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Li D, Li S, Pan M, Li Q, Song J, Zhang R. The role of extracellular glutamate homeostasis dysregulated by astrocyte in epileptic discharges: a model evidence. Cogn Neurodyn 2024; 18:485-502. [PMID: 38699615 PMCID: PMC11061099 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-023-10001-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Glutamate (Glu) is a predominant excitatory neurotransmitter that acts on glutamate receptors to transfer signals in the central nervous system. Abnormally elevated extracellular glutamate levels is closely related to the generation and transition of epileptic seizures. However, there lacks of investigation regarding the role of extracellular glutamate homeostasis dysregulated by astrocyte in neuronal epileptic discharges. According to this, we propose a novel neuron-astrocyte computational model (NAG) by incorporating extracellular Glu concentration dynamics from three aspects of regulatory mechanisms: (1) the Glu uptake through astrocyte EAAT2; (2) the binding and release Glu via activating astrocyte mGluRs; and (3) the Glu free diffusion in the extracellular space. Then the proposed model NAG is analyzed theoretically and numerically to verify the effect of extracellular Glu homeostasis dysregulated by such three regulatory mechanisms on neuronal epileptic discharges. Our results demonstrate that the neuronal epileptic discharges can be aggravated by the downregulation expression of EAAT2, the aberrant activation of mGluRs, and the elevated Glu levels in extracellular micro-environment; as well as various discharge states (including bursting, mixed-mode spiking, and tonic firing) can be transited by their combination. Furthermore, we find that such factors can also alter the bifurcation threshold for the generation and transition of epileptic discharges. The results in this paper can be helpful for researchers to understand the astrocyte role in modulating extracellular Glu homeostasis, and provide theoretical basis for future related experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Li
- The Medical Big Data Research Center and The School of Mathematics, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710127 China
| | - Sihui Li
- The Medical Big Data Research Center and The School of Mathematics, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710127 China
| | - Min Pan
- The Medical Big Data Research Center and The School of Mathematics, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710127 China
| | - Qiang Li
- The Medical Big Data Research Center and The School of Mathematics, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710127 China
| | - Jiangling Song
- The Medical Big Data Research Center and The School of Mathematics, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710127 China
| | - Rui Zhang
- The Medical Big Data Research Center and The School of Mathematics, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710127 China
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2
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Huang L, Xiao W, Wang Y, Li J, Gong J, Tu E, Long L, Xiao B, Yan X, Wan L. Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in epileptogenesis: an update on abnormal mGluRs signaling and its therapeutic implications. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:360-368. [PMID: 37488891 PMCID: PMC10503602 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.379018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by high morbidity, high recurrence, and drug resistance. Enhanced signaling through the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate is intricately associated with epilepsy. Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are G protein-coupled receptors activated by glutamate and are key regulators of neuronal and synaptic plasticity. Dysregulated mGluR signaling has been associated with various neurological disorders, and numerous studies have shown a close relationship between mGluRs expression/activity and the development of epilepsy. In this review, we first introduce the three groups of mGluRs and their associated signaling pathways. Then, we detail how these receptors influence epilepsy by describing the signaling cascades triggered by their activation and their neuroprotective or detrimental roles in epileptogenesis. In addition, strategies for pharmacological manipulation of these receptors during the treatment of epilepsy in experimental studies is also summarized. We hope that this review will provide a foundation for future studies on the development of mGluR-targeted antiepileptic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyi Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya Medical School, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wenjie Xiao
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya Medical School, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya Medical School, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jiaoe Gong
- Department of Neurology, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ewen Tu
- Department of Neurology, Brain Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lili Long
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiaoxin Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya Medical School, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lily Wan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya Medical School, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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3
