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Zhang C, Zhang W. The impact of social phobia on willingness to communicate in a second language: The mediation effect of ideal L2 self. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1018633. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1018633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, a greater focus has been placed on the influential power of domain-general psychological properties in second language acquisition and learning. The investigations of these properties, such as grit, academic procrastination and enjoyment etc. have been extensively conducted and are well-documented. Notwithstanding the surge of academic inquiry, the link between psychopathological notions and second language learning has not been adequately established and thoroughly scrutinized. The current study, therefore, aims to broaden the spectrum of second language research and explore the impact of social phobia on willingness to communicate in the second language context. Meanwhile, this research introduces the self-construct, particularly the ideal L2 self to further examine and elucidate the impact. 173 qualified Chinese speakers of L2 English participated in the study. By conducting correlation analysis, regression analysis and structural equation modelling analysis, it was revealed that social phobia had a significant negative impact on L2 willingness to communicate in social situations of meetings and public speaking. Ideal L2 self acted as a complete mediating role in the impact. Pedagogical implications and future directions were proposed and discussed.
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Gupta A, Garg R, Singh V. Using Traditional Typologies to Understand Posture Movement and Cognitive Performance - A cross sectional study. Int J Yoga 2022; 15:106-113. [PMID: 36329775 PMCID: PMC9623887 DOI: 10.4103/ijoy.ijoy_12_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT We employed two classification methods that characterize psycho-somatotype categorization to understand motor and cognitive performance. The Trunk Index produces three somatotypes/body type categories: ectomorphs, mesomorphs, and endomorphs, and Prakriti classifications categorizes people into three categories: Vata, Pitta, and Kapha. Comparing these two categorization methods offers insights into anthropometric measures that combine psychological and physical characteristics to account for motor and cognitive behavior. AIMS The present study examined variations in cognitive and motor performances using the two typologies - prakriti and somato body types using cross-sectional study design. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The study employed fifty-eight healthy young adults, classified into prakriti (vata, pitta, kapha) and ecto-, meso-, endo-morph body types, to examine their cognitive performance (reaction time [RT] and accuracy), and motor performance (posture stability and posture accuracy) in standing yoga postures. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED Analysis of covariance was performed to compare the cognitive and postural performance across the three somato and prakriti types after adjusting for age and gender as covariates. Post-hoc analysis of Bonferroni was performed with the consideration of Levene's test. Partial correlations were employed to investigate the correlation between postural stability and cognitive performance measures for each of the prakriti- and somato-body types as well as between the prakriti typology (scores) and trunk index values (adjusting the effects of age and gender as control variables). A P < 0.05 was selected at the statistical significance level. SPSS 26.0 version was used for the analysis. RESULTS Cognitive performance was observed to vary in terms of RT across somato- and prakriti body types (P < 0.05). Postural stability and cognitive performance are positively connected only for ectomorph body types (P < 0.05). Variations in motor performance were not significant. Barring ectomorph type, no other somato- and prakriti body types showed significant relationships between postural stability and cognitive performance. Likewise, the association between the features used for prakriti classification, and the trunk index scores showed marginal significance, only for a small subset of physical features of prakriti assessment (P = 0.055) (P1). CONCLUSIONS Comparing classifications that use psychophysical attributes might offer insights into understanding variations in measures of motor and cognitive performance in a sample of healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Gupta
- National Resource Centre for Value Education in Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - Rahul Garg
- National Resource Centre for Value Education in Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
- Amar Nath and Shashi Khosla School of Information Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Varsha Singh
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
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Fabio RA, Suriano R. The Influence of Media Exposure on Anxiety and Working Memory during Lockdown Period in Italy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18179279. [PMID: 34501866 PMCID: PMC8430792 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The rapid spread of the coronavirus pandemic has caused anxiety around the world. During lockdown, the media became a point of reference for people seeking information. However, little is known on the relationships between anxiety resulting from persistent media exposure to coronavirus-related programs and the effects produced on working memory. In this work, a total of 101 Italian citizens (53.7% female) aged between 18 and 45 years old, who were from 14 provinces in Italy, participated in an online survey. Participants were presented with media exposure and anxiety questionnaires and they were instructed to carry out working memory tasks (visual and auditory n-back). The results showed that media exposure is related to anxiety. It was also found that high levels of anxiety have a negative influence on the performance of both visual and auditory working memory tasks in terms of increased reaction times of responses and decreased accuracy. The results were critically discussed in the light of the Social Compensation Hypothesis.
