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Hossu G, Fantin L, Charroud C, Felblinger J, Jacquot M, Ceyte H. Neural mechanisms of odour imagery induced by non-figurative visual cues. Neuropsychologia 2024; 196:108836. [PMID: 38373518 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Odour imagery, the ability to experience smell when an appropriate stimulus is absent, has widely been documented as being particularly difficult. However, previous studies have shown the beneficial effect of visual cues (e.g., pictures or words) to facilitate performance in numerous tasks of olfactory nature. Therefore, the use of visual cues to evoke odours seems relevant. In this study, our interest is directed towards non-figurative coloured arrangements, which result from a patented technology and aim at chromatically representing any smell from its chemical composition and sensory description. The aim of this study was to characterise the neural mechanisms of odour imagery facilitated by these non-figurative coloured arrangements. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we recorded and compared hemodynamic responses during odour imagery facilitated by non-figurative coloured arrangements and pictures. Our findings reveal that the use of non-figurative coloured arrangements during odour imagery solicits olfactory and non-olfactory brain regions (orbitofrontal cortex, insula, hippocampus, thalamus, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and supplementary motor area), which are mainly involved in olfactory processing and multimodal integration. Moreover, very similar cortical activity was found between the use of non-figurative coloured arrangements and pictures during odour imagery, with increased activity in the supplementary motor area during the use of coloured arrangements only. Overall, non-figurative coloured arrangements could become a robust tool to visually evoke odours without requiring prior familiarity with the depicted odour. Future studies should use psychometric measures to determine the relationships between brain activation, odour imagery ability and vividness of the generated odour images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Hossu
- CHRU-Nancy, Inserm, Université de Lorraine, CIC, Innovation Technologique, F-54000, Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, Inserm, IADI, F-54000, Nancy, France.
| | - Luca Fantin
- Université de Lorraine, Inserm, IADI, F-54000, Nancy, France; Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ISM, Marseille, France
| | - Céline Charroud
- Unité de recherche sur les comportements et mouvements anormaux (URCMA, IGF, INSERM U661 UMR 5203), Department of Neurosurgery, Montpellier University Hospital Center, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, University of Montpellier, F-34000, Montpellier, France; Unité de pathologie cérébrale résistante, Department of Neurosurgery, Montpellier University Hospital Center, F-34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Jacques Felblinger
- CHRU-Nancy, Inserm, Université de Lorraine, CIC, Innovation Technologique, F-54000, Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, Inserm, IADI, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Muriel Jacquot
- Givaudan France SAS, 43 voie des bans, 95100, Argenteuil Cedex, France
| | - Hadrien Ceyte
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ISM, Marseille, France
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2
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Croijmans I, Pellegrino R, Janice Wang Q. Demystifying wine expertise through the lens of imagination: Descriptions and imagery vividness across sensory modalities. Food Res Int 2024; 182:114159. [PMID: 38519163 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
For most untrained novices, talking about wine or imagining the smells and flavours of wine is difficult. Wine experts, on the other hand, have been found to have better imagery for wine, and are also more proficient in describing wine. Some scholars have suggested that imagery and language are based on similar underlying processes, but no conclusive evidence has been found regarding mental imagery and language production. In this study, we examined the relationship between imagery and language use in both novices and experts. In an online experiment, wine experts and novices were asked to imagine the colour, smell, taste and mouthfeel of wines in different situations, and were asked to rate the vividness of the imagined experience as well as describe it with words. The results show that experts differ from novices on a number of linguistic measures when describing wine, including the number of words used, the type of words used, the concreteness of those words, and the adjective to noun ratio. Similarly, imagery for wine was more vivid in wine experts compared to novices in the modalities of smell, taste, and mouthfeel, in alignment with previous work. Surprisingly, we found that no single linguistic variable significantly predicted the reported vividness of wine imagery, neither in experts nor in novices. However, the linguistic model predicted imagery vividness better using data from experts compared to novices. Taken together, these findings underscore that imagery and language are different facets of wine cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilja Croijmans
- Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Qian Janice Wang
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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3
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Boot E, Levy A, Gaeta G, Gunasekara N, Parkkinen E, Kontaris E, Jacquot M, Tachtsidis I. fNIRS a novel neuroimaging tool to investigate olfaction, olfactory imagery, and crossmodal interactions: a systematic review. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1266664. [PMID: 38356646 PMCID: PMC10864673 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1266664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Olfaction is understudied in neuroimaging research compared to other senses, but there is growing evidence of its therapeutic benefits on mood and well-being. Olfactory imagery can provide similar health benefits as olfactory interventions. Harnessing crossmodal visual-olfactory interactions can facilitate olfactory imagery. Understanding and employing these cross-modal interactions between visual and olfactory stimuli could aid in the research and applications of olfaction and olfactory imagery interventions for health and wellbeing. This review examines current knowledge, debates, and research on olfaction, olfactive imagery, and crossmodal visual-olfactory integration. A total of 56 papers, identified using the PRISMA method, were evaluated to identify key brain regions, research themes and methods used to determine the suitability of fNIRS as a tool for studying these topics. The review identified fNIRS-compatible protocols and brain regions within the fNIRS recording depth of approximately 1.5 cm associated with olfactory imagery and crossmodal visual-olfactory integration. Commonly cited regions include the orbitofrontal cortex, inferior frontal gyrus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The findings of this review indicate that fNIRS would be a suitable tool for research into these processes. Additionally, fNIRS suitability for use in naturalistic settings may lead to the development of new research approaches with greater ecological validity compared to existing neuroimaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Levy
