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Serangeli I, Diamanti T, De Jaco A, Miranda E. Role of mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum contacts in neurodegenerative, neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric conditions. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 60:5040-5068. [PMID: 39099373 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum contacts (MERCs) mediate a close and continuous communication between both organelles that is essential for the transfer of calcium and lipids to mitochondria, necessary for cellular signalling and metabolic pathways. Their structural and molecular characterisation has shown the involvement of many proteins that bridge the membranes of the two organelles and maintain the structural stability and function of these contacts. The crosstalk between the two organelles is fundamental for proper neuronal function and is now recognised as a component of many neurological disorders. In fact, an increasing proportion of MERC proteins take part in the molecular and cellular basis of pathologies affecting the nervous system. Here we review the alterations in MERCs that have been reported for these pathologies, from neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders to neurodegenerative diseases. Although mitochondrial abnormalities in these debilitating conditions have been extensively attributed to the high energy demand of neurons, a distinct role for MERCs is emerging as a new field of research. Understanding the molecular details of such alterations may open the way to new paths of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Serangeli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Tamara Diamanti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella De Jaco
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Miranda
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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2
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Patergnani S, Bataillard MS, Danese A, Alves S, Cazevieille C, Valéro R, Tranebjærg L, Maurice T, Pinton P, Delprat B, Richard EM. The Wolfram-like variant WFS1 E864K destabilizes MAM and compromises autophagy and mitophagy in human and mice. Autophagy 2024; 20:2055-2066. [PMID: 38651637 PMCID: PMC11346566 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2341588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Dominant variants in WFS1 (wolframin ER transmembrane glycoprotein), the gene coding for a mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane (MAM) resident protein, have been associated with Wolfram-like syndrome (WLS). In vitro and in vivo, WFS1 loss results in reduced ER to mitochondria calcium (Ca2+) transfer, mitochondrial dysfunction, and enhanced macroautophagy/autophagy and mitophagy. However, in the WLS pathological context, whether the mutant protein triggers the same cellular processes is unknown. Here, we show that in human fibroblasts and murine neuronal cultures the WLS protein WFS1E864K leads to decreases in mitochondria bioenergetics and Ca2+ uptake, deregulation of the mitochondrial quality system mechanisms, and alteration of the autophagic flux. Moreover, in the Wfs1E864K mouse, these alterations are concomitant with a decrease of MAM number. These findings reveal pathophysiological similarities between WS and WLS, highlighting the importance of WFS1 for MAM's integrity and functionality. It may open new treatment perspectives for patients with WLS.Abbreviations: BafA1: bafilomycin A1; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; HSPA9/GRP75: heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 9; ITPR/IP3R: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor; MAM: mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane; MCU: mitochondrial calcium uniporter; MFN2: mitofusin 2; OCR: oxygen consumption rate; ROS: reactive oxygen species; ROT/AA: rotenone+antimycin A; VDAC1: voltage dependent anion channel 1; WLS: Wolfram-like syndrome; WS: Wolfram syndrome; WT: wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Patergnani
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, Technopole of Ferrara, Laboratory for Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Danese
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, Technopole of Ferrara, Laboratory for Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stacy Alves
- MMDN, University Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - René Valéro
- Department of Nutrition, Metabolic Diseases and Endocrinology, Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, University Hospital La Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Lisbeth Tranebjærg
- The Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tangui Maurice