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Response Inhibition, Cognitive Flexibility and Working Memory in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Social Anxiety Disorder. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073642. [PMID: 33807425 PMCID: PMC8036460 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed response inhibition, cognitive flexibility and working memory in three groups of patients diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalized anxiety disorder, considering some variables that may influence results (nonverbal reasoning, comorbidity, use of pharmacotherapy). Neuropsychological measures were completed using a computerized Wisconsin card sorting test, Stroop color word test, go/no-go task, digits and Corsi. Significant differences were obtained among groups in cognitive flexibility and working memory variables. The obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) group showed the worst results. The social anxiety disorder group obtained greater effect sizes in visuospatial memory. However, significant differences between groups in visuospatial memory were no longer present when nonverbal reasoning was controlled. Comorbidity influenced interference in the OCD and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) groups. In addition, the executive functions were differently influenced by the level of obsessions and anxiety, and the use of pharmacotherapy. Study limitations include a non-random selection of participants, modest sample size and design type (cross-sectional). The OCD group showed the worst results in flexibility cognitive and verbal working memory. Comorbidity, use of pharmacotherapy and level anxiety and obsessions were variables influencing the performance of executive functions.
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Chen C, Wang Z, Chen C, Xue G, Lu S, Liu H, Dong Q, Zhang M. CPNE3 moderates the association between anxiety and working memory. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6891. [PMID: 33767297 PMCID: PMC7994849 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86263-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutual influences between anxiety and working memory (WM) have been extensively studied, and their curvilinear relationship resembles the classic Yerkes-Dodson law of arousal and performance. Given the genetic bases of both anxiety and WM, it is likely that the individual differences in the Yerkes-Dodson law of anxiety and WM may have genetic correlates. The current genome wide association study (GWAS) enrolled 1115 healthy subjects to search for genes that are potential moderators of the association between anxiety and WM. Results showed that CPNE3 rs10102229 had the strongest effect, p = 3.38E−6 at SNP level and p = 2.68E−06 at gene level. Anxiety and WM had a significant negative correlation (i.e., more anxious individuals performed worse on the WM tasks) for the TT genotype of rs10102229 (resulting in lower expression of CPNE3), whereas the correlation was positive (i.e., more anxious individuals performed better on the WM tasks) for the CC carriers. The same pattern of results was found at the gene level using gene score analysis. These effects were replicated in an independent sample (N = 330). The current study is the first to report a gene that moderates the relation between anxiety and WM and potentially provides a genetic explanation for the classic Yerkes-Dodson law.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Ziyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Gui Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuzhen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hejun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingxia Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.
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Yuan J, Zhang Q, Cui L. Social anxiety is related to impaired ability to filter out irrelevant information but not reduced storage capacity. Biol Psychol 2021; 160:108049. [PMID: 33607210 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with social anxiety have deficits in inhibiting task-irrelevant threatening information, but the mechanism is poorly understood. In this study, we instructed participants with high and low social anxiety to perform a variant change-detection task, recording their accuracy and electrophysiological data. The results indicated that individuals with high social anxiety showed impaired ability to filter out irrelevant information in disgust facial expression condition rather than neutral facial expression. While individuals with low social anxiety didn't show filter efficiency defects under both disgust and neutral facial expressions. Furthermore, we found high socially anxious individuals could hold more information in visual working memory than low socially anxious individuals. These results suggest that the abundance of cognitive resources in socially anxious individuals compensates the presumed weak performance in accuracy produced by impaired filter efficiency. These results provide support for the claims of efficiency and effectiveness in attentional control theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition and School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China; School of Teacher Education, Hebei Normal University for Nationalities, Chengde, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition and School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Lixia Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition and School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China.
