through sequestration into pathological protein deposits, suggesting an alternative mechanism of HTRA1 inactivation and expanding the range of diseases with HTRA1 involvement. Further investigations of the mechanisms of HTRA1 regulation in the brain microvasculature might spawn novel strategies for the treatment of small-vessel pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Haffner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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8
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Xu SY, Li HJ, Li S, Ren QQ, Liang JL, Li CX. Heterozygous Pathogenic and Likely Pathogenic Symptomatic HTRA1 Variant Carriers in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:1149-1162. [PMID: 37016629 PMCID: PMC10066890 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s404813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
High temperature requirement serine peptidase A1 (HTRA1) related cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) includes both symptomatic heterozygous HTRA1 variant carrier and cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL) patients. Presently, most reported symptomatic heterozygous HTRA1 variant carrier cases are sporadic family reports with a lack of specific characteristics. Additionally, the molecular mechanism of heterozygous HTRA1 gene variants is unclear. We conducted this review to collect symptomatic carriers of heterozygous HTRA1 gene variants reported as of 2022, analyzed all pathogenicity according to American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) variant classification, and summarized the cases with pathogenic and likely pathogenic HTRA1 variants gender characteristics, age of onset, geographical distribution, initial symptoms, clinical manifestations, imaging signs, HTRA1 gene variant information and to speculate its underlying pathogenic mechanisms. In this review, we summarized the following characteristics of pathogenic and likely pathogenic symptomatic HTRA1 variant carriers: to date, the majority of reported symptomatic HTRA1 carriers are in European and Asian countries, particularly in China which was found to have the highest number of reported cases. The age of first onset is mostly concentrated in the fourth and fifth decades. The heterozygous HTRA1 gene variants were mostly missense variants. The two variant sites, 166-182 aa and 274-302 aa, were the most concentrated. Clinicians need to pay attention to de novo data and functional data, which may affect the pathogenicity analysis. The decrease in HtrA1 protease activity is currently the most important explanation for the genetic pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sui-Yi Xu
- Department of Neurology, Headache Center, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui-Juan Li
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shun Li
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian-Qian Ren
- Department of Neurology, Headache Center, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Lin Liang
- Department of Neurology, Headache Center, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chang-Xin Li
- Department of Neurology, Headache Center, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Chang-Xin Li, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Jiefangnan 85 Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030001, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 15103513579, Email
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9
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Gerhardy S, Ultsch M, Tang W, Green E, Holden JK, Li W, Estevez A, Arthur C, Tom I, Rohou A, Kirchhofer D. Allosteric inhibition of HTRA1 activity by a conformational lock mechanism to treat age-related macular degeneration. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5222. [PMID: 36064790 PMCID: PMC9445180 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32760-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The trimeric serine protease HTRA1 is a genetic risk factor associated with geographic atrophy (GA), a currently untreatable form of age-related macular degeneration. Here, we describe the allosteric inhibition mechanism of HTRA1 by a clinical Fab fragment, currently being evaluated for GA treatment. Using cryo-EM, X-ray crystallography and biochemical assays we identify the exposed LoopA of HTRA1 as the sole Fab epitope, which is approximately 30 Å away from the active site. The cryo-EM structure of the HTRA1:Fab complex in combination with molecular dynamics simulations revealed that Fab binding to LoopA locks HTRA1 in a non-competent conformational state, incapable of supporting catalysis. Moreover, grafting the HTRA1-LoopA epitope onto HTRA2 and HTRA3 transferred the allosteric inhibition mechanism. This suggests a conserved conformational lock mechanism across the HTRA family and a critical role of LoopA for catalysis, which was supported by the reduced activity of HTRA1-3 upon LoopA deletion or perturbation. This study reveals the long-range inhibition mechanism of the clinical Fab and identifies an essential function of the exposed LoopA for activity of HTRA family proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gerhardy
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark Ultsch
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wanjian Tang
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Evan Green
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey K Holden
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alberto Estevez
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chris Arthur
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Irene Tom
- Department of OMNI Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexis Rohou
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Kirchhofer
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA.