- MMDN, University Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, Technopole of Ferrara, Laboratory for Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Ferrara, Italy
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3
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Nitta Y, Osaka J, Maki R, Hakeda-Suzuki S, Suzuki E, Ueki S, Suzuki T, Sugie A. Drosophila model to clarify the pathological significance of OPA1 in autosomal dominant optic atrophy. eLife 2024; 12:RP87880. [PMID: 39177028 PMCID: PMC11343565 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant optic atrophy (DOA) is a progressive form of blindness caused by degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and their axons, mainly caused by mutations in the OPA1 mitochondrial dynamin like GTPase (OPA1) gene. OPA1 encodes a dynamin-like GTPase present in the mitochondrial inner membrane. When associated with OPA1 mutations, DOA can present not only ocular symptoms but also multi-organ symptoms (DOA plus). DOA plus often results from point mutations in the GTPase domain, which are assumed to have dominant-negative effects. However, the presence of mutations in the GTPase domain does not always result in DOA plus. Therefore, an experimental system to distinguish between DOA and DOA plus is needed. In this study, we found that loss-of-function mutations of the dOPA1 gene in Drosophila can imitate the pathology of optic nerve degeneration observed in DOA. We successfully rescued this degeneration by expressing the human OPA1 (hOPA1) gene, indicating that hOPA1 is functionally interchangeable with dOPA1 in the fly system. However, mutations previously identified did not ameliorate the dOPA1 deficiency phenotype. By expressing both WT and DOA plus mutant hOPA1 forms in the optic nerve of dOPA1 mutants, we observed that DOA plus mutations suppressed the rescue, facilitating the distinction between loss-of-function and dominant-negative mutations in hOPA1. This fly model aids in distinguishing DOA from DOA plus and guides initial hOPA1 mutation treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Nitta
- Brain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Jiro Osaka
- Brain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigataJapan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohamaJapan
| | - Ryuto Maki
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohamaJapan
| | - Satoko Hakeda-Suzuki
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohamaJapan
- Research Initiatives and Promotion Organization, Yokohama National UniversityYokohamaJapan
| | - Emiko Suzuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan UniversityHachiojiJapan
- Department of Gene Function and Phenomics, National Institute of GeneticsMishimaJapan
| | - Satoshi Ueki
- Division of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohamaJapan
| | - Atsushi Sugie
- Brain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigataJapan
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4
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Di Nottia M, Rizza T, Baruffini E, Nesti C, Torraco A, Diodato D, Martinelli D, Dal Canto F, Gilea AI, Zoccola M, Siri B, Dionisi-Vici C, Bertini E, Santorelli FM, Goffrini P, Carrozzo R. Severe mitochondrial encephalomyopathy caused by de novo variants in OPA1 gene. Front Genet 2024; 15:1437959. [PMID: 39233737 PMCID: PMC11372846 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1437959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondria adjust their shape in response to the different energetic and metabolic requirements of the cell, through extremely dynamic fusion and fission events. Several highly conserved dynamin-like GTPases are involved in these processes and, among those, the OPA1 protein is a key player in the fusion of inner mitochondrial membranes. Hundreds of monoallelic or biallelic pathogenic gene variants have been described in OPA1, all associated with a plethora of clinical phenotypes without a straightforward genotype-phenotype correlation. Methods Here we report two patients harboring novel de novo variants in OPA1. DNA of two patients was analyzed using NGS technology and the pathogenicity has been evaluated through biochemical and morphological studies in patient's derived fibroblasts and in yeast model. Results The two patients here reported manifest with neurological signs resembling Leigh syndrome, thus further expanding the clinical spectrum associated with variants in OPA1. In cultured skin fibroblasts we observed a reduced amount of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and altered mitochondrial network characterized by more fragmented mitochondria. Modeling in yeast allowed to define the deleterious mechanism and the pathogenicity of the identified gene mutations. Conclusion We have described two novel-single OPA1 mutations in two patients characterized by early-onset neurological signs, never documented, thus expanding the clinical spectrum of this complex syndrome. Moreover, both yeast model and patients derived fibroblasts showed mitochondrial defects, including decreased mtDNA maintenance, correlating with patients' clinical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Di Nottia
