1
|
Borot L, Pageaux B, Laroche D, Vergotte G, Lepers R, Perrey S. Eccentric cycling involves greater mental demand and cortical activation of the frontoparietal network. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14517. [PMID: 37814520 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Eccentric, compared to concentric exercise, is proposed to involve different neuro-motor processing strategies and a higher level of mental demand. This study compared eccentric and concentric cycling at matched perceived effort and torque for the mental demand and related-cortical activation patterns. Nineteen men (30 ± 6 years) performed four different 5-min cycling conditions at 30 RPM on a semi-recumbent isokinetic cycle ergometer: (1) concentric at a moderate perceived effort (23 on the CR100® scale) without torque feedback; (2) concentric and (3) eccentric at the same average torque produced in the first condition; and (4) eccentric at the same moderate perceived effort than the first concentric condition. The conditions two to four were randomized. After each condition, mental demand was monitored using the NASA Task Load Index scale. Changes in oxy-(O2 Hb) and deoxy-(HHb) hemoglobin during exercise were measured over both prefrontal cortices and the right parietal lobe from a 15-probe layout using a continuous-wave NIRS system. Mental demand was significantly higher during eccentric compared to concentric cycling (+52%, p = 0.012) and when the exercise intensity was fixed by the torque rather than the perceived effort (+70%, p < 0.001). For both torque- or perceived effort-matched exercises, O2 Hb increased significantly (p < 0.001) in the left and right prefrontal cortices, and right parietal lobe, and HHb decreased in the left, and right, prefrontal cortices during eccentric compared to concentric cycling. This study supports that acute eccentric cycling, compared to concentric cycling, involves a higher mental demand, and frontoparietal network activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lénaic Borot
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier, France
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Benjamin Pageaux
- École de kinésiologie et des sciences de l'activité physique (EKSAP), Faculté de médecine, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche sur le cerveau et l'apprentissage (CIRCA), Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Davy Laroche
- INSERM UMR 1093-CAPS, Univ. Bourgogne, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Dijon, France
- INSERM, CHU Dijon-Bourgogne, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC 1432, Module Plurithématique, Plateforme d'Investigation Technologique, Dijon, France
| | - Grégoire Vergotte
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier, France
| | - Romuald Lepers
- INSERM UMR 1093-CAPS, Univ. Bourgogne, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Dijon, France
| | - Stéphane Perrey
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Teo WP, Tan CX, Goodwill AM, Mohammad S, Ang YX, Latella C. Brain activation associated with low- and high-intensity concentric versus eccentric isokinetic contractions of the biceps brachii: An fNIRS study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14499. [PMID: 37732821 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that neural responses following concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) muscle contractions are different, which suggests differences in motor control associated with CON and ECC contractions. This study aims to determine brain activation of the left primary motor cortex (M1) and left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (DLPFCs) during ECC and CON of the right bicep brachii (BB) muscle at low- and high-contraction intensities. Eighteen young adults (13M/5F, 21-35 years) were recruited to participate in one familiarization and two testing sessions in a randomized crossover design. During each testing session, participants performed either ECC or CON contractions of the BB (3 sets × 8 reps) at low- (25% of maximum ECC/CON, 45°/s) and high-intensity (75% of maximum ECC/CON, 45°/s) on an isokinetic dynamometer. Eleven-channel functional near-infrared spectroscopy was used to measure changes in oxyhemoglobin (O2 Hb) from the left M1, and left and right DLPFC during ECC and CON contractions. Maximum torque for ECC was higher than CON (43.3 ± 14.1 vs. 46.2 ± 15.7 N m, p = 0.025); however, no differences in O2 Hb were observed between contraction types at low or high intensities in measured brain regions. High-intensity ECC and CON contractions resulted in greater increases in O2 Hb of M1 and bilateral DLPFC compared to low-intensity ECC and CON contractions (p = 0.014). Our findings suggest no differences in O2 Hb responses between contraction types at high and low intensities. High-contraction intensities resulted in greater brain activation of the M1 and bilateral DLPFC, which may have implications for neurorehabilitation to increase central adaptations from exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Peng Teo
