1
|
Opancina V, Sebek V, Janjic V. Advanced neuroimaging and criminal interrogation in lie detection. Open Med (Wars) 2024; 19:20241032. [PMID: 39247439 PMCID: PMC11377981 DOI: 10.1515/med-2024-1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Hidden information is the key to many security issues. If there is a reliable method to determine whether someone withholds information, many issues of this type can be resolved. However, until now, no method has proven to be reliable, but technical discoveries in the field of neuroimaging have caused a surge of new research in this area. Many neuroimaging techniques can be used, but functional magnetic resonance is the newest method, and its use in extracting and evaluating information from subjects could be the most significant, given that it records brain states in parallel with current mental activity/behavior, enabling the establishment of correlational links between them. Because the brain state displayed during fMRI imaging is the dependent variable measured during stimulus/task condition manipulation, it is necessary to use fMRI data in combination with complementary criminal interrogation techniques to gather information. This could be particularly important when standard interrogational techniques are not enough in order to preserve the common good, especially in "ticking bomb" situations. In this study, we review aspects of the possibility of utilizing advanced neuroimaging in combination with criminal interrogation in cases of serious criminal acts that threaten public safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Opancina
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- University Clinical Center Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Sebek
- Department of Criminalistics, Faculty of law, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Regional police directorate of Kragujevac, Republic of Serbia, Police Directorate, Ministry of interior, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Janjic
- Department of Communication Skills, Ethics and Psychology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- University Clinical Center Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alaskar H, Sbaï Z, Khan W, Hussain A, Alrawais A. Intelligent techniques for deception detection: a survey and critical study. Soft comput 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00500-022-07603-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
3
|
Avola D, Cascio M, Cinque L, Fagioli A, Foresti GL. LieToMe: An Ensemble Approach for Deception Detection from Facial Cues. Int J Neural Syst 2020; 31:2050068. [PMID: 33200620 DOI: 10.1142/s0129065720500689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Deception detection is a relevant ability in high stakes situations such as police interrogatories or court trials, where the outcome is highly influenced by the interviewed person behavior. With the use of specific devices, e.g. polygraph or magnetic resonance, the subject is aware of being monitored and can change his behavior, thus compromising the interrogation result. For this reason, video analysis-based methods for automatic deception detection are receiving ever increasing interest. In this paper, a deception detection approach based on RGB videos, leveraging both facial features and stacked generalization ensemble, is proposed. First, a face, which is well-known to present several meaningful cues for deception detection, is identified, aligned, and masked to build video signatures. These signatures are constructed starting from five different descriptors, which allow the system to capture both static and dynamic facial characteristics. Then, video signatures are given as input to four base-level algorithms, which are subsequently fused applying the stacked generalization technique, resulting in a more robust meta-level classifier used to predict deception. By exploiting relevant cues via specific features, the proposed system achieves improved performances on a public dataset of famous court trials, with respect to other state-of-the-art methods based on facial features, highlighting the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Avola
- Department of Computer Science, Sapienza University, Via Salaria 113, 00198 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Cascio
- Department of Computer Science, Sapienza University, Via Salaria 113, 00198 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Cinque
- Department of Computer Science, Sapienza University, Via Salaria 113, 00198 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Fagioli
- Department of Computer Science, Sapienza University, Via Salaria 113, 00198 Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Luca Foresti
- Department of Computer Science, Mathematics and Physics, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze, 33100 Udine, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
|
5
|
Meynen G. Ethical Issues to Consider Before Introducing Neurotechnological Thought Apprehension in Psychiatry. AJOB Neurosci 2019; 10:5-14. [PMID: 31070550 DOI: 10.1080/21507740.2019.1595772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
When it becomes available, neuroscience-based apprehension of subjective thoughts is bound to have a profound impact on several areas of society. One of these areas is medicine. In principle, medical specialties that are primarily concerned with mind and brain are most likely to apply neurotechnological thought apprehension (NTA) techniques. Psychiatry is such a specialty, and the relevance of NTA developments for psychiatry has been recognized. In this article, I discuss ethical issues regarding the use of NTA techniques in psychiatric contexts. First, I consider the notion of neurotechnological "thought apprehension," as well as some limitations of present-day NTA applications. Next, I identify ethical priorities for its possible future use in psychiatry. The topics I explore concern key (bio)ethical issues: confidentiality, trust and distrust, consent and coercion, and, finally, responsibility. I conclude that mental health-related use of NTA entails some specific ethical concerns that deserve careful attention before introducing these technologies in psychiatric practice.