- Unit of Cell Biology and Diagnosis of Mitochondrial Disorders, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Neuromuscular Disorders Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Rizza
- Unit of Cell Biology and Diagnosis of Mitochondrial Disorders, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Baruffini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Claudia Nesti
- Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Torraco
- Unit of Cell Biology and Diagnosis of Mitochondrial Disorders, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Daria Diodato
- Neuromuscular Disorders Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Martinelli
- Division of Metabolic Diseases and Hepatology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alexandru Ionut Gilea
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Martina Zoccola
- Unit of Cell Biology and Diagnosis of Mitochondrial Disorders, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Neuromuscular Disorders Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Siri
- Division of Metabolic Diseases and Hepatology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Dionisi-Vici
- Division of Metabolic Diseases and Hepatology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Neuromuscular Disorders Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paola Goffrini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Rosalba Carrozzo
- Unit of Cell Biology and Diagnosis of Mitochondrial Disorders, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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5
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Borrelli E, Bandello F, Boon CJF, Carelli V, Lenaers G, Reibaldi M, Sadda SR, Sadun AA, Sarraf D, Yu-Wai-Man P, Barboni P. Mitochondrial retinopathies and optic neuropathies: The impact of retinal imaging on modern understanding of pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024; 101:101264. [PMID: 38703886 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Advancements in ocular imaging have significantly broadened our comprehension of mitochondrial retinopathies and optic neuropathies by examining the structural and pathological aspects of the retina and optic nerve in these conditions. This article aims to review the prominent imaging characteristics associated with mitochondrial retinopathies and optic neuropathies, aiming to deepen our insight into their pathogenesis and clinical features. Preceding this exploration, the article provides a detailed overview of the crucial genetic and clinical features, which is essential for the proper interpretation of in vivo imaging. More importantly, we will provide a critical analysis on how these imaging modalities could serve as biomarkers for characterization and monitoring, as well as in guiding treatment decisions. However, these imaging methods have limitations, which will be discussed along with potential strategies to mitigate them. Lastly, the article will emphasize the potential advantages and future integration of imaging techniques in evaluating patients with mitochondrial eye disorders, considering the prospects of emerging gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Borrelli
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Department of Ophthalmology, "City of Health and Science" Hospital, Turin, Italy.
| | - Francesco Bandello
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Camiel J F Boon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Valerio Carelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma di Neurogenetica, Bologna, Italy
| | - Guy Lenaers
- Equipe MitoLab, Unité MitoVasc, INSERM U1083, Université d'Angers, 49933, Angers, France; Service de Neurologie, CHU d'Angers, 49100, Angers, France
| | - Michele Reibaldi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Department of Ophthalmology, "City of Health and Science" Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Srinivas R Sadda
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alfredo A Sadun
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David Sarraf
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Retinal Disorders and Ophthalmic Genetics Division, Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Yu-Wai-Man
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Eye Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Piero Barboni
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Studio Oculistico d'Azeglio, Bologna, Italy.