- Metabolight Ltd., London, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giuliano Gaeta
- Health and Well-being Centre of Excellence, Givaudan UK Limited, Ashford, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Gunasekara
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emilia Parkkinen
- Health and Well-being Centre of Excellence, Givaudan UK Limited, Ashford, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Kontaris
- Health and Well-being Centre of Excellence, Givaudan UK Limited, Ashford, United Kingdom
| | - Muriel Jacquot
- Health and Well-being Centre of Excellence, Givaudan UK Limited, Ashford, United Kingdom
| | - Ilias Tachtsidis
- Metabolight Ltd., London, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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4
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Perszyk EE, Davis XS, Djordjevic J, Jones-Gotman M, Trinh J, Hutelin Z, Veldhuizen MG, Koban L, Wager TD, Kober H, Small DM. Odor imagery but not perception drives risk for food cue reactivity and increased adiposity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.06.527292. [PMID: 36798231 PMCID: PMC9934556 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.06.527292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Mental imagery has been proposed to play a critical role in the amplification of cravings. Here we tested whether olfactory imagery drives food cue reactivity strength to promote adiposity in 45 healthy individuals. We measured odor perception, odor imagery ability, and food cue reactivity using self-report, perceptual testing, and neuroimaging. Adiposity was assessed at baseline and one year later. Brain responses to real and imagined odors were analyzed with univariate and multivariate decoding methods to identify pattern-based olfactory codes. We found that the accuracy of decoding imagined, but not real, odor quality correlated with a perceptual measure of odor imagery ability and with greater adiposity changes. This latter relationship was mediated by cue-potentiated craving and intake. Collectively, these findings establish odor imagery ability as a risk factor for weight gain and more specifically as a mechanism by which exposure to food cues promotes craving and overeating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E. Perszyk
- Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Xue S. Davis
- Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Jelena Djordjevic
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Marilyn Jones-Gotman
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Jessica Trinh
- Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Zach Hutelin
- Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Maria G. Veldhuizen
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Ciftlikkoy Campus, Mersin 33343, Turkey
| | - Leonie Koban
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), CNRS, INSERM, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France
| | - Tor D. Wager
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Hedy Kober
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Dana M. Small
- Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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5
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Fantin L, Pinzano C, Rumeau C, Hossu G, Ceyte H. Effects of Gender and Age on Self-reported Odor Imagery Ability. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12078-022-09302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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6
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Infortuna C, Gualano F, Freedberg D, Patel SP, Sheikh AM, Muscatello MRA, Bruno A, Mento C, Chusid E, Han Z, Thomas FP, Battaglia F. Motor Cortex Response to Pleasant Odor Perception and Imagery: The Differential Role of Personality Dimensions and Imagery Ability. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:943469. [PMID: 35903786 PMCID: PMC9314567 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.943469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroimaging studies have shown a complex pattern of brain activation during perception of a pleasant odor and during its olfactory imagery. To date, little is known regarding changes in motor cortex excitability during these tasks. Bergamot essential oil (BEO) is extensively used in perfumes and cosmetics for its pleasantness. Therefore, to further our understanding of the human sense of smell, this study aimed to investigate the effect of perception and imagery of a pleasant odor (BEO) on motor cortex using Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Materials and Methods We examined the primary motor cortex (M1) excitability during perception of a pleasant odor (BEO) or perception of odorless saline (experiment 1). Furthermore, we tested the effect of olfactory imagery (OI) of BEO on corticospinal excitability (experiment 2). The increase in motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitude was correlated with personality dimensions scores, pleasantness, vividness, and general imagery ability. Results The results indicate that the corticospinal excitability changed after both perception and imagery of a pleasant odor (BEO). The correlation analysis shows an association with neuroticism personality trait (experiment 1) and with general olfactory imagery ability (experiment 2). Conclusion Both perception of a pleasant odor and its olfactory imagery modulate motor cortex excitability. The enhanced brain activation is affected by specific individual characteristics. Overall, our findings provide physiological evidence for a complex interaction between the olfactory and motor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmenrita Infortuna