Collapse
|
6
|
Mind Reading and Writing: The Future of Neurotechnology. Trends Cogn Sci 2018; 22:598-610. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
7
|
Kraft CJ, Giordano J. Integrating Brain Science and Law: Neuroscientific Evidence and Legal Perspectives on Protecting Individual Liberties. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:621. [PMID: 29167633 PMCID: PMC5682320 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in neuroscientific techniques have found increasingly broader applications, including in legal neuroscience (or “neurolaw”), where experts in the brain sciences are called to testify in the courtroom. But does the incursion of neuroscience into the legal sphere constitute a threat to individual liberties? And what legal protections are there against such threats? In this paper, we outline individual rights as they interact with neuroscientific methods. We then proceed to examine the current uses of neuroscientific evidence, and ultimately determine whether the rights of the individual are endangered by such approaches. Based on our analysis, we conclude that while federal evidence rules constitute a substantial hurdle for the use of neuroscientific evidence, more ethical safeguards are needed to protect against future violations of fundamental rights. Finally, we assert that it will be increasingly imperative for the legal and neuroscientific communities to work together to better define the limits, capabilities, and intended direction of neuroscientific methods applicable for use in law.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Calvin J Kraft
- Program of Liberal Studies, Neuroscience and Behavior, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States.,Departments of Neurology and Biochemistry, Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - James Giordano
- Departments of Neurology and Biochemistry, Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Functional neurologic disorders are largely genuine and represent conversion disorders, where the dysfunction is unconscious, but there are some that are factitious, where the abnormality is feigned and conscious. Malingering, which can have the same manifestations, is similarly feigned, but not considered a genuine disease. There are no good methods for differentiating these three entities at the present time. Physiologic studies of functional weakness and sensory loss reveal normal functioning of primary motor and sensory cortex, but abnormalities of premotor cortex and association cortices. This suggests a top-down influence creating the dysfunction. Studies of functional tremor and myoclonus show that these disorders utilize normal voluntary motor structures to produce the involuntary movements, again suggesting a higher-level abnormality. Agency is abnormal and studies shows that dysfunction of the temporoparietal junction may be a correlate. The limbic system is overactive and might initiate involuntary movements, but the mechanism for this is not known. The limbic system would then be the source of top-down dysfunction. It can be speculated that the involuntary movements are involuntary due to lack of proper feedforward signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Steele VR, Rao V, Calhoun VD, Kiehl KA. Machine learning of structural magnetic resonance imaging predicts psychopathic traits in adolescent offenders. Neuroimage 2015; 145:265-273. [PMID: 26690808 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Classification models are becoming useful tools for finding patterns in neuroimaging data sets that are not observable to the naked eye. Many of these models are applied to discriminating clinical groups such as schizophrenic patients from healthy controls or from patients with bipolar disorder. A more nuanced model might be to discriminate between levels of personality traits. Here, as a proof of concept, we take an initial step toward developing prediction models to differentiate individuals based on a personality disorder: psychopathy. We included three groups of adolescent participants: incarcerated youth with elevated psychopathic traits (i.e., callous and unemotional traits and conduct disordered traits; n=71), incarcerated youth with low psychopathic traits (n=72), and non-incarcerated youth as healthy controls (n=21). Support vector machine (SVM) learning models were developed to separate these groups using an out-of-sample cross-validation method on voxel-based morphometry (VBM) data. Regions of interest from the paralimbic system, identified in an independent forensic sample, were successful in differentiating youth groups. Models seeking to classify incarcerated individuals to have high or low psychopathic traits achieved 69.23% overall accuracy. As expected, accuracy increased in models differentiating healthy controls from individuals with high psychopathic traits (82.61%) and low psychopathic traits (80.65%). Here we have laid the foundation for using neural correlates of personality traits to identify group membership within and beyond psychopathy. This is only the first step, of many, toward prediction models using neural measures as a proxy for personality traits. As these methods are improved, prediction models with neural measures of personality traits could have far-reaching impact on diagnosis, treatment, and prediction of future behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vaughn R Steele
- Intramural Research Program, Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute of Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Nonprofit Mind Research Network (MRN) and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | - Vikram Rao
- The Nonprofit Mind Research Network (MRN) and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- The Nonprofit Mind Research Network (MRN) and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Kent A Kiehl