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6
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Borbolis F, Palikaras K. Identifying therapeutic compounds for autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA) through screening in the nematode C. elegans. Methods Cell Biol 2024; 188:89-108. [PMID: 38880530 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Autosomal Dominant Optic Atrophy (ADOA) is a rare neurodegenerative condition, characterized by the bilateral loss of vision due to the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells. Its primary cause is linked to mutations in OPA1 gene, which ultimately affect mitochondrial structure and function. The current lack of successful treatments for ADOA emphasizes the need to investigate the mechanisms driving disease pathogenesis and exploit the potential of animal models for preclinical trials. Among such models, Caenorhabditis elegans stands out as a powerful tool, due its simplicity, its genetic tractability, and its relevance to human biology. Despite the lack of a visual system, the presence of mutated OPA1 in the nematode recapitulates ADOA pathology, by stimulating key pathogenic features of the human condition that can be studied in a fast and relatively non-laborious manner. Here, we provide a detailed guide on how to assess the therapeutic efficacy of chemical compounds, in either small or large scale, by evaluating three crucial phenotypes of humanized ADOA model nematodes, that express pathogenic human OPA1 in their GABAergic motor neurons: axonal mitochondria number, neuronal cell death and defecation cycle time. The described methods can deepen our understanding of ADOA pathogenesis and offer a practical framework for developing novel treatment schemes, providing hope for improved therapeutic outcomes and a better quality of life for individuals affected by this currently incurable condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fivos Borbolis
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Konstantinos Palikaras
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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7
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VanPortfliet JJ, Chute C, Lei Y, Shutt TE, West AP. Mitochondrial DNA release and sensing in innate immune responses. Hum Mol Genet 2024; 33:R80-R91. [PMID: 38779772 PMCID: PMC11112387 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddae031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are pleiotropic organelles central to an array of cellular pathways including metabolism, signal transduction, and programmed cell death. Mitochondria are also key drivers of mammalian immune responses, functioning as scaffolds for innate immune signaling, governing metabolic switches required for immune cell activation, and releasing agonists that promote inflammation. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a potent immunostimulatory agonist, triggering pro-inflammatory and type I interferon responses in a host of mammalian cell types. Here we review recent advances in how mtDNA is detected by nucleic acid sensors of the innate immune system upon release into the cytoplasm and extracellular space. We also discuss how the interplay between mtDNA release and sensing impacts cellular innate immune endpoints relevant to health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordyn J VanPortfliet
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, United States
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX 77807, United States
| | - Cole Chute
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Yuanjiu Lei
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Timothy E Shutt
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - A Phillip West
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, United States
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX 77807, United States
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8
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Liu Y, Lv S, He G, Wang C, Ou C. Ferroptosis at the crossroads of manganese-induced neurotoxicity: A retrospective study. Toxicology 2024; 502:153727. [PMID: 38216111 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Manganese is an essential trace element, but overexposure can cause neurotoxicity and subsequent neurodegenerative diseases. Ferroptosis is a form of cell death characterized by lipid peroxidation and iron overload inside cells, which is closely related to manganese neurotoxicity. Manganese can induce ferroptosis through multiple pathways: causing oxidative stress and increased cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in lipid peroxidation; depleting glutathione (GSH) and weakening the antioxidant capacity of cells; disrupting iron metabolism and increasing iron-dependent lipid peroxidation; damaging mitochondrial function and disrupting the electron transport chain, leading to increased ROS production. Oxidative stress, iron metabolism disorders, lipid peroxidation, GSH depletion, and mitochondrial dysfunction, typical features of ferroptosis, have been observed in animal and cell models after manganese exposure. In summary, manganese can participate in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases by inducing events related to ferroptosis. This provides new insights into studying the mechanism of manganese neurotoxicity and developing therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyang Liu
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Shanyu Lv
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Guoguo He
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Changyong Wang
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.
| | - Chaoyan Ou
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.
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9
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Prabhu SS, Nair AS, Nirmala SV. Multifaceted roles of mitochondrial dysfunction in diseases: from powerhouses to saboteurs. Arch Pharm Res 2023; 46:723-743. [PMID: 37751031 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-023-01465-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The fact that mitochondria play a crucial part in energy generation has led to the nickname "powerhouses" of the cell being applied to them. They also play a significant role in many other cellular functions, including calcium signalling, apoptosis, and the creation of vital biomolecules. As a result, cellular function and health as a whole can be significantly impacted by mitochondrial malfunction. Indeed, malignancies frequently have increased levels of mitochondrial biogenesis and quality control. Adverse selection exists for harmful mitochondrial genome mutations, even though certain malignancies include modifications in the nuclear-encoded tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes that generate carcinogenic metabolites. Since rare human cancers with mutated mitochondrial genomes are often benign, removing mitochondrial DNA reduces carcinogenesis. Therefore, targeting mitochondria offers therapeutic options since they serve several functions and are crucial to developing malignant tumors. Here, we discuss the various steps involved in the mechanism of cancer for which mitochondria plays a significant role, as well as the role of mitochondria in diseases other than cancer. It is crucial to understand mitochondrial malfunction to target these organelles for therapeutic reasons. This highlights the significance of investigating mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer and other disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surapriya Surendranath Prabhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, Amrita School of Pharmacy, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Aathira Sujathan Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, Amrita School of Pharmacy, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Saiprabha Vijayakumar Nirmala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, Amrita School of Pharmacy, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India.