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Policlinico Universitario “G. Martino”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesca Gualano
- Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, United States
- Department of Neurology, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, United States
| | - David Freedberg
- Department of Art History and Archeology, Italian Academy for Advanced Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sapan P. Patel
- Department of Art History and Archeology, Italian Academy for Advanced Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Asad M. Sheikh
- Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences, New York College of Podiatric Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maria Rosaria Anna Muscatello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Policlinico Universitario “G. Martino”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Bruno
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Policlinico Universitario “G. Martino”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Carmela Mento
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Policlinico Universitario “G. Martino”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Eileen Chusid
- Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences, New York College of Podiatric Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Zhiyong Han
- Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, United States
| | - Florian P. Thomas
- Department of Neurology, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, United States
| | - Fortunato Battaglia
- Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, United States
- Department of Neurology, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, United States
- *Correspondence: Fortunato Battaglia,
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7
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Han P, Qin M, Zhou L, Chen H. Generating odour imagery enhances brain activity in individuals with low subjective olfactory imagery ability. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 55:1961-1971. [PMID: 35322487 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory imagery (OI) is defined as the generation of odour images in the mind. There are large inter-individual differences regarding OI abilities. However, the neural representations of OI among individuals with high or low OI abilities are less understood. Participants with high or low OI abilities evaluated using the Vividness of Olfactory Imagery Questionnaire were recruited in this study. Brain activations were measured during a word cueing OI and visual imagery (VI) tasks using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In addition, the OI task was divided into two parts. In one part, OI was performed for 8 s (long imagery generation time) and in the other part for 2 s (short imagery generation time). Ratings of the overall imagery vividness were collected at the end of each task. The vividness of OI during short OI was lower among participants with low OI abilities compared to participants with high OI abilities. Brain imaging results showed that participants with low OI ability had stronger brain activation of the supplementary motor area and the superior frontal cortex, compared to participants with higher OI abilities during the short versus long imagery generation time conditions. These results suggest that when generating odour images in a relatively short period of time (e.g., 2 s), people with either high or low OI abilities may have adopted different approaches, resulting in diverse brain activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Han
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Qin
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Luyi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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8
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Suen JLK, Yeung AWK, Wu EX, Leung WK, Tanabe HC, Goto TK. Effective Connectivity in the Human Brain for Sour Taste, Retronasal Smell, and Combined Flavour. Foods 2021; 10:foods10092034. [PMID: 34574144 PMCID: PMC8466623 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The anterior insula and rolandic operculum are key regions for flavour perception in the human brain; however, it is unclear how taste and congruent retronasal smell are perceived as flavours. The multisensory integration required for sour flavour perception has rarely been studied; therefore, we investigated the brain responses to taste and smell in the sour flavour-processing network in 35 young healthy adults. We aimed to characterise the brain response to three stimulations applied in the oral cavity—sour taste, retronasal smell of mango, and combined flavour of both—using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Effective connectivity of the flavour-processing network and modulatory effect from taste and smell were analysed. Flavour stimulation activated middle insula and olfactory tubercle (primary taste and olfactory cortices, respectively); anterior insula and rolandic operculum, which are associated with multisensory integration; and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, a secondary cortex for flavour perception. Dynamic causal modelling demonstrated that neural taste and smell signals were integrated at anterior insula and rolandic operculum. These findings elucidated how neural signals triggered by sour taste and smell presented in liquid form interact in the brain, which may underpin the neurobiology of food appreciation. Our study thus demonstrated the integration and synergy of taste and smell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Long Kiu Suen
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.L.K.S.); (A.W.K.Y.); (W.K.L.)
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18, Kanda-Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Andy Wai Kan Yeung
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.L.K.S.); (A.W.K.Y.); (W.K.L.)
| | - Ed X. Wu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Wai Keung Leung
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.L.K.S.); (A.W.K.Y.); (W.K.L.)
| | - Hiroki C. Tanabe
- Department of Cognitive and Psychological Sciences, Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan;
| | - Tazuko K. Goto
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.L.K.S.); (A.W.K.Y.); (W.K.L.)