- Physical Education and Sport Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Clara Xinru Tan
- Physical Education and Sport Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alicia M Goodwill
- Physical Education and Sport Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Saqif Mohammad
- Physical Education and Sport Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi-Xuan Ang
- Physical Education and Sport Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher Latella
- Neurophysiology Research Laboratory, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Human Performance, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Di Rienzo F, Rozand V, Le Noac'h M, Guillot A. A Quantitative Investigation of Mental Fatigue Elicited during Motor Imagery Practice: Selective Effects on Maximal Force Performance and Imagery Ability. Brain Sci 2023; 13:996. [PMID: 37508928 PMCID: PMC10377708 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13070996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the development of mental fatigue during the kinesthetic motor imagery (MI) of isometric force contractions performed with the dominant upper limb. Participants (n = 24) underwent four blocks of 20 MI trials of isometric contractions at 20% of the maximal voluntary contraction threshold (20% MVCMI) and 20 MI trials of maximal isometric contractions (100% MVCMI). Mental fatigue was assessed after each block using a visual analogue scale (VAS). We assessed maximal isometric force before, during and after MI sessions. We also assessed MI ability from self-report ratings and skin conductance recordings. Results showed a logarithmic pattern of increase in mental fatigue over the course of MI, which was superior during 100% MVCMI. Unexpectedly, maximal force improved during 100% MVCMI between the 1st and 2nd evaluations but remained unchanged during 20% MVCMI. MI ease and vividness improved during 100% MVCMI, with a positive association between phasic skin conductance and VAS mental fatigue scores. Conversely, subjective measures revealed decreased MI ability during 20% MVCMI. Mental fatigue did not hamper the priming effects of MI on maximal force performance, nor MI's ability for tasks involving high physical demands. By contrast, mental fatigue impaired MI vividness and elicited boredom effects in the case of motor tasks with low physical demands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franck Di Rienzo
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Vianney Rozand
- Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Lyon 1, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Marie Le Noac'h
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Aymeric Guillot
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424 Villeurbanne, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Faw TD, Lakhani B, Schmalbrock P, Knopp MV, Lohse KR, Kramer JLK, Liu H, Nguyen HT, Phillips EG, Bratasz A, Fisher LC, Deibert RJ, Boyd LA, McTigue DM, Basso DM. Eccentric rehabilitation induces white matter plasticity and sensorimotor recovery in chronic spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2021; 346:113853. [PMID: 34464653 PMCID: PMC10084731 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Experience-dependent white matter plasticity offers new potential for rehabilitation-induced recovery after neurotrauma. This first-in-human translational experiment combined myelin water imaging in humans and genetic fate-mapping of oligodendrocyte lineage cells in mice to investigate whether downhill locomotor rehabilitation that emphasizes eccentric muscle actions promotes white matter plasticity and recovery in chronic, incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI). In humans, of 20 individuals with SCI that enrolled, four passed the imaging screen and had myelin water imaging before and after a 12-week (3 times/week) downhill locomotor treadmill training program (SCI + DH). One individual was excluded for imaging artifacts. Uninjured control participants (n = 7) had two myelin water imaging sessions within the same day. Changes in myelin water fraction (MWF), a histopathologically-validated myelin biomarker, were analyzed in a priori motor learning and non-motor learning brain regions and the cervical spinal cord using statistical approaches appropriate for small sample sizes. PDGFRα-CreERT2:mT/mG mice, that express green fluorescent protein on oligodendrocyte precursor cells and subsequent newly-differentiated oligodendrocytes upon tamoxifen-induced recombination, were either naive (n = 6) or received a moderate (75 kilodyne), contusive SCI at T9 and were randomized to downhill training (n = 6) or unexercised groups (n = 6). We initiated recombination 29 days post-injury, seven days prior to downhill training. Mice underwent two weeks of daily downhill training on the same 10% decline