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10
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Zhou H, Jiao B, Ouyang Z, Wu Q, Shen L, Fang L. Report of two pedigrees with heterozygous HTRA1 variants-related cerebral small vessel disease and literature review. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2022; 10:e2032. [PMID: 35946346 PMCID: PMC9544214 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biallelic HTRA1 pathogenic variants are associated with autosomal recessive cerebral arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL). Recent studies have indicated that heterozygous HTRA1 variants are related to autosomal dominant hereditary cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). However, few studies have assessed heterozygous HTRA1 carriers or the genotype-phenotype correlation. METHODS The clinical data of two unrelated Chinese Han families with CSVD were collected. Panel sequencing was used to search for pathogenic genes, Sanger sequencing was used for verification, three-dimensional protein models were constructed, and pathogenicity was analyzed. Published HTRA1-related phenotypes included in PubMed up to September 2021 were extensively reviewed, and the patients' genetic and clinical characteristics were summarized. RESULTS We report a novel heterozygous variant c.920T>C p.L307P in the HTRA1, whose main clinical and neuroimaging phenotypes are stroke and gait disturbance. We report another patient with the previously reported pathogenic variant HTRA1 c.589C>T p.R197X characterized by early cognitive decline. A literature review indicated that compared with CARASIL, HTRA1-related autosomal dominant hereditary CSVD has a later onset age, milder clinical symptoms, fewer extraneurological symptoms, and slower progression, indicating a milder CARASIL phenotype. In addition, HTRA1 heterozygous variants were related to a higher proportion of vascular risk factors (p < .001) and male sex (p = .022). CONCLUSION These findings broaden the known mutational spectrum and possible clinical phenotype of HTRA1. Considering the semidominant characteristics of HTRA1-related phenotypes, we recommend that all members of HTRA1 variant families undergo genetic screening and clinical follow-up if carrying pathogenic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Jiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ziyu Ouyang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qihui Wu
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Liangjuan Fang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
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11
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Chen MJ, Zhang Y, Luo WJ, Dong HL, Wei Q, Zhang J, Ruan QQ, Ni W, Li HF. Identified novel heterozygous HTRA1 pathogenic variants in Chinese patients with HTRA1-associated dominant cerebral small vessel disease. Front Genet 2022; 13:909131. [PMID: 36035189 PMCID: PMC9399615 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.909131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Homozygous and compound heterozygous mutations in HTRA1 cause cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL). Recently, heterozygous pathogenic variants in HTRA1 were described in patients with autosomal dominant cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). Here, we investigated the genetic variants in a cohort of Chinese patients with CSVD.Methods: A total of 95 Chinese index patients with typical characteristics of CSVD were collected. Whole exome sequencing was performed in the probands, followed by Sanger sequencing. Pathogenicity prediction software was applied to evaluate the pathogenicity of the identified variants.Results: We detected five heterozygous HTRA1 pathogenic variants in five index patients. These pathogenic variants included four known variants (c.543delT, c.854C>T, c.889G>A, and c.824C>T) and one novel variant (c.472 + 1G>A). Among them, c.854C>T, c.824C>T, and c.472 + 1G>A have never been reported in China and c.889G>A was once reported in homozygous but never in heterozygous. Three of them were distributed in exon 4, one in exon 2, and another splicing variant in intron 1. Four out of five probands presented typical features of CARASIL but less severe. The common clinical features included lacunar infarction, cognitive decline, alopecia, and spondylosis. All of them showed leukoencephalopathy, and the main involved cerebral area include periventricular and frontal area, centrum semiovale, thalamus, and corpus callosum. Anterior temporal lobes and external capsule involvement were also observed. Three probands had intracranial microbleeds.Conclusion: Our study expanded the mutation spectrum of HTRA1, especially in Chinese populations, and provided further evidence for “hot regions” in exon 1–4, especially in exon 4, in heterozygous HTRA1 pathogenic variants. Our work further supported that patients with heterozygous HTRA1 pathogenic variants presented with similar but less-severe features than CARASIL but in an autosomal dominantly inherited pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Jiao Chen
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Jiao Luo
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Lin Dong
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiao Wei
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Qi Ruan
- Department of Neurology, Shangyu People’s Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| | - Wang Ni