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18, Kanda-Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
- Tokyo Dental College Research Branding Project, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18, Kanda-Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
- Correspondence:
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9
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Fantin L, Ceyte H, Ramdane-Cherif Z, Jacquot M, Hossu G. French Vividness of Olfactory Imagery Questionnaire: A Potential Tool for Diagnosing Olfactory Loss by Assessing Olfactory Imagery? Front Psychol 2021; 11:606667. [PMID: 33408672 PMCID: PMC7779591 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.606667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown a significant relationship between smelling and olfactory imagery abilities. The primary aim of the present study was to validate a French version of the Vividness of Olfactory Imagery Questionnaire (VOIQ). The secondary aim was to investigate its capability to differentiate individuals with smell loss from healthy individuals. After having elaborated a French translation of the VOIQ (fVOIQ), we evaluated olfactory imagery abilities of 387 French participants who anonymously self-completed the fVOIQ: 121 pathologic individuals (hyposmic and anosmic), 244 normosmic individuals (healthy non-expert), and 22 fragrance experts. Significant split-half reliability as expressed by Spearman correlation coefficients for the global sample, as well as for each group separately, indicated the excellent internal consistency of the fVOIQ. Moreover, results revealed a significant effect of the smelling ability group on fVOIQ score, suggesting that daily olfactory stimulation is fundamental to maintaining the ability to create a vivid image and that severe loss of smell may result in progressive impairment of olfactory imagery. Our fVOIQ and the original English version seemingly have similarly high benefit in differentiating experts and normosmic individuals based on their olfactory imagery ability. Moreover, the fVOIQ seems capable of differentiating individuals with loss of smell from healthy individuals. These findings demonstrate the reliability and validity of the fVOIQ, and its capability to differentiate individuals’ smelling ability according to their olfactory imagery ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Fantin
- Université de Lorraine, INSERM, IADI, Nancy, France.,Université de Lorraine, DevAH, Nancy, France
| | | | - Zhor Ramdane-Cherif
- CIC 1433 Innovation Technologique, INSERM, Université de Lorraine, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Muriel Jacquot
- Université de Lorraine, InnoCIM, ENSAIA, Myrissi, Nancy, France
| | - Gabriela Hossu
- Université de Lorraine, INSERM, IADI, Nancy, France.,CIC 1433 Innovation Technologique, INSERM, Université de Lorraine, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
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10
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Yoo IG. Benefits of emotion-based training for the rehabilitation of stroke patients: A scoping review. NeuroRehabilitation 2020; 47:99-108. [PMID: 32716327 DOI: 10.3233/nre-203163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The application of emotional stimuli is beneficial when practicing tasks that must be learned. OBJECTIVE This scoping review examined related literature to identify the applicability of emotion-based training for therapeutic activities. METHOD All relevant literature published as of April 1, 2020 in four prominent databases was searched (CINAHL, Embase, PubMed, and PsycINFO) using the five-stage review framework proposed by Arksey and O'Malley. RESULTS After sophisticated searches and exclusions, ten publications were included for further review. Our results revealed three types of emotion-based stimulation methods that can influence therapeutic effects on stroke patients. However, the research did not compare the difference between the pros, cons, and effectiveness of each type of sensory stimulation. CONCLUSION Rehabilitation specialists are encouraged to obtain a broad understanding of therapeutic situations and their possible impacts on a given environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- I G Yoo
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medical Sciences, Jeonju University, Hyoja-dong 3-ga, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 560-759, Republic of Korea Tel.: +82 63 220 2299; Fax: +82 63 220 2054; E-mail:
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11
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Croijmans I, Speed LJ, Arshamian A, Majid A. Expertise Shapes Multimodal Imagery for Wine. Cogn Sci 2020; 44:e12842. [PMID: 32383201 PMCID: PMC7379309 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Although taste and smell seem hard to imagine, some people nevertheless report vivid imagery in these sensory modalities. We investigate whether experts are better able to imagine smells and tastes because they have learned the ability, or whether they are better imaginers in the first place, and so become experts. To test this, we first compared a group of wine experts to yoked novices using a battery of questionnaires. We show for the first time that experts report greater vividness of wine imagery, with no difference in vividness across sensory modalities. In contrast, novices had more vivid color imagery than taste or odor imagery for wines. Experts and novices did not differ on other vividness of imagery measures, suggesting a domain-specific effect of expertise. Critically, in a second study, we followed a group of students commencing a wine course and a group of matched control participants. Students and controls did not differ before the course, but after the wine course students reported more vivid wine imagery. We provide evidence that expertise improves imagery, exemplifying the extent of plasticity of cognition underlying the chemical senses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilja Croijmans
- Faculty of Social and Behavioral SciencesUtrecht University
| | | | - Artin Arshamian
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska Institutet
- Department of PsychologyStockholm University
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12
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Arshamian A, Manko P, Majid A. Limitations in odour simulation may originate from differential sensory embodiment. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190273. [PMID: 32306876 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Across diverse lineages, animals communicate using chemosignals, but only humans communicate about chemical signals. Many studies have observed that compared with other sensory modalities, communication about smells is relatively rare and not always reliable. Recent cross-cultural studies, on the other hand, suggest some communities are more olfactorily oriented than previously supposed. Nevertheless, across the globe a general trend emerges where olfactory communication is relatively hard. We suggest here that this is in part because olfactory representations are different in kind: they have a low degree of embodiment, and are not easily expressed as primitives, thereby limiting the mental manipulations that can be performed with them. New exploratory data from Dutch children (9-12 year-olds) and adults support that mental imagery from olfaction is weak in comparison with vision and audition, and critically this is not affected by language development. Specifically, while visual and auditory imagery becomes more vivid with age, olfactory imagery shows no such development. This is consistent with the idea that olfactory representations are different in kind from representations from the other senses. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Olfactory communication in humans'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artin Arshamian