grade used in humans. Between-group comparison of functional (motor and sensory) and histological (oligodendrogenesis, oligodendroglial/axon interaction, paranodal structure) outcomes occurred post-training. In humans with SCI, downhill training increased MWF in brain motor learning regions (postcentral, precuneus) and mixed motor and sensory tracts of the ventral cervical spinal cord compared to control participants (P < 0.05). In mice with thoracic SCI, downhill training induced oligodendrogenesis in cervical dorsal and lateral white matter, increased axon-oligodendroglial interactions, and normalized paranodal structure in dorsal column sensory tracts (P < 0.05). Downhill training improved sensorimotor recovery in mice by normalizing hip and knee motor control and reducing hyperalgesia, both of which were associated with new oligodendrocytes in the cervical dorsal columns (P < 0.05). Our findings indicate that eccentric-focused, downhill rehabilitation promotes white matter plasticity and improved function in chronic SCI, likely via oligodendrogenesis in nervous system regions activated by the training paradigm. Together, these data reveal an exciting role for eccentric training in white matter plasticity and sensorimotor recovery after SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Faw
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Bimal Lakhani
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Petra Schmalbrock
- Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Michael V Knopp
- Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Keith R Lohse
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Recreation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - John L K Kramer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Hanwen Liu
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Huyen T Nguyen
- Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Eileen G Phillips
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Anna Bratasz
- Small Animal Imaging Shared Resources, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lesley C Fisher
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Rochelle J Deibert
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lara A Boyd
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Dana M McTigue
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - D Michele Basso
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Clos P, Lepers R, Garnier YM. Locomotor activities as a way of inducing neuroplasticity: insights from conventional approaches and perspectives on eccentric exercises. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:697-706. [PMID: 33389143 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04575-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Corticospinal excitability, and particularly the balance between cortical inhibitory and excitatory processes (assessed in a muscle using single and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation), are affected by neurodegenerative pathologies or following a stroke. This review describes how locomotor exercises may counterbalance these neuroplastic alterations, either when performed under its conventional form (e.g., walking or cycling) or when comprising eccentric (i.e., active lengthening) muscle contractions. Non-fatiguing conventional locomotor exercise decreases intracortical inhibition and/or increases intracortical facilitation. These modifications notably seem to be a consequence of neurotrophic factors (e.g., brain-derived neurotrophic factor) resulting from the hemodynamic solicitation. Furthermore, it can be inferred from non-invasive brain and peripheral stimulation studies that repeated activation of neural networks can endogenously shape neuroplasticity. Such mechanisms could also occur following eccentric exercises (lengthening of the muscle), during which motor-related cortical potential (electroencephalography) is of greater magnitude and lasts longer than during concentric exercises (i.e., muscle shortening). As single-joint eccentric exercise decreased short- and long-interval intracortical inhibition and increased intracortical facilitation, locomotor eccentric exercise (e.g., downhill walking or eccentric cycling) may be even more potent by adding hemodynamic-related neuroplastic processes to endogenous processes. Besides, eccentric exercise is especially useful to develop relatively high force levels at low cardiorespiratory and perceived intensities, which can be a training goal alongside the induction of neuroplastic changes. Even though indirect evidence let us think that locomotor eccentric exercise could shape neuroplasticity in ways relevant to neurorehabilitation, its efficacy remains speculative. We provide future research directions on the neuroplastic effects and underlying mechanisms of locomotor exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Clos
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, 21000, Dijon, France.