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10
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Chen BS, Harvey JP, Gilhooley MJ, Jurkute N, Yu-Wai-Man P. Mitochondria and the eye-manifestations of mitochondrial diseases and their management. Eye (Lond) 2023; 37:2416-2425. [PMID: 37185957 PMCID: PMC10397317 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-023-02523-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Historically, distinct mitochondrial syndromes were recognised clinically by their ocular features. Due to their predilection for metabolically active tissue, mitochondrial diseases frequently involve the eye, resulting in a range of ophthalmic manifestations including progressive external ophthalmoplegia, retinopathy and optic neuropathy, as well as deficiencies of the retrochiasmal visual pathway. With the wider availability of genetic testing in clinical practice, it is now recognised that genotype-phenotype correlations in mitochondrial diseases can be imprecise: many classic syndromes can be associated with multiple genes and genetic variants, and the same genetic variant can have multiple clinical presentations, including subclinical ophthalmic manifestations in individuals who are otherwise asymptomatic. Previously considered rare diseases with no effective treatments, considerable progress has been made in our understanding of mitochondrial diseases with new therapies emerging, in particular, gene therapy for inherited optic neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benson S Chen
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Eye Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joshua P Harvey
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael J Gilhooley
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
- The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Neringa Jurkute
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
- The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Patrick Yu-Wai-Man
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Cambridge Eye Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK.
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.
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11
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Nyenhuis SB, Wu X, Strub MP, Yim YI, Stanton AE, Baena V, Syed ZA, Canagarajah B, Hammer JA, Hinshaw JE. OPA1 helical structures give perspective to mitochondrial dysfunction. Nature 2023; 620:1109-1116. [PMID: 37612506 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06462-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Dominant optic atrophy is one of the leading causes of childhood blindness. Around 60-80% of cases1 are caused by mutations of the gene that encodes optic atrophy protein 1 (OPA1), a protein that has a key role in inner mitochondrial membrane fusion and remodelling of cristae and is crucial for the dynamic organization and regulation of mitochondria2. Mutations in OPA1 result in the dysregulation of the GTPase-mediated fusion process of the mitochondrial inner and outer membranes3. Here we used cryo-electron microscopy methods to solve helical structures of OPA1 assembled on lipid membrane tubes, in the presence and absence of nucleotide. These helical assemblies organize into densely packed protein rungs with minimal inter-rung connectivity, and exhibit nucleotide-dependent dimerization of the GTPase domains-a hallmark of the dynamin superfamily of proteins4. OPA1 also contains several unique secondary structures in the paddle domain that strengthen its membrane association, including membrane-inserting helices. The structural features identified in this study shed light on the effects of pathogenic point mutations on protein folding, inter-protein assembly and membrane interactions. Furthermore, mutations that disrupt the assembly interfaces and membrane binding of OPA1 cause mitochondrial fragmentation in cell-based assays, providing evidence of the biological relevance of these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Nyenhuis
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xufeng Wu
- Light Microscopy Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marie-Paule Strub
- Protein Expression Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yang-In Yim
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Abigail E Stanton
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Molecular Biology Department, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Valentina Baena
- Electron Microscopy Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zulfeqhar A Syed
- Electron Microscopy Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bertram Canagarajah
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John A Hammer
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jenny E Hinshaw
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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12
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Zheng P, Ma W, Gu Y, Wu H, Bian Z, Liu N, Yang D, Chen X. High-fat diet causes mitochondrial damage and downregulation of mitofusin-2 and optic atrophy-1 in multiple organs. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2023; 73:61-76. [PMID: 37534099 PMCID: PMC10390808 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.22-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