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patricia Manko
- Language Development Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Asifa Majid
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
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13
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Casillas M, Rafiee A, Majid A. Iranian Herbalists, But Not Cooks, Are Better at Naming Odors Than Laypeople. Cogn Sci 2019; 43:e12763. [DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Casillas
- Language and Cognition Department Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics
- Centre for Language Studies Radboud University
| | | | - Asifa Majid
- Language and Cognition Department Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics
- Centre for Language Studies Radboud University
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University
- Department of Psychology University of York
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14
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Han P, Croy I, Raue C, Bensafi M, Larsson M, Cavazzana A, Hummel T. Neural processing of odor-associated words: an fMRI study in patients with acquired olfactory loss. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 14:1164-1174. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00062-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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15
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Palmiero M, Piccardi L, Giancola M, Nori R, D'Amico S, Olivetti Belardinelli M. The format of mental imagery: from a critical review to an integrated embodied representation approach. Cogn Process 2019; 20:277-289. [PMID: 30798484 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-019-00908-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The issue of the format of mental imagery is still an open debate. The classical analogue (depictive)-propositional (descriptive) debate has not provided definitive conclusions. Over the years, the debate has shifted within the frame of the embodied cognition approach, which focuses on the interdependence of perception, cognition and action. Although the simulation approach still retains the concept of representation, the more radical line of the embodied cognition approach emphasizes the importance of action and clearly disregards the concept of representation. In particular, the enactive approach focuses on motor procedures that allow the body to interact with the environment, whereas the sensorimotor approach focuses on the possession and exercise of sensorimotor knowledge about how the sensory input changes as a function of movement. In this review, the embodied approaches are presented and critically discussed. Then, in an attempt to show that the format of mental imagery varies according to the ability and the strategy used to represent information, the role of individual differences in imagery ability (e.g., vividness and expertise) and imagery strategy (e.g., object vs. spatial imagers) is reviewed. Since vividness is mainly associated with perceptual information, reflecting the activation level of specific imagery systems, whereas the preferred strategy used is mainly associated with perceptual (e.g., object imagery) or amodal and motor information (e.g., spatial imagery), the format of mental imagery appears to be based on dynamic embodied representations, depending on imagery abilities and imagery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Palmiero
- Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, I.R.C.C.S. Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy. .,Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Laura Piccardi
- Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, I.R.C.C.S. Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy.,Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Marco Giancola
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Raffaella Nori
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simonetta D'Amico
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Marta Olivetti Belardinelli
- ECONA, Interuniversity Centre for Research on Cognitive Processing in Natural and Artificial Systems, Rome, Italy
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16
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Ripp I, zur Nieden A, Blankenagel S, Franzmeier N, Lundström JN, Freiherr J. Multisensory integration processing during olfactory-visual stimulation-An fMRI graph theoretical network analysis. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:3713-3727. [PMID: 29736907 PMCID: PMC6866557 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to understand how whole-brain neural networks compute sensory information integration based on the olfactory and visual system. Task-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data was obtained during unimodal and bimodal sensory stimulation. Based on the identification of multisensory integration processing (MIP) specific hub-like network nodes analyzed with network-based statistics using region-of-interest based connectivity matrices, we conclude the following brain areas to be important for processing the presented bimodal sensory information: right precuneus connected contralaterally to the supramarginal gyrus for memory-related imagery and phonology retrieval, and the left middle occipital gyrus connected ipsilaterally to the inferior frontal gyrus via the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus including functional aspects of working memory. Applied graph theory for quantification of the resulting complex network topologies indicates a significantly increased global efficiency and clustering coefficient in networks including aspects of MIP reflecting a simultaneous better integration and segregation. Graph theoretical analysis of positive and negative network correlations allowing for inferences about excitatory and inhibitory network architectures revealed-not significant, but very consistent-that MIP-specific neural networks are dominated by inhibitory relationships between brain regions involved in stimulus processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Ripp
- Department Biology II NeurobiologyLudwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichMunichGermany
- Department of Sensory AnalyticsFraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVVFreisingGermany
| | - Anna‐Nora zur Nieden
- Diagnostic and Interventional NeuroradiologyUniversity Hospital, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Sonja Blankenagel
- Department of Sensory AnalyticsFraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVVFreisingGermany
- Diagnostic and Interventional NeuroradiologyUniversity Hospital, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Nicolai Franzmeier
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichMunichGermany
| | - Johan N. Lundström
- Monell Chemical Senses CenterPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Jessica Freiherr
- Department of Sensory AnalyticsFraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVVFreisingGermany
- Diagnostic and Interventional NeuroradiologyUniversity Hospital, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
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17
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Zou LQ, Zhou HY, Zhuang Y, van Hartevelt TJ, Lui SSY, Cheung EFC, Møller A, Kringelbach ML, Chan RCK. Neural responses during the anticipation and receipt of olfactory reward and punishment in human. Neuropsychologia 2018; 111:172-179. [PMID: 29408479 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pleasure experience is an important part of normal healthy life and is essential for general and mental well-being. Many neuroimaging studies have investigated the underlying neural processing of verbal and visual modalities of reward. However, how the brain processes rewards in the olfactory modality is not fully understood. This study aimed to examine the neural basis of olfactory rewards in 25 healthy participants using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We developed an Olfactory Incentive Delay (OLID) imaging task distinguishing between the anticipation and receipt of olfactory rewards and punishments. We found that the pallidum was activated during the anticipation of both olfactory rewards and punishments. The bilateral insula was activated independently from the odours' hedonic valence during the receipt phase. In addition, right caudate activation during the anticipation of unpleasant odours was correlated with self-reported anticipatory hedonic traits, whereas bilateral insular activation during the receipt of pleasant odours was correlated with self-reported consummatory hedonic traits. These findings suggest that activity in the insula and the caudate may be biomarkers of anhedonia. These findings also highlight a useful and valid paradigm to study the neural circuitry underlying reward processing in people with anhedonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Quan Zou
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Han-Yu Zhou
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioural Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tim J van Hartevelt
- University of Oxford, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK; Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Aarhus University, Centre for Functionally Integrative Neuroscience (CFIN), Denmark
| | - Simon S Y Lui
- Castle Peak Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China; Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Eric F C Cheung
- Castle Peak Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China
| | - Arne Møller
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Aarhus University, Centre for Functionally Integrative Neuroscience (CFIN), Denmark; Sino-Danish Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Morten L Kringelbach
- University of Oxford, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK; Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Raymond C K Chan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Sino-Danish Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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18
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Brogaard B, Gatzia DE. Unconscious Imagination and the Mental Imagery Debate. Front Psychol 2017; 8:799. [PMID: 28588527 PMCID: PMC5440590 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, philosophers have appealed to the phenomenological similarity between visual experience and visual imagery to support the hypothesis that there is significant overlap between the perceptual and imaginative domains. The current evidence, however, is inconclusive: while evidence from transcranial brain stimulation seems to support this conclusion, neurophysiological evidence from brain lesion studies (e.g., from patients with brain lesions resulting in a loss of mental imagery but not a corresponding loss of perception and vice versa) indicates that there are functional and anatomical dissociations between mental imagery and perception. Assuming that the mental imagery and perception do not overlap, at least, to the extent traditionally assumed, then the question arises as to what exactly mental imagery is and whether it parallels perception by proceeding via several functionally distinct mechanisms. In this review, we argue that even though there may not be a shared mechanism underlying vision for perception and conscious imagery, there is an overlap between the mechanisms underlying vision for action and unconscious visual imagery. On the basis of these findings, we propose a modification of Kosslyn's model of imagery that accommodates unconscious imagination and explore possible explanations of the quasi-pictorial phenomenology of conscious visual imagery in light of the fact that its underlying neural substrates and mechanisms typically are distinct from those of visual experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Brogaard
- The Brogaard Lab for Multisensory Research, University of Miami, MiamiFL, United States.,Department of Philosophy, University of OsloOslo, Norway
| | - Dimitria Electra Gatzia
- Department of Philosophy, University of Akron Wayne College, AkronOH, United States.,Centre for Philosophical Psychology, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
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19
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Groyecka A, Pisanski K, Sorokowska A, Havlíček J, Karwowski M, Puts D, Roberts SC, Sorokowski P. Attractiveness Is Multimodal: Beauty Is Also in the Nose and Ear of the Beholder. Front Psychol 2017; 8:778. [PMID: 28572777 PMCID: PMC5436296 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Attractiveness plays a central role in human non-verbal communication and has been broadly examined in diverse subfields of contemporary psychology. Researchers have garnered compelling evidence in support of the evolutionary functions of physical attractiveness and its role in our daily lives, while at the same time, having largely ignored the significant contribution of non-visual modalities and the relationships among them. Acoustic and olfactory cues can, separately or in combination, strongly influence the perceived attractiveness of an individual and therefore attitudes and actions toward that person. Here, we discuss the relative importance of visual, auditory and olfactory traits in judgments of attractiveness, and review neural and behavioral studies that support the highly complex and multimodal nature of person perception. Further, we discuss three alternative evolutionary hypotheses aimed at explaining the function of multiple indices of attractiveness. In this review, we provide several lines of evidence supporting the importance of the voice, body odor, and facial and body appearance in the perception of attractiveness and mate preferences, and therefore the critical need to incorporate cross-modal perception and multisensory integration into future research on human physical attractiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Groyecka