| | - Romuald Lepers
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Yoann M Garnier
- Clermont-Auvergne University, AME2P, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vinstrup J, Calatayud J, Jakobsen MD, Sundstrup E, Jørgensen JR, Casaña J, Andersen LL. Hand strengthening exercises in chronic stroke patients: Dose-response evaluation using electromyography. J Hand Ther 2019; 31:111-121. [PMID: 28527751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY This study evaluates finger flexion and extension strengthening exercises using elastic resistance in chronic stroke patients. METHODS Eighteen stroke patients (mean age: 56.8 ± 7.6 years) with hemiparesis performed 3 consecutive repetitions of finger flexion and extension, using 3 different elastic resistance levels (easy, moderate, and hard). Surface electromyography was recorded from the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) and extensor digitorum (ED) muscles and normalized to the maximal electromyography of the non-paretic arm. RESULTS Maximal grip strength was 39.2 (standard deviation: 12.5) and 7.8 kg (standard deviation: 9.4) in the nonparetic and paretic hand, respectively. For the paretic hand, muscle activity was higher during finger flexion exercise than during finger extension exercise for both ED (30% [95% confidence interval {CI}: 19-40] vs 15% [95% CI: 5-25] and FDS (37% [95% CI: 27-48] vs 24% [95% CI: 13-35]). For the musculature of both the FDS and ED, no dose-response association was observed for resistance and muscle activity during the flexion exercise (P > .05). CONCLUSION The finger flexion exercise showed higher muscle activity in both the flexor and extensor musculature of the forearm than the finger extension exercise. Furthermore, greater resistance did not result in higher muscle activity during the finger flexion exercise. The present results suggest that the finger flexion exercise should be the preferred strengthening exercise to achieve high levels of muscle activity in both flexor and extensor forearm muscles in chronic stroke patients. The finger extension exercise may be performed with emphasis on improving neuromuscular control. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4b.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Vinstrup
- Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Department of Health Science and Technology, Physical Activity and Human Performance group, SMI, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Joaquin Calatayud
- Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Department of Physical Education and Sports, Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Physiotherapy, Exercise intervention for health research group, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Markus D Jakobsen
- Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Emil Sundstrup
- Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jørgen R Jørgensen
- Center for Rehabilitation of Brain Injury, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jose Casaña
- Department of Physiotherapy, Exercise intervention for health research group, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lars L Andersen
- Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Department of Health Science and Technology, Physical Activity and Human Performance group, SMI, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Herold F, Törpel A, Schega L, Müller NG. Functional and/or structural brain changes in response to resistance exercises and resistance training lead to cognitive improvements - a systematic review. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2019; 16:10. [PMID: 31333805 PMCID: PMC6617693 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-019-0217-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the aging process, physical capabilities (e.g., muscular strength) and cognitive functions (e.g., memory) gradually decrease. Regarding cognitive functions, substantial functional (e.g., compensatory brain activity) and structural changes (e.g., shrinking of the hippocampus) in the brain cause this decline. Notably, growing evidence points towards a relationship between cognition and measures of muscular strength and muscle mass. Based on this emerging evidence, resistance exercises and/or resistance training, which contributes to the preservation and augmentation of muscular strength and muscle mass, may trigger beneficial neurobiological processes and could be crucial for healthy aging that includes preservation of the brain and cognition. Compared with the multitude of studies that have investigated the influence of endurance exercises and/or endurance training on cognitive performance and brain structure, considerably less work has focused on the effects of resistance exercises and/or resistance training. While the available evidence regarding resistance exercise-induced changes in cognitive functions is pooled, the underlying neurobiological processes, such as functional and structural brain changes, have yet to be summarized. Hence, the purpose of this systematic review is to provide an overview of resistance exercise-induced functional and/or structural brain changes that are related to cognitive functions. METHODS AND RESULTS A systematic literature search was conducted by two independent researchers across six electronic databases; 5957 records were returned, of which 18 were considered relevant and were analyzed. SHORT CONCLUSION Based on our analyses, resistance exercises and resistance training evoked substantial functional brain changes, especially in the frontal lobe, which were accompanied by improvements in executive functions. Furthermore, resistance training led to lower white matter atrophy and smaller white matter lesion volumes. However, based on the relatively small number of studies available, the findings should be interpreted cautiously. Hence, future studies are required to investigate the underlying neurobiological mechanisms and to verify whether the positive findings can be confirmed and transferred to other needy cohorts, such as older adults with dementia, sarcopenia and/or dynapenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Herold
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Törpel
- Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Zschokkestr. 32, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Schega
- Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Zschokkestr. 32, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Notger G. Müller
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Brenneckestraße 6, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nordin AD, Dufek JS. Reviewing the Variability-Overuse Injury Hypothesis: Does Movement Variability Relate to Landing Injuries? RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2019; 90:190-205. [PMID: 30908166 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2019.1576837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Overuse injuries are common in sport, but complete understanding of injury risk factors remains incomplete. Although biomechanical studies frequently examine musculoskeletal injury mechanisms, human movement variability studies aim to better understand neuromotor functioning, with proposed connections between overuse injury mechanisms and changes in motor variability. METHOD In a narrative review, we discuss the variability-overuse injury hypothesis, which suggests repeated load application leads to mechanical tissue breakdown and subsequent injury when exceeding the rate of physiological adaptation. Due to the multidisciplinary nature of this hypothesis, we incorporate concepts from motor control, neurophysiology, biomechanics, as well as research design and data analysis. We therefore summarize multiple perspectives while proposing theoretical relationships between movement variability and lower extremity overuse injuries. RESULTS Experimental data are presented and summarized from published experiments examining interactions between experimental task demands and movement variability in the context of drop landing movements, along with comparisons to previous movement variability studies. CONCLUSION We provide a conceptual framework for sports medicine researchers interested in predicting and preventing sports injuries. Under performance conditions with greater task demands, we predict reduced trial-to-trial movement variability that could increase the likelihood of overuse injuries.