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Singh S, Ahuja A, Pathak S. Potential Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathophysiology of Neurodegenerative Disorders. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2024; 27:2043-2061. [PMID: 38243956 DOI: 10.2174/0113862073280680240101065732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration causes premature death in the peripheral and central nervous system. Neurodegeneration leads to the accumulation of oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and the generation of free radicals responsible for nervous disorders like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disorders. Therefore, focus must be diverted towards treating and managing these disorders, as it is very challenging. Furthermore, effective therapies are also lacking, so the growing interest of the global market must be inclined towards developing newer therapeutic approaches that can intercept the progression of neurodegeneration. Emerging evidences of research findings suggest that antioxidant therapy has significant potential in modulating disease phenotypes. This makes them promising candidates for further investigation. This review focuses on the role of oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species in the pathological mechanisms of various neurodegenerative diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disorders and their neuroprotection. Additionally, it highlights the potential of antioxidant-based therapeutics in mitigating disease severity in humans and improving patient compliance. Ongoing extensive global research further sheds light on exploring new therapeutic targets for a deeper understanding of disease mechanisms in the field of medicine and biology targeting neurogenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Singh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University Mathura, U.P, 281406, India
| | - Ashima Ahuja
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University Mathura, U.P, 281406, India
| | - Shilpi Pathak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University Mathura, U.P, 281406, India
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4
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Tran NB, Lee SJ. Effects of Gryllus bimaculatus and Oxya chinensis sinuosa extracts on brain damage via blood-brain barrier control and apoptosis in mice with pentylenetetrazol-induced epilepsy. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291191. [PMID: 37695764 PMCID: PMC10495007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The demand for environmentally friendly foods with high nutritional value and low carbon emissions is increasing with the aging of the global population and the crisis of food resources. Edible insects are becoming increasingly well-known as such foods. This study evaluated the effects and mechanisms of Gryllus bimaculatus (Cricket) (Gb) and Oxya chinensis sinuosa (Grasshopper) (Ocs) extracts on epilepsy. A pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizure mouse model was used for the study, and Gb and Ocs extracts were administered for 29 days on alternate days at concentrations of 8 g/kg and 16 g/kg. The integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and brain edema was measured using the perfusion of Evans blue dye and brain water content. Gb and Ocs extracts prevented BBB permeabilization and cerebral edema through increasing the expression of tight junction-associated proteins in the endothelial cells and reducing water content in PTZ-treated mice. Additionally, Gb and Ocs extracts protected neurons from oxidative stress and apoptosis in different brain areas. These protective effects were demonstrated through the restoration of the expression of neuronal nuclear protein and postsynaptic density protein-95, thus increasing the levels of glutathione and superoxide dismutase, decreasing lipid peroxidation, and recovering apoptosis-associated proteins, such as Bax, cleaved PARP, and cleaved caspase-3, in epileptic mice. In addition, Gb and Ocs extracts rescued PTZ-induced hyperexcitable neurons to control mice level, as supported by the restored expression of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter 1, the metabotropic glutamate receptors-GRM2/3, and BDNF. This study suggested that Gb and Ocs extracts are novel medicinal candidates that can help ameliorate epilepsy by improving BBB health and preventing oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Buu Tran
- Department of Bioactive Materials Sciences and Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Sook-Jeong Lee
- Department of Bioactive Materials Sciences and Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
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Perversi F, Costa C, Labate A, Lattanzi S, Liguori C, Maschio M, Meletti S, Nobili L, Operto FF, Romigi A, Russo E, Di Bonaventura C. The broad-spectrum activity of perampanel: state of the art and future perspective of AMPA antagonism beyond epilepsy. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1182304. [PMID: 37483446 PMCID: PMC10359664 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1182304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter. Glutamatergic neurons primarily compose basic neuronal networks, especially in the cortex. An imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory activities may result in epilepsy or other neurological and psychiatric conditions. Among glutamate receptors, AMPA receptors are the predominant mediator of glutamate-induced excitatory neurotransmission and dictate synaptic efficiency and plasticity by their numbers and/or properties. Therefore, they appear to be a major drug target for modulating several brain functions. Perampanel (PER) is a highly selective, noncompetitive AMPA antagonist approved in several countries worldwide for treating different types of seizures in various epileptic conditions. However, recent data show that PER can potentially address many other conditions within epilepsy and beyond. From this perspective, this review aims to examine the new preclinical and clinical studies-especially those produced from 2017 onwards-on AMPA antagonism and PER in conditions such as mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, idiopathic and genetic generalized epilepsy, brain tumor-related epilepsy, status epilepticus, rare epileptic syndromes, stroke, sleep, epilepsy-related migraine, cognitive impairment, autism, dementia, and other neurodegenerative diseases, as well as provide suggestions on future research agenda aimed at probing the possibility of treating these conditions with PER and/or other AMPA receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cinzia Costa
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Neurological Clinic, S. Maria Della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angelo Labate
- Neurophysiopatology and Movement Disorders Clinic, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Simona Lattanzi
- Neurological Clinic, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Claudio Liguori
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
- Epilepsy Center, Neurology Unit, University Hospital “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Maschio
- Center for Tumor-Related Epilepsy, UOSD Neuro-Oncology, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Meletti
- Neurology Department, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio-Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Lino Nobili
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto G. Gaslini, Genova, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Child and Maternal Health (DINOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Felicia Operto
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
- Department of Science of Health, School of Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Andrea Romigi
- Sleep Medicine Center, Neurological Mediterranean Institute IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Psychology Faculty, International Telematic University Uninettuno, Rome, Italy
| | - Emilio Russo
- Department of Science of Health, School of Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carlo Di Bonaventura
- Epilepsy Unit, Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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The Role of Glutamate Receptors in Epilepsy. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030783. [PMID: 36979762 PMCID: PMC10045847 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is an essential excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing an indispensable role in neuronal development and memory formation. The dysregulation of glutamate receptors and the glutamatergic system is involved in numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders, especially epilepsy. There are two main classes of glutamate receptor, namely ionotropic and metabotropic (mGluRs) receptors. The former stimulate fast excitatory neurotransmission, are N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA), and kainate; while the latter are G-protein-coupled receptors that mediate glutamatergic activity via intracellular messenger systems. Glutamate, glutamate receptors, and regulation of astrocytes are significantly involved in the pathogenesis of acute seizure and chronic epilepsy. Some glutamate receptor antagonists have been shown to be effective for the treatment of epilepsy, and research and clinical trials are ongoing.
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7
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Tewari BP, Chaunsali L, Prim CE, Sontheimer H. A glial perspective on the extracellular matrix and perineuronal net remodeling in the central nervous system. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1022754. [PMID: 36339816 PMCID: PMC9630365 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1022754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A structural scaffold embedding brain cells and vasculature is known as extracellular matrix (ECM). The physical appearance of ECM in the central nervous system (CNS) ranges from a diffused, homogeneous, amorphous, and nearly omnipresent matrix to highly organized distinct morphologies such as basement membranes and perineuronal nets (PNNs). ECM changes its composition and organization during development, adulthood, aging, and in several CNS pathologies. This spatiotemporal dynamic nature of the ECM and PNNs brings a unique versatility to their functions spanning from neurogenesis, cell migration and differentiation, axonal growth, and pathfinding cues, etc., in the developing brain, to stabilizing synapses, neuromodulation, and being an active partner of tetrapartite synapses in the adult brain. The malleability of ECM and PNNs is governed by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Glial cells are among the major extrinsic factors that facilitate the remodeling of ECM and PNN, thereby acting as key regulators of diverse functions of ECM and PNN in health and diseases. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of PNNs and how glial cells are central to ECM and PNN remodeling in normal and pathological states of the CNS.