- Institute of Psychology, University of WroclawWroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pisanski
- Institute of Psychology, University of WroclawWroclaw, Poland
- Mammal Vocal Communication and Cognition Research Group, School of Psychology, University of SussexSussex, United Kingdom
| | - Agnieszka Sorokowska
- Institute of Psychology, University of WroclawWroclaw, Poland
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany
| | - Jan Havlíček
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles UniversityPrague, Czechia
| | | | - David Puts
- Department of Anthropology–Center for Brain, Behavior, and Cognition–Center for Human Evolution and Diversity, The Pennsylvania State University, University ParkPA, United States
| | - S. Craig Roberts
- Division of Psychology, University of StirlingStirling, United Kingdom
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20
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Tempere S, Hamtat M, Bougeant J, de Revel G, Sicard G. Learning Odors: The Impact of Visual and Olfactory Mental Imagery Training on Odor Perception. J SENS STUD 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/joss.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Tempere
- EA 4577, Unité de Recherche Œnologie; Univ. de Bordeaux, ISVV; F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon France
- USC 1366, Œnologie; INRA, ISVV; F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon France
| | - M.L. Hamtat
- EA 4139, Psychologie, Santé et Qualité de Vie; Univ. Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
| | - J.C. Bougeant
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs (EMC); Univ. Lyon; Bron France
| | - G. de Revel
- EA 4577, Unité de Recherche Œnologie; Univ. de Bordeaux, ISVV; F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon France
- USC 1366, Œnologie; INRA, ISVV; F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon France
| | - G. Sicard
- UMR 7259, Neurophysiologie des Interactions Cellulaire et Neuropathologie; Univ. Aix-Marseille; F-13331 Marseille France
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21
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Pazart L, Comte A, Magnin E, Millot JL, Moulin T. An fMRI study on the influence of sommeliers' expertise on the integration of flavor. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:358. [PMID: 25360093 PMCID: PMC4199283 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavors guide consumers' choice of foodstuffs, preferring those that they like and meet their needs, and dismissing those for which they have a conditioned aversion. Flavor affects the learning and consumption of foods and drinks; what is already well-known is favored and what is new is apprehended. The flavor of foodstuffs is also crucial in explaining some eating behaviors such as overconsumption. The "blind" taste test of wine is a good model for assessing the ability of people to convert mouth feelings into flavor. To determine the relative importance of memory and sensory capabilities, we present the results of an fMRI neuro-imaging study involving 10 experts and 10 matched control subjects using wine as a stimulus in a blind taste test, focusing primarily on the assessment of flavor integration. The results revealed activations in the brain areas involved in sensory integration, both in experts and control subjects (insula, frontal operculum, orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala). However, experts were mainly characterized by a more immediate and targeted sensory reaction to wine stimulation with an economic mechanism reducing effort than control subjects. Wine experts showed brainstem and left-hemispheric activations in the hippocampal and parahippocampal formations and the temporal pole, whereas control subjects showed activations in different associative cortices, predominantly in the right hemisphere. These results also confirm that wine experts work simultaneously on sensory quality assessment and on label recognition of wine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Pazart
- Inserm Clinical Investigation Centre 1431, Clinical Investigation Centre, Besançon University Hospital Besancon, France
| | - Alexandre Comte
- Inserm Clinical Investigation Centre 1431, Clinical Investigation Centre, Besançon University Hospital Besancon, France ; Laboratoire de Neurosciences, (EA-481), University of Franche-Comté Besancon, France ; Département de Recherche en Imagerie Fonctionnelle, Besançon University Hospital Besancon, France
| | - Eloi Magnin
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences, (EA-481), University of Franche-Comté Besancon, France ; Département de Recherche en Imagerie Fonctionnelle, Besançon University Hospital Besancon, France
| | - Jean-Louis Millot
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences, (EA-481), University of Franche-Comté Besancon, France
| | - Thierry Moulin
- Inserm Clinical Investigation Centre 1431, Clinical Investigation Centre, Besançon University Hospital Besancon, France ; Laboratoire de Neurosciences, (EA-481), University of Franche-Comté Besancon, France ; Département de Recherche en Imagerie Fonctionnelle, Besançon University Hospital Besancon, France
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22
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Flohr ELR, Arshamian A, Wieser MJ, Hummel C, Larsson M, Mühlberger A, Hummel T. The fate of the inner nose: odor imagery in patients with olfactory loss. Neuroscience 2014; 268:118-27. [PMID: 24657459 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral activations during olfactory mental imagery are fairly well investigated in healthy participants but little attention has been given to olfactory imagery in patients with olfactory loss. To explore whether olfactory loss leads to deficits in olfactory imagery, neural responses using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and self-report measures were investigated in 16 participants with acquired olfactory loss and 19 control participants. Participants imagined both pleasant and unpleasant odors and their visual representations. Patients reported less vivid olfactory but not visual images than controls. Results from neuroimaging revealed that activation patterns differed between patients and controls. While the control group showed stronger activation in olfactory brain regions for unpleasant compared to pleasant odors, the patient group did not. Also, activation in critical areas for olfactory imagery was correlated with the duration of olfactory dysfunction, indicating that the longer the duration of dysfunction, the more the attentional resources were employed. This indicates that participants with olfactory loss have difficulties to perform olfactory imagery in the conventional way. Regular exposure to olfactory information may be necessary to maintain an olfactory imagery capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L R Flohr
- Smell and Taste Clinic, University of Dresden Medical School, Dresden, Germany; Department of Psychology (Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy), University of Würzburg, Germany.