High-fat consumption promotes the development of obesity, which is associated with various chronic illnesses. Mitochondria are the energy factories of eukaryotic cells, maintaining self-stability through a fine-tuned quality-control network. In the present study, we evaluated high-fat diet (HFD)-induced changes in mitochondrial ultrastructure and dynamics protein expression in multiple organs. C57BL/6J male mice were fed HFD or normal diet (ND) for 24 weeks. Compared with ND-fed mice, HFD-fed mice exhibited increased body weight, cardiomyocyte enlargement, pulmonary fibrosis, hepatic steatosis, renal and splenic structural abnormalities. The cellular apoptosis of the heart, liver, and kidney increased. Cellular lipid droplet deposition and mitochondrial deformations were observed. The proteins related to mitochondrial biogenesis (TFAM), fission (DRP1), autophagy (LC3 and LC3-II: LC3-I ratio), and mitophagy (PINK1) presented different changes in different organs. The mitochondrial fusion regulators mitofusin-2 (MFN2) and optic atrophy-1 (OPA1) were consistently downregulated in multiple organs, even the spleen. TOMM20 and ATP5A protein were enhanced in the heart, skeletal muscle, and spleen, and attenuated in the kidney. These results indicated that high-fat feeding caused pathological changes in multiple organs, accompanied by mitochondrial ultrastructural damage, and MFN2 and OPA1 downregulation. The mitochondrial fusion proteins may become promising targets and/or markers for treating metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjing Ma
- Core Facility, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yilu Gu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hengfang Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiping Bian
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nannan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Di Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
- Core Facility, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangjian Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
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13
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Mitochondrial cristae in health and disease. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 235:123755. [PMID: 36812974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are centers of energy metabolism. The mitochondrial network is shaped by mitochondrial dynamics, including the processes of mitochondrial fission and fusion and cristae remodeling. The cristae folded by the inner mitochondrial membrane are sites of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system. However, the factors and their coordinated interplay in cristae remodeling and linked human diseases have not been fully demonstrated. In this review, we focus on key regulators of cristae structure, including the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system, optic atrophy-1, mitochondrial calcium uniporter, and ATP synthase, which function in the dynamic remodeling of cristae. We summarized their contribution to sustaining functional cristae structure and abnormal cristae morphology, including a decreased number of cristae, enlarged cristae junctions, and cristae as concentric ring structures. These abnormalities directly impact cellular respiration and are caused by dysfunction or deletion of these regulators in diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Leigh syndrome, and dominant optic atrophy. Identifying the important regulators of cristae morphology and understanding their role in sustaining mitochondrial morphology could be applied to explore the pathologies of diseases and to develop relevant therapeutic tools.
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14
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Modopathies Caused by Mutations in Genes Encoding for Mitochondrial RNA Modifying Enzymes: Molecular Mechanisms and Yeast Disease Models. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032178. [PMID: 36768505 PMCID: PMC9917222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, mitochondrial RNAs (mt-tRNAs and mt-rRNAs) are subject to specific nucleotide modifications, which are critical for distinct functions linked to the synthesis of mitochondrial proteins encoded by mitochondrial genes, and thus for oxidative phosphorylation. In recent years, mutations in genes encoding for mt-RNAs modifying enzymes have been identified as being causative of primary mitochondrial diseases, which have been called modopathies. These latter pathologies can be caused by mutations in genes involved in the modification either of tRNAs or of rRNAs, resulting in the absence of/decrease in a specific nucleotide modification and thus on the impairment of the efficiency or the accuracy of the mitochondrial protein synthesis. Most of these mutations are sporadic or private, thus it is fundamental that their pathogenicity is confirmed through the use of a model system. This review will focus on the activity of genes that, when mutated, are associated with modopathies, on the molecular mechanisms through which the enzymes introduce the nucleotide modifications, on the pathological phenotypes associated with mutations in these genes and on the contribution of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to confirming the pathogenicity of novel mutations and, in some cases, for defining the molecular defects.