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wang Ni, ; Hong-Fu Li,
| | - Hong-Fu Li
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wang Ni, ; Hong-Fu Li,
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12
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Schrader JM, Stanisavljevic A, Xu F, Van Nostrand WE. Distinct Brain Proteomic Signatures in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Rat Models of Hypertension and Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2022; 81:731-745. [PMID: 35856898 PMCID: PMC9803909 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlac057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel diseases (CSVDs) are prominent contributors to vascular cognitive impairment and dementia and can arise from a range of etiologies. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and hypertension (HTN), both prevalent in the elderly population, lead to cerebral microhemorrhages, macrohemorrhages, and white matter damage. However, their respective underlying mechanisms and molecular events are poorly understood. Here, we show that the transgenic rat model of CAA type 1 (rTg-DI) exhibits perivascular inflammation that is lacking in the spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone (SHR-SP) rat model of HTN. Alternatively, SHR-SP rats display notable dilation of arteriolar perivascular spaces. Comparative proteomics analysis revealed few shared altered proteins, with key proteins such as ANXA3, H2A, and HTRA1 unique to rTg-DI rats, and Nt5e, Flot-1 and Flot-2 unique to SHR-SP rats. Immunolabeling confirmed that upregulation of ANXA3, HTRA1, and neutrophil extracellular trap proteins were distinctly associated with rTg-DI rats. Pathway analysis predicted activation of TGF-β1 and TNFα in rTg-DI rat brain, while insulin signaling was reduced in the SHR-SP rat brain. Thus, we report divergent protein signatures associated with distinct cerebral vessel pathologies in the SHR-SP and rTg-DI rat models and provide new mechanistic insight into these different forms of CSVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Schrader
- From the George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience,Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Aleksandra Stanisavljevic
- From the George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience,Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Feng Xu
- From the George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience,Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - William E Van Nostrand
- Send correspondence to: William E. Van Nostrand, PhD, George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 130 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; E-mail:
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13
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Schrader JM, Xu F, Lee H, Barlock B, Benveniste H, Van Nostrand WE. Emergent White Matter Degeneration in the rTg-DI Rat Model of Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy Exhibits Unique Proteomic Changes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:426-440. [PMID: 34896071 PMCID: PMC8895424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), characterized by cerebral vascular amyloid accumulation, neuroinflammation, microbleeds, and white matter (WM) degeneration, is a common comorbidity in Alzheimer disease and a prominent contributor to vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. WM loss was recently reported in the corpus callosum (CC) in the rTg-DI rat model of CAA. The current study shows that the CC exhibits a much lower CAA burden compared with the adjacent cortex. Sequential Window Acquisition of All Theoretical Mass Spectra tandem mass spectrometry was used to show specific proteomic changes in the CC with emerging WM loss and compare them with the proteome of adjacent cortical tissue in rTg-DI rats. In the CC, annexin A3, heat shock protein β1, and cystatin C were elevated at 4 months (M) before WM loss and at 12M with evident WM loss. Although annexin A3 and cystatin C were also enhanced in the cortex at 12M, annexin A5 and the leukodystrophy-associated astrocyte proteins megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts 1 and GlialCAM were distinctly elevated in the CC. Pathway analysis indicated neurodegeneration of axons, reflected by reduced expression of myelin and neurofilament proteins, was common to the CC and cortex; activation of Tgf-β1 and F2/thrombin was restricted to the CC. This study provides new insights into the proteomic changes that accompany WM loss in the CC of rTg-DI rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M. Schrader
- George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island,Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Feng Xu
- George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island,Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Hedok Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Benjamin Barlock
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Helene Benveniste
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - William E. Van Nostrand
- George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island,Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island,Address correspondence to William E. Van Nostrand, Ph.D., Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, 130 Flagg Rd., Kingston, RI 02881.