- The Nonprofit Mind Research Network (MRN) and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen ZX, Xue L, Liang CY, Wang LL, Mei W, Zhang Q, Zhao H. Specific marker of feigned memory impairment: The activation of left superior frontal gyrus. J Forensic Leg Med 2015; 36:164-71. [PMID: 26479324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Faking memory impairment means normal people complain lots of memory problems without organic damage in forensic assessments. Using alternative forced-choice paradigm, containing digital or autobiographical information, previous neuroimaging studies have indicated that faking memory impairment could cause the activation in the prefrontal and parietal regions, and might involve a fronto-parietal-subcortical circuit. However, it is still unclear whether different memory types have influence on faking or not. Since different memory types, such as long-term memory (LTM) and short-term memory (STM), were found supported by different brain areas, we hypothesized that feigned STM or LTM impairment had distinct neural activation mapping. Besides that, some common neural correlates may act as the general characteristic of feigned memory impairment. To verify this hypothesis, the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) combined with an alternative word forced-choice paradigm were used in this study. A total of 10 right-handed participants, in this study, had to perform both STW and LTM tasks respectively under answering correctly, answering randomly and feigned memory impairment conditions. Our results indicated that the activation of the left superior frontal gyrus and the left medial frontal gyrus was associated with feigned LTM impairment, whereas the left superior frontal gyrus, the left precuneus and the right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) were highly activated while feigning STM impairment. Furthermore, an overlapping was found in the left superior frontal gyrus, and it suggested that the activity of the left superior frontal gyrus might be acting as a specific marker of feigned memory impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Xiang Chen
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Xue
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chun-Yu Liang
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-Li Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Mei
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Mental Health Center, Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hu Zhao
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rusconi E, Scott-Brown KC, Szymkowiak A. Neuroscience perspectives on security. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:996. [PMID: 25538610 PMCID: PMC4260495 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rusconi
- Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London London, UK ; Division of Psychology, Abertay University Dundee, UK ; Department of Neurosciences, University of Parma Parma, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Szymkowiak
- School of Science, Engineering and Technology, Abertay University Dundee, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rusconi E, Mitchener-Nissen T. The role of expectations, hype and ethics in neuroimaging and neuromodulation futures. Front Syst Neurosci 2014; 8:214. [PMID: 25400557 PMCID: PMC4215706 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of expectations or future-goals for the development of techniques which “read” and modulate brain function, represent an important practical tool for neuroscientists. These visions-of-the-future assist scientists by providing focus for both individual and cross-disciplinary research programs; they encourage the development of new industrial sectors, are used to justify the allocation of government resources and funding, and via the media can help capture the imagination and support of the public. However, such expectations need to be tempered by reality. Over-hyping brain imaging and modulation will lead to disappointment; disappointment that in turn can undermine its potential. Similarly, if neuroscientists focus their attention narrowly on the science without concomitant consideration of its future ethical, legal and social implications, then their expectations may remain unrealized. To develop these arguments herein we introduce the theoretical concept of expectations and the practical consequences of expectations. We contextualize these reflections by referring to brain imaging and modulation studies on deception, which encompass the measurement-suppression-augmentation range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rusconi
- Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London London, UK ; Division of Psychology, Abertay University Dundee, UK ; Department of Neurosciences, University of Parma Parma, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Traditional lie detection tools, such as the polygraph, voice stress analysis, or special interrogation techniques, rely on behavioral or psychophysiological manifestations of deception. With the advent of neuroimaging techniques, the question emerged whether it would be possible to directly identify deceit in the part of the body where it is generated: the brain. After a few promising studies, these techniques became soon commercially available and there have been attempts to use such results in the court in recent years. The current article reviews the development of neuroimaging techniques in the field of deception detection and critically discusses the potential but also the shortcomings of such methods. Unfortunately, the majority of research in this field was rather unsystematic and neglected the accumulated knowledge regarding methodological pitfalls that were extensively discussed in the scientific community in conjunction with the polygraph. Therefore, neuroimaging studies on deception largely differ with respect to the experimental paradigm (the interrogation technique), the methods for analyzing the data, and the procedures to obtain individual diagnoses. Moreover, most studies used artificial laboratory settings that differ considerably from real-life applications. As a consequence, neuroimaging techniques are not applicable for detecting deception in individual field cases at the moment. However, recent advantages such as multivariate pattern analysis might yield novel neuroimaging applications in the near future that are capable of improving established techniques for detecting deception or concealed knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Gamer
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|