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Kim S, Oh H, Choi SH, Yoo YE, Noh YW, Cho Y, Im GH, Lee C, Oh Y, Yang E, Kim G, Chung WS, Kim H, Kang H, Bae Y, Kim SG, Kim E. Postnatal age-differential ASD-like transcriptomic, synaptic, and behavioral deficits in Myt1l-mutant mice. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111398. [PMID: 36130507 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin transcription factor 1 like (Myt1l), a zinc-finger transcription factor, promotes neuronal differentiation and is implicated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability. However, it remains unclear whether Myt1l promotes neuronal differentiation in vivo and its deficiency in mice leads to disease-related phenotypes. Here, we report that Myt1l-heterozygous mutant (Myt1l-HT) mice display postnatal age-differential ASD-related phenotypes: newborn Myt1l-HT mice, with strong Myt1l expression, show ASD-like transcriptomic changes involving decreased synaptic gene expression and prefrontal excitatory synaptic transmission and altered righting reflex. Juvenile Myt1l-HT mice, with markedly decreased Myt1l expression, display reverse ASD-like transcriptomes, increased prefrontal excitatory transmission, and largely normal behaviors. Adult Myt1l-HT mice show ASD-like transcriptomes involving astrocytic and microglial gene upregulation, increased prefrontal inhibitory transmission, and behavioral deficits. Therefore, Myt1l haploinsufficiency leads to ASD-related phenotypes in newborn mice, which are temporarily normalized in juveniles but re-appear in adults, pointing to continuing phenotypic changes long after a marked decrease of Myt1l expression in juveniles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongbin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Hyoseon Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sang Han Choi
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Ye-Eun Yoo
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Young Woo Noh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Yisul Cho
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea
| | - Geun Ho Im
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Chanhee Lee
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Yusang Oh
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Esther Yang
- Department of Anatomy and BK21 Graduate Program, Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Gyuri Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Won-Suk Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and BK21 Graduate Program, Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Hyojin Kang
- Division of National Supercomputing, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Yongchul Bae
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea
| | - Seong-Gi Kim
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Eunjoon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea; Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
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9
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Cox MF, Hascup ER, Bartke A, Hascup KN. Friend or Foe? Defining the Role of Glutamate in Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:929474. [PMID: 35821835 PMCID: PMC9261322 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.929474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a naturally occurring decline of physiological processes and biological pathways that affects both the structural and functional integrity of the body and brain. These physiological changes reduce motor skills, executive function, memory recall, and processing speeds. Aging is also a major risk factor for multiple neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Identifying a biomarker, or biomarkers, that signals the transition from physiological to pathological aging would aid in earlier therapeutic options or interventional strategies. Considering the importance of glutamate signaling in synaptic plasticity, motor movement, and cognition, this neurotransmitter serves as a juncture between cognitive health and disease. This article discusses glutamatergic signaling during physiological aging and the pathological changes observed in AD patients. Findings from studies in mouse models of successful aging and AD are reviewed and provide a biological context for this transition. Finally, current techniques to monitor brain glutamate are highlighted. These techniques may aid in elucidating time-point specific therapeutic windows to modify disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- MaKayla F. Cox
- Dale and Deborah Smith Center for Alzheimer’s Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Neurosciences Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States
| | - Erin R. Hascup
- Dale and Deborah Smith Center for Alzheimer’s Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Neurosciences Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- Dale and Deborah Smith Center for Alzheimer’s Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Neurosciences Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States
| | - Kevin N. Hascup
- Dale and Deborah Smith Center for Alzheimer’s Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Neurosciences Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Kevin N. Hascup,
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Neurotransmitters-Key Factors in Neurological and Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115954. [PMID: 35682631 PMCID: PMC9180936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmitters are molecules that amplify, transmit, and convert signals in cells, having an essential role in information transmission throughout the nervous system. Hundreds of such chemicals have been discovered in the last century, continuing to be identified and studied concerning their action on brain health. These substances have been observed to influence numerous functions, including emotions, thoughts, memories, learning, and movements. Thus, disturbances in neurotransmitters’ homeostasis started being correlated with a plethora of neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. In this respect, the present paper aims to describe the most important neurotransmitters, broadly classified into canonical (e.g., amino acids, monoamines, acetylcholine, purines, soluble gases, neuropeptides) and noncanonical neurotransmitters (e.g., exosomes, steroids, D-aspartic acid), and explain their link with some of the most relevant neurological conditions. Moreover, a brief overview of the recently developed neurotransmitters’ detection methods is offered, followed by several considerations on the modulation of these substances towards restoring homeostasis.