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14
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Coste T, Hervé D, Neau JP, Jouvent E, Ba F, Bergametti F, Lamy M, Cogez J, Derache N, Schneckenburger R, Grelet M, Gollion C, Lanotte L, Lauer V, Layet V, Urbanczyk C, Didic M, Raynouard I, Delaval L, Dassa J, Florea A, Badiu C, Nguyen K, Tournier-Lasserve E. Heterozygous HTRA1 nonsense or frameshift mutations are pathogenic. Brain 2021; 144:2616-2624. [PMID: 34270682 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous missense HTRA1 mutations have been associated with an autosomal dominant cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) whereas the pathogenicity of heterozygous HTRA1 stop codon variants is unclear. We performed a targeted high throughput sequencing of all known CSVD genes, including HTRA1, in 3853 unrelated consecutive CSVD patients referred for molecular diagnosis. The frequency of heterozygous HTRA1 mutations leading to a premature stop codon in this patient cohort was compared with their frequency in large control databases. An analysis of HTRA1 mRNA was performed in several stop codon carrier patients. Clinical and neuroimaging features were characterized in all probands. Twenty unrelated patients carrying a heterozygous HTRA1 variant leading to a premature stop codon were identified. A highly significant difference was observed when comparing our patient cohort with control databases: gnomAD v3.1.1 [P = 3.12 × 10-17, odds ratio (OR) = 21.9], TOPMed freeze 5 (P = 7.6 × 10-18, OR = 27.1) and 1000 Genomes (P = 1.5 × 10-5). Messenger RNA analysis performed in eight patients showed a degradation of the mutated allele strongly suggesting a haploinsufficiency. Clinical and neuroimaging features are similar to those previously reported in heterozygous missense mutation carriers, except for penetrance, which seems lower. Altogether, our findings strongly suggest that heterozygous HTRA1 stop codons are pathogenic through a haploinsufficiency mechanism. Future work will help to estimate their penetrance, an important information for genetic counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Coste
- AP-HP, Service de Génétique Moléculaire Neurovasculaire, Hôpital Saint-Louis, France
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR-1141 Neurodiderot, Paris F-75019, France
| | - Dominique Hervé
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR-1141 Neurodiderot, Paris F-75019, France
- AP-HP, CERVCO, Service de Neurologie, Hôpital Lariboisière, France
| | - Jean Philippe Neau
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, Service de Neurologie, Poitiers, France
| | - Eric Jouvent
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR-1141 Neurodiderot, Paris F-75019, France
- AP-HP, CERVCO, Service de Neurologie, Hôpital Lariboisière, France
| | - Fatoumata Ba
- AP-HP, Service de Génétique Moléculaire Neurovasculaire, Hôpital Saint-Louis, France
| | | | - Matthias Lamy
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, Service de Neurologie, Poitiers, France
| | - Julien Cogez
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Caen, Service de Neurologie, Caen, France
| | - Nathalie Derache
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Caen, Service de Neurologie, Caen, France
| | | | - Maude Grelet
- Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Toulon- La Seyne sur mer, Service de Génétique Médicale, Toulon, France
| | - Cédric Gollion
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Service de Neurologie, Toulouse, France
| | - Livia Lanotte
- Hôpital De Hautepierre, Service de Neurologie, Strasbourg, France
| | - Valérie Lauer
- Hôpital De Hautepierre, Unité Neuro-Vasculaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Valérie Layet
- Groupe Hospitalier Du havre, Service de Génétique Médicale, Le Havre, France
| | - Cédric Urbanczyk
- Centre Hospitalier Départemental La Roche-Sur-Yon, Service de Neurologie, La Roche-Sur-Yon, France
| | - Mira Didic
- APHM, Hôpital Timone Adultes, Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, Marseille, France
| | - Igor Raynouard
- Fondation Adolphe de Rothschild, Service de Neurologie, Paris, France
| | - Laure Delaval
- AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Médecine Interne, France
| | - Jérémie Dassa
- Centre Hospitalier Emile Roux, Service de Neurologie, Le Puy-en-Velay, France
| | - Alexandru Florea
- Centre Hospitalier Marie Madeleine, Service de Neurologie, Forbach, France
| | - Carmen Badiu
- Centre Hospitalier Metz-Thionville, Service de Neurologie, Metz, France
| | - Karine Nguyen
- APHM, Hôpital Timone Adultes, Département de Génétique, Marseille, France
| | - Elisabeth Tournier-Lasserve
- AP-HP, Service de Génétique Moléculaire Neurovasculaire, Hôpital Saint-Louis, France
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR-1141 Neurodiderot, Paris F-75019, France
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15