Collapse
|
9
|
Different Hemodynamic Responses of the Primary Motor Cortex Accompanying Eccentric and Concentric Movements: A Functional NIRS Study. Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8050075. [PMID: 29695123 PMCID: PMC5977066 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8050075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The literature contains limited evidence on how our brains control eccentric movement. A higher activation is expected in the contralateral motor cortex (M1) but consensus has not yet been reached. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare patterns of M1 activation between eccentric and concentric movements. Nine healthy participants performed in a randomized order three sets of five repetitions of eccentric or concentric movement with the dominant elbow flexors over a range of motion of 60° at two velocities (30°/s and 60°/s). The tests were carried out using a Biodex isokinetic dynamometer with the forearm supported in the horizontal plane. The peak torque values were not significantly different between concentric and eccentric movements (p = 0.42). Hemodynamic responses of the contralateral and ipsilateral M1 were measured with a near-infrared spectroscopy system (Oxymon MkIII, Artinis). A higher contralateral M1 activity was found during eccentric movements (p = 0.04, η² = 0.47) and at the velocity of 30°/s (p = 0.039, η² = 0.48). These preliminary findings indicate a specific control mechanism in the contralateral M1 to produce eccentric muscle actions at the angular velocities investigated, although the role of other brain areas in the motor control network cannot be excluded.
Collapse
|
10
|
Perrey S. Brain activation associated with eccentric movement: A narrative review of the literature. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 18:75-82. [PMID: 29081259 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1391334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The movement occurring when a muscle exerts tension while lengthening is known as eccentric muscle action. Literature contains limited evidence on how our brain controls eccentric movement. However, how the cortical regions in the motor network are activated during eccentric muscle actions may be critical for understanding the underlying control mechanism of eccentric movements encountered in daily tasks. This is a novel topic that has only recently begun to be investigated through advancements in neuroimaging methods (electroencephalography, EEG; functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI). This review summarizes a selection of seven studies indicating mainly: longer time and higher cortical signal amplitude (EEG) for eccentric movement preparation and execution, greater magnitude of cortical signals with wider activated brain area (EEG, fMRI), and weaker brain functional connectivity (fMRI) between primary motor cortex (M1) and other cortical areas involved in the motor network during eccentric muscle actions. Only some differences among studies due to the forms of movement with overload were observed in the contralateral (to the active hand) M1 activity during eccentric movement. Altogether, the findings indicate an important challenge to the brain for controlling the eccentric movement. However, our understanding remains limited regarding the acute effects of eccentric exercise on cortical regions and their cooperation as functional networks that support motor functions. Further analysis and standardized protocols will provide deeper insights into how different cortical regions of the underlying motor network interplay with each other in increasingly demanding muscle exertions in eccentric mode.