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15
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Wareham LK, Liddelow SA, Temple S, Benowitz LI, Di Polo A, Wellington C, Goldberg JL, He Z, Duan X, Bu G, Davis AA, Shekhar K, Torre AL, Chan DC, Canto-Soler MV, Flanagan JG, Subramanian P, Rossi S, Brunner T, Bovenkamp DE, Calkins DJ. Solving neurodegeneration: common mechanisms and strategies for new treatments. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:23. [PMID: 35313950 PMCID: PMC8935795 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00524-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Across neurodegenerative diseases, common mechanisms may reveal novel therapeutic targets based on neuronal protection, repair, or regeneration, independent of etiology or site of disease pathology. To address these mechanisms and discuss emerging treatments, in April, 2021, Glaucoma Research Foundation, BrightFocus Foundation, and the Melza M. and Frank Theodore Barr Foundation collaborated to bring together key opinion leaders and experts in the field of neurodegenerative disease for a virtual meeting titled "Solving Neurodegeneration". This "think-tank" style meeting focused on uncovering common mechanistic roots of neurodegenerative disease and promising targets for new treatments, catalyzed by the goal of finding new treatments for glaucoma, the world's leading cause of irreversible blindness and the common interest of the three hosting foundations. Glaucoma, which causes vision loss through degeneration of the optic nerve, likely shares early cellular and molecular events with other neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system. Here we discuss major areas of mechanistic overlap between neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system: neuroinflammation, bioenergetics and metabolism, genetic contributions, and neurovascular interactions. We summarize important discussion points with emphasis on the research areas that are most innovative and promising in the treatment of neurodegeneration yet require further development. The research that is highlighted provides unique opportunities for collaboration that will lead to efforts in preventing neurodegeneration and ultimately vision loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Wareham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sally Temple
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, NY, 12144, Rensselaer, USA
| | - Larry I Benowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery and F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adriana Di Polo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cheryl Wellington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, CA, Palo Alto, USA
| | - Zhigang He
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, MA, Boston, USA
| | - Xin Duan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Albert A Davis
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Karthik Shekhar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Anna La Torre
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - David C Chan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, CA, 91125, Pasadena, USA
| | - M Valeria Canto-Soler
- CellSight Ocular Stem Cell and Regeneration Research Program, Department of Ophthalmology, Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - John G Flanagan
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - David J Calkins
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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16
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a Tool for Studying Mutations in Nuclear Genes Involved in Diseases Caused by Mitochondrial DNA Instability. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12121866. [PMID: 34946817 PMCID: PMC8701800 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) maintenance is critical for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) since some subunits of the respiratory chain complexes are mitochondrially encoded. Pathological mutations in nuclear genes involved in the mtDNA metabolism may result in a quantitative decrease in mtDNA levels, referred to as mtDNA depletion, or in qualitative defects in mtDNA, especially in multiple deletions. Since, in the last decade, most of the novel mutations have been identified through whole-exome sequencing, it is crucial to confirm the pathogenicity by functional analysis in the appropriate model systems. Among these, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has proved to be a good model for studying mutations associated with mtDNA instability. This review focuses on the use of yeast for evaluating the pathogenicity of mutations in six genes, MPV17/SYM1, MRM2/MRM2, OPA1/MGM1, POLG/MIP1, RRM2B/RNR2, and SLC25A4/AAC2, all associated with mtDNA depletion or multiple deletions. We highlight the techniques used to construct a specific model and to measure the mtDNA instability as well as the main results obtained. We then report the contribution that yeast has given in understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of the mutant variants, in finding the genetic suppressors of the mitochondrial defects and in the discovery of molecules able to improve the mtDNA stability.
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