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Zhang H, Qin X, Shi Y, Gao X, Wang F, Wang H, Shang J, Zhao J, Zhang J, Shao F. Genotype-phenotype correlations of heterozygous HTRA1-related cerebral small vessel disease: case report and systematic review. Neurogenetics 2021; 22:187-194. [PMID: 33963955 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-021-00646-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL) is caused by biallelic HTRA1 pathogenic variants. Recent studies have shown that heterozygous HTRA1 mutations are associated with autosomal dominant cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). However, large studies evaluating heterozygous HTRA1 carriers are lacking and the genotype-phenotype correlation is unknown. This study aimed to describe these mutations to clarify factors playing a role in the clinical phenotype amongst these patients. We reported two unrelated families and performed a systematic review of all published cases of heterozygous HTRA1-related CSVD. The clinical phenotype severity was independently related to the pathogenicity score (CADD score; p < 0.05) and mutation in the loop 3/loop D domains (p = 0.05); the pathogenicity score was also associated with exon distribution. More importantly, patients with mutations in exon 4 (p = 0.0001) or vascular risk factors (p < 0.05) presented with more severe clinical symptoms. Thus, clinical phenotype severity is influenced by the mutation domain and vascular risk factors. Applying the pathogenicity score to predict clinical outcomes and adopting preventive measures against cerebral vascular risk factors is advantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haohan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoming Qin
- Department of Neurology, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450018, Henan, China
| | - Yingying Shi
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Xinya Gao
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Fengyu Wang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Huayuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Junkui Shang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Jingyi Zhao
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Jiewen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China.
| | - Fengmin Shao
- Department of Nephrology, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Immunology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China.
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16
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Liu JY, Zhu YC, Zhou LX, Wei YP, Mao CH, Cui LY, Peng B, Yao M. HTRA1-related autosomal dominant cerebral small vessel disease. Chin Med J (Engl) 2020; 134:178-184. [PMID: 33109952 PMCID: PMC7817319 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in high temperature requirement serine peptidase A1 (HTRA1) gene are responsible for cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL). Recently, increasing evidence has shown that heterozygous HTRA1 mutations are also associated with cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. This study was aimed to analyze the genetic and clinical characteristics of HTRA1-related autosomal dominant CSVD. METHODS We presented three new Chinese cases of familial CSVD with heterozygous HTRA1 mutations and reviewed all clinical case reports and articles on HTRA1-related autosomal dominant CSVD included in PUBMED by the end of March 1, 2020. CARASIL probands with genetic diagnosis reported to date were also reviewed. The genetic and clinical characteristics of HTRA1-related autosomal dominant CSVD were summarized and analyzed by comparing with CARASIL. RESULTS Forty-four HTRA1-related autosomal dominant CSVD probands and 22 CARASIL probands were included. Compared with typical CARASIL, HTRA1-related autosomal dominant probands has a higher proportion of vascular risk factors (P < 0.001), a later onset age (P < 0.001), and a relatively slower clinical progression. Alopecia and spondylosis can be observed, but less than those in the typical CARASIL. Thirty-five heterozygous mutations in HTRA1 were reported, most of which were missense mutations. Amino acids located close to amino acids 250-300 were most frequently affected, followed by these located near 150∼200. While amino acids 250∼300 were also the most frequently affected region in CARASIL patients, fewer mutations precede the 200th amino acids were detected, especially in the Kazal-type serine protease domain. CONCLUSIONS HTRA1-related autosomal dominant CSVD is present as a mild phenotype of CARASIL. The trend of regional concentration of mutation sites may be related to the concentration of key sites in these regions which are responsible for pathogenesis of HTRA1-related autosomal dominant CSVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China
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17
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Uemura M, Nozaki H, Kato T, Koyama A, Sakai N, Ando S, Kanazawa M, Hishikawa N, Nishimoto Y, Polavarapu K, Nalini A, Hanazono A, Kuzume D, Shindo A, El-Ghanem M, Abe A, Sato A, Yoshida M, Ikeuchi T, Mizuta I, Mizuno T, Onodera O. HTRA1-Related Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: A Review of the Literature. Front Neurol 2020; 11:545. [PMID: 32719647 PMCID: PMC7351529 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL) is clinically characterized by early-onset dementia, stroke, spondylosis deformans, and alopecia. In CARASIL cases, brain magnetic resonance imaging reveals severe white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), lacunar infarctions, and microbleeds. CARASIL is caused by a homozygous mutation in high-temperature requirement A serine peptidase 1 (HTRA1). Recently, it was reported that several heterozygous mutations in HTRA1 also cause cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). Although patients with heterozygous HTRA1-related CSVD (symptomatic carriers) are reported