| | - A Arshamian
- Gösta Ekman Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - M J Wieser
- Department of Psychology (Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy), University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, University of Dresden Medical School, Dresden, Germany
| | - M Larsson
- Gösta Ekman Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - A Mühlberger
- Department of Psychology (Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy), University of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Psychology (Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy), University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - T Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, University of Dresden Medical School, Dresden, Germany
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23
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Köster EP, van der Stelt O, Nixdorf RR, Linschoten MRI, de Wijk RA, Mojet J. Olfactory Imagination and Odor Processing: Three Same–Different Experiments. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12078-014-9165-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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24
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Arshamian A, Larsson M. Same same but different: the case of olfactory imagery. Front Psychol 2014; 5:34. [PMID: 24550862 PMCID: PMC3909946 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work we present an overview of experimental findings corroborating olfactory imagery observations with the visual and auditory modalities. Overall, the results indicate that imagery of olfactory information share many features with those observed in the primary senses although some major differences are evident. One such difference pertains to the considerable individual differences observed, with the majority being unable to reproduce olfactory information in their mind. Here, we highlight factors that are positively related to an olfactory imagery capacity, such as semantic knowledge, perceptual experience, and olfactory interest that may serve as potential moderators of the large individual variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artin Arshamian
- Gösta Ekman Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Larsson
- Gösta Ekman Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Royet JP, Plailly J, Saive AL, Veyrac A, Delon-Martin C. The impact of expertise in olfaction. Front Psychol 2013; 4:928. [PMID: 24379793 PMCID: PMC3861696 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory expertise remains poorly understood, most likely because experts in odor, such as perfumers, sommeliers, and oenologists, are much rarer than experts in other modalities, such as musicians or sportsmen. In this review, we address the specificities of odor expertise in both odor experts and in a priori untrained individuals who have undergone specific olfactory training in the frame of an experiment, such as repeated exposure to odors or associative learning. Until the 21st century, only the behavioral effects of olfactory training of untrained control individuals had been reported, revealing an improvement of olfactory performance in terms of sensitivity, discrimination, memory, and identification. Behavioral studies of odor experts have been scarce, with inconsistent or inconclusive results. Recently, the development of cerebral imaging techniques has enabled the identification of brain areas and neural networks involved in odor processing, revealing functional and structural modifications as a function of experience. The behavioral approach to odor expertise has also evolved. Researchers have particularly focused on odor mental imagery, which is characteristic of odor experts, because this ability is absent in the average person but is part of a perfumer’s professional practice. This review summarizes behavioral, functional, and structural findings on odor expertise. These data are compared with those obtained using animals subjected to prolonged olfactory exposure or to olfactory-enriched environments and are discussed in the context of functional and structural plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Royet
- Olfaction: From Coding to Memory Team, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, Université Lyon 1 Lyon, France
| | - Jane Plailly
- Olfaction: From Coding to Memory Team, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, Université Lyon 1 Lyon, France
| | - Anne-Lise Saive
- Olfaction: From Coding to Memory Team, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, Université Lyon 1 Lyon, France
| | - Alexandra Veyrac
- Olfaction: From Coding to Memory Team, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, Université Lyon 1 Lyon, France
| | - Chantal Delon-Martin
- INSERM, U836, NeuroImagerie Fonctionnelle et Perfusion Cerebrale Grenoble, France ; Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences Grenoble, France
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26
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Palmiero M, Di Matteo R, Belardinelli MO. The representation of conceptual knowledge: visual, auditory, and olfactory imagery compared with semantic processing. Cogn Process 2013; 15:143-57. [PMID: 24337415 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-013-0586-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments comparing imaginative processing in different modalities and semantic processing were carried out to investigate the issue of whether conceptual knowledge can be represented in different format. Participants were asked to judge the similarity between visual images, auditory images, and olfactory images in the imaginative block, if two items belonged to the same category in the semantic block. Items were verbally cued in both experiments. The degree of similarity between the imaginative and semantic items was changed across experiments. Experiment 1 showed that the semantic processing was faster than the visual and the auditory imaginative processing, whereas no differentiation was possible between the semantic processing and the olfactory imaginative processing. Experiment 2 revealed that only the visual imaginative processing could be differentiated from the semantic processing in terms of accuracy. These results showed that the visual and auditory imaginative processing can be differentiated from the semantic processing, although both visual and auditory images strongly rely on semantic representations. On the contrary, no differentiation is possible within the olfactory domain. Results are discussed in the frame of the imagery debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Palmiero
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy,
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27
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Stevenson RJ, Attuquayefio T. Human olfactory consciousness and cognition: its unusual features may not result from unusual functions but from limited neocortical processing resources. Front Psychol 2013; 4:819. [PMID: 24198808 PMCID: PMC3814809 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human and animal olfactory perception is shaped both by functional demands and by various environmental constraints seemingly peculiar to chemical stimuli. These demands and constraints may have generated a sensory system that is cognitively distinct from the major senses. In this article we identify these various functional demands and constraints, and examine whether they can be used to account for olfaction's unique cognitive features on a case-by-case basis. We then use this as grounds to argue that specific conscious processes do have functional value, a finding that naturally emerges when a comparative approach to consciousness across the senses is adopted. More generally, we conclude that certain peculiar features of olfactory cognition may owe more to limited neocortical processing resources, than they do to the challenges faced by perceiving chemical stimuli.
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