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Li Y, Cheng X, Liu X, Wang L, Ha J, Gao Z, He X, Wu Z, Chen A, Jewell LL, Sun Y. Treatment of Cerebral Ischemia Through NMDA Receptors: Metabotropic Signaling and Future Directions. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:831181. [PMID: 35264964 PMCID: PMC8900870 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.831181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive activation of N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors after cerebral ischemia is a key cause of ischemic injury. For a long time, it was generally accepted that calcium influx is a necessary condition for ischemic injury mediated by NMDA receptors. However, recent studies have shown that NMDA receptor signaling, independent of ion flow, plays an important role in the regulation of ischemic brain injury. The purpose of this review is to better understand the roles of metabotropic NMDA receptor signaling in cerebral ischemia and to discuss the research and development directions of NMDA receptor antagonists against cerebral ischemia. This mini review provides a discussion on how metabotropic transduction is mediated by the NMDA receptor, related signaling molecules, and roles of metabotropic NMDA receptor signaling in cerebral ischemia. In view of the important roles of metabotropic signaling in cerebral ischemia, NMDA receptor antagonists, such as GluN2B-selective antagonists, which can effectively block both pro-death metabotropic and pro-death ionotropic signaling, may have better application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaokun Cheng
- Institute for the Development of Energy for African Sustainability, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Africa, Florida, South Africa.,Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei Chemical & Pharmaceutical College, Shijiazhuang, China.,New Drug Research & Development Co., Ltd., North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xinying Liu
- Institute for the Development of Energy for African Sustainability, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Le Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei Chemical & Pharmaceutical College, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Technological Innovation Center of Chiral Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jing Ha
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China.,State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zibin Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China.,State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaoliang He
- College of Food Science and Biology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhuo Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Aibing Chen
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Linda L Jewell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Yongjun Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China.,State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, Shijiazhuang, China
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Wang Z, Li Y, Zeng Z, Guo S, Chen W, Luo Y. Leucine-rich repeat containing 8A contributes to the expansion of The potential role of leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 8A in central nervous system: current situation and prospect. Neuroscience 2022; 488:122-131. [PMID: 35276302 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell swelling usually initiates the regulatory volume decrease (RVD) process mediated mainly by volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs), which are formed by multiple different leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 8 (LRRC8) family members. VRAC currents have been widely recorded in astrocytes, neurons and microglia in the brain, and VRACs have been suggested to be involved in the important pathogenesis of cell swelling-related central nervous system (CNS) diseases, such as ischemic stroke, epilepsy and epileptogenesis, glioblastoma (GBM), and so on. Recently, the increasing studies started to focus on LRRC8A (SWELL1), an obligatory subunit of VRAC indentified in 2014, which may be the key target to regulate the VRAC functions. After cerebral ischemia, the swollen astrocytes, neurons and microglia can activate LRRC8A-dependent VRACs, which may respectively promote the release of excitatory amino acids (EAA), interaction with ionotropic glutamate receptors, and regulating inflammation, suggesting the pleiotropic roles of LRRC8A in swollen brain cells. For the treatment of cell swelling-related CNS diseases, specific targeting LRRC8A may be a superior strategy to inhibit swollen-induced VRAC hyperactivity without blocking the normal VRAC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China; Wuhan Institute for Neuroscience and Neuroengineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Yunhui Li
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhikun Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Shuang Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China.
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Alcoreza O, Jagarlamudi S, Savoia A, Campbell SL, Sontheimer H. Sulfasalazine decreases astrogliosis-mediated seizure burden. Epilepsia 2022; 63:844-854. [PMID: 35132640 PMCID: PMC9007880 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective Previously, we reported that inhibition of the astrocytic cystine/glutamate antiporter system xc‐ (SXC), using sulfasalazine (SAS), decreased evoked excitatory signaling in three distinct hyperexcitability models ex vivo. The current study expands on this work by evaluating the in vivo efficacy of SAS in decreasing astrogliosis‐mediated seizure burden seen in the beta‐1 integrin knockout (B1KO) model. Methods Video‐EEG (electroencephalography) monitoring (24/7) was obtained using Biopac EEG acquisition hardware and software. EEG spectral analysis was performed using MATLAB. SAS was used at an equivalence of doses taken by Crohn’s disease patients. Whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings were made from cortical layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons. Results We report that 100% of B1KO mice that underwent 24/7 video‐EEG monitoring developed spontaneous recurrent seizures and that intraperitoneal administration of SAS significantly reduced seizure frequency in B1KOs compared to B1KOs receiving sham saline. Spectral analysis found an acute reduction in EEG power following SAS treatment in B1KOs; however, this effect was not observed in nonepileptic control mice receiving SAS. Finally, whole‐cell recordings from SXC knockout mice had hyperpolarized neurons and SXC‐B1 double knockouts fired significantly less action potentials in response to current injection compared to B1KOs with SXC. Significance To devise effective strategies in finding relief for one‐in‐three patients with epilepsy who experience drug‐resistant epilepsy we must continue to explore the mechanisms regulating glutamate homeostasis. This study explored the efficacy of targeting an astrocytic glutamate antiporter, SXC, as a novel antiepileptic drug (AED) target and further characterized a unique mouse model in which chronic astrogliosis is sufficient to induce spontaneous seizures and epilepsy. These findings may serve as a foundation to further assess the potential for SAS or inform the development of more potent and specific compounds that target SXC as a novel treatment for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Alcoreza