Collapse
|
11
|
Park JH, Cynn HS, Cha KS, Kim KH, Jeon HS. Event-related Desynchronization of Mu Rhythms During Concentric and Eccentric Contractions. J Mot Behav 2017; 50:457-466. [PMID: 28926320 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2017.1367638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the electroencephalographic (EEG) patterns and reaction times (RTs) of muscle activation between concentric and eccentric biceps brachii contractions under the RT paradigm and to evaluate how the EEG patterns and RTs changed with practice. Sixteen subjects performed 3 sets of 30 repetitions of submaximal voluntary concentric and eccentric biceps contractions. RT, event-related desynchronization (ERD) patterns of mu rhythm onset, and ERD amplitudes were selectively analyzed. Mental demand decreased as familiarity with the motor action increased due to practice regardless of contraction type. However, the 2 types of muscle contractions still have differences in brain activity regardless of decreased mental demand: eccentric contractions require earlier preparation than concentric contractions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Hee Park
- a Department of Physical Therapy , Graduate School, Yonsei University , Wonju , Republic of Korea
| | - Heon-Seock Cynn
- b Department of Physical Therapy , College of Health Science, Yonsei University , Wonju , Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Su Cha
- c Department of Biomedical Engineering , College of Health Science, Yonsei University , Wonju , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwan Kim
- c Department of Biomedical Engineering , College of Health Science, Yonsei University , Wonju , Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Seon Jeon
- b Department of Physical Therapy , College of Health Science, Yonsei University , Wonju , Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tong Y, Pendy JT, Li WA, Du H, Zhang T, Geng X, Ding Y. Motor Imagery-Based Rehabilitation: Potential Neural Correlates and Clinical Application for Functional Recovery of Motor Deficits after Stroke. Aging Dis 2017; 8:364-371. [PMID: 28580191 PMCID: PMC5440115 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2016.1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor imagery (MI), defined as the mental implementation of an action in the absence of movement or muscle activation, is a rehabilitation technique that offers a means to replace or restore lost motor function in stroke patients when used in conjunction with conventional physiotherapy procedures. This article briefly reviews the concepts and neural correlates of MI in order to promote improved understanding, as well as to enhance the clinical utility of MI-based rehabilitation regimens. We specifically highlight the role of the cerebellum and basal ganglia, premotor, supplementary motor, and prefrontal areas, primary motor cortex, and parietal cortex. Additionally, we examine the recent literature related to MI and its potential as a therapeutic technique in both upper and lower limb stroke rehabilitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanna Tong
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - John T. Pendy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - William A. Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Huishan Du
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- China Rehabilitation Research Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hedlund M, Lindström B, Sojka P, Lundström R, Boraxbekk CJ. Is better preservation of eccentric strength after stroke due to altered prefrontal function? Neurocase 2016; 22:229-42. [PMID: 26750576 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2015.1130232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) is part of a network that exerts inhibitory control over the motor cortex (MC). Recently, we demonstrated that VLPFC was more activated during imagined maximum eccentric than during imagined concentric contractions in healthy participants. This was accompanied with lower activation levels within motor regions during imagined eccentric contractions. The aim was to test a novel hypothesis of an involvement of VLPFC in contraction mode-specific modulation of force. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to examine differences in VLPFC and motor regions during the concentric and the eccentric phases of imagined maximum contractions in a selected sample of subjects with stroke (n = 4). The subjects were included as they exhibited disturbed modulation of force. The previously demonstrated pattern within VLPFC was evident only on the contralesional hemisphere. On the ipsilesional hemisphere, the recruitment in VLPFC was similar for both modes of contractions. The findings support a hypothesis of the involvement of VLPFC in contraction mode-specific modulation of maximum force production. A disturbance of this system might underlie the lack of contraction mode-specific modulation commonly found among stroke subjects, often expressed as an increased ratio between eccentric and concentric strength.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Hedlund
- a Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation , Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden
| | - Britta Lindström
- a Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation , Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden
| | - Peter Sojka
- b Department of Health Sciences , Mid-Sweden University , Östersund , Sweden
| | - Ronnie Lundström
- c Department of Radiation Sciences, Biomedical Engineering , Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden
| | - Carl-Johan Boraxbekk
- d CEDAR, Center for Demographic and Aging Research , Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden.,e UFBI, Umeå Centre for Functional Brain Imaging , Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden
| |
Collapse
|