to have a milder form of CARASIL, little is known about the clinical and genetic differences between the two diseases. Given this gap in the literature, we collected clinical information on HTRA1-related CSVD from a review of the literature to help clarify the differences between symptomatic carriers and CARASIL and the features of both diseases. Forty-six symptomatic carriers and 28 patients with CARASIL were investigated. Twenty-eight mutations in symptomatic carriers and 22 mutations in CARASIL were identified. Missense mutations in symptomatic carriers are more frequently identified in the linker or loop 3 (L3)/loop D (LD) domains, which are critical sites in activating protease activity. The ages at onset of neurological symptoms/signs were significantly higher in symptomatic carriers than in CARASIL, and the frequency of characteristic extraneurological findings and confluent WMHs were significantly higher in CARASIL than in symptomatic carriers. As previously reported, heterozygous HTRA1-related CSVD has a milder clinical presentation of CARASIL. It seems that haploinsufficiency can cause CSVD among symptomatic carriers according to the several patients with heterozygous nonsense/frameshift mutations. However, the differing locations of mutations found in the two diseases indicate that distinct molecular mechanisms influence the development of CSVD in patients with HTRA1-related CSVD. These findings further support continued careful examination of the pathogenicity of mutations located outside the linker or LD/L3 domain in symptomatic carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Uemura
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nozaki
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Niigata City General Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Taisuke Kato
- Department of System Pathology for Neurological Disorders, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akihide Koyama
- Division of Legal Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Naoko Sakai
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Ando
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masato Kanazawa
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Nozomi Hishikawa
- Department of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Kiran Polavarapu
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Atchayaram Nalini
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Akira Hanazono
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatology and Neurology, Akita University Hospital, Akita, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kuzume
- Department of Neurology, Chikamori Hospital, Kochi, Japan
| | - Akihiro Shindo
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Mohammad El-Ghanem
- Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Imaging, University of Arizona-Banner University Medicine, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Arata Abe
- Department of Neurology, Nippon Medical School Musashi Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Aki Sato
- Department of Neurology, Niigata City General Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Mari Yoshida
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ikeuchi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ikuko Mizuta
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshiki Mizuno
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Osamu Onodera
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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18
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Ohta K, Ozawa T, Fujinaka H, Goto K, Nakajima T. Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Related to a Heterozygous Nonsense Mutation in HTRA1. Intern Med 2020; 59:1309-1313. [PMID: 32101834 PMCID: PMC7303461 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.4041-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the high-temperature requirement A serine protease 1 gene (HTRA1) cause cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy, a very rare hereditary cerebral small-vessel disease (SVD). Recently, the relationship between some heterozygous HTRA1 mutations, most of which are missense, and the occurrence of cerebral SVD has been reported. We herein report a patient with cerebral SVD carrying a heterozygous nonsense p.R302X mutation in HTRA1. This patient had a family history of cerebral infarction. This report suggests that a heterozygous p.R302X mutation in HTRA1 causes an autosomal dominant cerebral SVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ohta
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Niigata National Hospital, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ozawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Hospital Organization Niigata National Hospital, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Fujinaka
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Niigata National Hospital, Japan
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Niigata National Hospital, Japan
- Department of Genetic Counseling, National Hospital Organization Niigata National Hospital, Japan
| | - Kiyoe Goto
- Department of Genetic Counseling, National Hospital Organization Niigata National Hospital, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakajima
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Niigata National Hospital, Japan
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