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Center for Glial Biology in Health, Disease and Cancer, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Sai Jagarlamudi
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Andrew Savoia
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Susan L Campbell
- Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Harald Sontheimer
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Center for Glial Biology in Health, Disease and Cancer, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
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Lai W, Du D, Chen L. Metabolomics Provides Novel Insights into Epilepsy Diagnosis and Treatment: A Review. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:844-859. [PMID: 35067830 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03510-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common diseases of the central nervous system. The diagnosis of epilepsy mainly depends on electroencephalograms and symptomatology, while diagnostic biofluid markers are still lacking. In addition, approximately 30% of patients with epilepsy (PWE) show a poor response to the currently available anti-seizure medicines. An increasing number of studies have reported alterations in the blood, brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid and urine metabolome in PWE and animal models of epilepsy. The aim of this review was to identify potential metabolic biomarkers and pathways that might facilitate diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic determination in PWE and the understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease. The PubMed and Embase databases were searched for metabolomic studies of PWE and epileptic models published before December 2020. The study objectives, types of models and reported differentially altered metabolites were examined and compared. Pathway analyses were performed using MetaboAnalyst 5.0 online software. Thirty-five studies were included in this review. Metabolites such as glutamate, lactate and citrate were disturbed in both PWE and epileptic models, which might be potential biomarkers of epilepsy. Metabolic pathways including alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism; glycine, serine and threonine metabolism; glycerophospholipid metabolism; glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism; and arginine and proline metabolism were involved in epilepsy. These pathways might play important roles in the pathogenesis of the disease. This review summarizes metabolites and metabolic pathways related to epilepsy and provides a novel perspective for the identification of potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanlin Lai
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No.37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Du
- West China-Washington Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Advanced Mass Spectrometry Centre, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No.37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No.37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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Chen S, Xu D, Fan L, Fang Z, Wang X, Li M. Roles of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors (NMDARs) in Epilepsy. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 14:797253. [PMID: 35069111 PMCID: PMC8780133 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.797253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders characterized by recurrent seizures. The mechanism of epilepsy remains unclear and previous studies suggest that N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) play an important role in abnormal discharges, nerve conduction, neuron injury and inflammation, thereby they may participate in epileptogenesis. NMDARs belong to a family of ionotropic glutamate receptors that play essential roles in excitatory neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity in the mammalian CNS. Despite numerous studies focusing on the role of NMDAR in epilepsy, the relationship appeared to be elusive. In this article, we reviewed the regulation of NMDAR and possible mechanisms of NMDAR in epilepsy and in respect of onset, development, and treatment, trying to provide more evidence for future studies.
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Wang W, Wu Y, Li X, Li L, Sun K, Yan S. Altered plasma glutamate and glutamine levels in patients with drug-resistant and drug-responsive symptomatic focal epilepsy. NEUROSCIENCES (RIYADH, SAUDI ARABIA) 2021; 26:315-322. [PMID: 34663703 PMCID: PMC9037768 DOI: 10.17712/nsj.2021.4.20210041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the levels of plasma glutamate and glutamine in drug-resistant or drug-responsive symptomatic focal epilepsy. Dysfunctional glutamate neurotransmission plays an essential role in epilepsy pathophysiology. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 80 drug-resistant and 42 drug-responsive symptomatic focal epileptic patients and 132 healthy controls from June 2017 to February 2018. Plasma glutamate and glutamine levels were assessed via high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Patients with drug-resistant symptomatic focal epilepsy had significantly higher plasma glutamate levels than healthy controls, whereas those with the drug-responsive disease had higher plasma glutamine levels than healthy controls. These results indicate that plasma glutamate and glutamine levels can discriminate patients with drug-resistant and drug-responsive symptomatic focal epilepsy from control individuals with the areas under the curve values of 0.931 and 0.72, respectively. CONCLUSION Elevated plasma glutamate levels are associated with drug-resistant symptomatic focal epilepsy and may aid the diagnosis of drug-resistant symptomatic focal epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- From the Department of Pharmacy (Wang, Li, Lin Li, Yan); from the Department of Central Laboratory (Wu); from the Department of Functional Neurosurgery (Sun); from the Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery (Sun), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, and from the Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center (Wu), Beijing, China.
| | - Yanchuan Wu
- From the Department of Pharmacy (Wang, Li, Lin Li, Yan); from the Department of Central Laboratory (Wu); from the Department of Functional Neurosurgery (Sun); from the Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery (Sun), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, and from the Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center (Wu), Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaoling Li
- From the Department of Pharmacy (Wang, Li, Lin Li, Yan); from the Department of Central Laboratory (Wu); from the Department of Functional Neurosurgery (Sun); from the Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery (Sun), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, and from the Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center (Wu), Beijing, China.
| | - Lin Li
- From the Department of Pharmacy (Wang, Li, Lin Li, Yan); from the Department of Central Laboratory (Wu); from the Department of Functional Neurosurgery (Sun); from the Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery (Sun), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, and from the Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center (Wu), Beijing, China.
| | - Ke Sun
- From the Department of Pharmacy (Wang, Li, Lin Li, Yan); from the Department of Central Laboratory (Wu); from the Department of Functional Neurosurgery (Sun); from the Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery (Sun), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, and from the Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center (Wu), Beijing, China.
| | - Suying Yan
- From the Department of Pharmacy (Wang, Li, Lin Li, Yan); from the Department of Central Laboratory (Wu); from the Department of Functional Neurosurgery (Sun); from the Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery (Sun), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, and from the Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center (Wu), Beijing, China.
- Address correspondence and reprint request to: Dr. Suying Yan, Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. E-mail: ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7223-6467
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Wang S, Zhou L, He C, Wang D, Cai X, Yu Y, Chen L, Lu D, Bian L, Du S, Wu Q, Han Y. The Association Between STX1B Polymorphisms and Treatment Response in Patients With Epilepsy. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:701575. [PMID: 34305610 PMCID: PMC8299048 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.701575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Epilepsy is a debilitating brain disease with complex inheritance and frequent treatment resistance. However, the role of STX1B single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in epilepsy treatment remains unknown. Objective: This study aimed to explore the genetic association of STX1B SNPs with treatment response in patients with epilepsy in a Han Chinese population. Methods: We first examined the associations between STX1B SNPs and epilepsy in 1000 Han Chinese and the associations between STX1B SNPs and drug-resistant epilepsy in 450 subjects. Expression quantitative trait loci analysis was then conducted using 16 drug-resistant epileptic brain tissue samples and results from the BrainCloud database (http://eqtl.brainseq.org). Results: The allelic frequencies of rs140820592 were different between the epilepsy and control groups (p = 0.002) after Bonferroni correction. The rs140820592 was associated with significantly lower epilepsy risk among 1,000 subjects in the dominant model after adjusting for gender and age and Bonferroni correction (OR = 0.542, 95%CI = 0.358-0.819, p = 0.004). The rs140820592 also conferred significantly lower risk of drug-resistant epilepsy among 450 subjects using the same dominant model after adjusting for gender and age and Bonferroni correction (OR = 0.260, 95%CI = 0.103-0.653, p = 0.004). Expression quantitative trait loci analysis revealed that rs140820592 was associated with STX1B expression level in drug-resistant epileptic brain tissues (p = 0.012), and this result was further verified in the BrainCloud database (http://eqtl.brainseq.org) (p = 2.3214 × 10-5). Conclusion: The STX1B rs140820592 may influence the risks of epilepsy and drug-resistant epilepsy by regulating STX1B expression in brain tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shitao Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Chenglu He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xuemei Cai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yanying Yu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Liling Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Di Lu
- Biomedicine Engineering Research Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ligong Bian
- Biomedicine Engineering Research Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Sunbing Du
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yanbing Han
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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