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Hsu KJ, Forgeard M, Stein AT, Beard C, Björgvinsson T. Examining differential relationships among self-reported attentional control, depression, and anxiety in a transdiagnostic clinical sample. J Affect Disord 2019; 248:29-33. [PMID: 30711866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor attentional control, defined as difficulty focusing attention on a task or shifting attention flexibly between tasks, is a transdiagnostic construct theorized to confer risk for, and maintain, depression and anxiety. Research to date in non-clinical samples has suggested a dissociable relationship between the two factors of self-reported attentional control and psychopathology, with depression being associated with difficulties shifting and anxiety being associated with focusing. However, to our knowledge no study has tested this differential set of relationships in a clinical sample. METHODS Adults (N = 493) presenting for psychiatric treatment completed measures of depressive and anxiety symptom severity and self-reported attentional control. Hierarchical linear regression and Zou's (2007) confidence interval method were used to examine the relationship between clinical symptoms and attentional control. RESULTS Both shifting and focusing were significantly correlated with anxiety and depressive symptoms in this sample. However, focusing was more strongly associated with clinical symptomatology than shifting, which showed a weak correlation. LIMITATIONS All constructs were measured cross-sectionally by self-report questionnaires. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to studies conducted in non-clinical samples, attentional focusing appears to be more relevant than attentional shifting in a clinical sample for both depression and anxiety symptoms. These findings lend support to efforts to develop neurocognitive interventions that improve focusing. Replication of these findings, particularly in longitudinal studies, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kean J Hsu
- Behavioral Health Partial Hospital Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States; Mood Disorders Laboratory, Institute for Mental Health Research, University of Texas at Austin, 305 E 23rd St., Stop E9000, Austin, TX, United States.
| | - Marie Forgeard
- Behavioral Health Partial Hospital Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Clinical Psychology, William James College, Newton, MA, United States
| | - Aliza T Stein
- Anxiety and Health Behaviors Laboratory, Institute for Mental Health Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Courtney Beard
- Behavioral Health Partial Hospital Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Thröstur Björgvinsson
- Behavioral Health Partial Hospital Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, United States
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Yeung RC, Fernandes MA. Social anxiety enhances recognition of task-irrelevant threat words. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2019; 194:69-76. [PMID: 30779989 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Past research is mixed regarding the conditions under which memory biases emerge in individuals with high levels of social anxiety. The current study examined whether high social anxiety would be associated with a memory bias for threatening, but task-irrelevant information, or whether it creates a memory bias for both threatening as well as neutral distractors. 60 undergraduate students were recruited, half classified as having high social anxiety and half as having low social anxiety according to the Social Phobia Inventory. Participants memorized a series of sequentially and visually presented target words that were either all neutral (e.g., patient) or all socially threatening (e.g., embarrassed). Simultaneously during encoding, participants also saw a distractor word on each trial that was either neutral or socially threatening. Memory for targets was then assessed using a recall and recognition test. Incidental recall and recognition tests for the distractors were also administered. There were no group differences in memory for threat versus neutral targets. However, recognition of socially threatening distractors was significantly enhanced in those with high relative to low levels of social anxiety, but only when targets were also socially threatening. Memory biases in high social anxiety were shown to be specific for threat-related distractors rather than general, for all distractors. This specific bias for threat emerged only when the to-be-remembered target information was also threatening. Findings suggest that when social anxiety is primed, attention to irrelevant, but socially threatening, information is heightened.
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Moore HTA, Gómez-Ariza CJ, Garcia-Lopez LJ. Stopping the past from intruding the present: Social anxiety disorder and proactive interference. Psychiatry Res 2016; 238:284-289. [PMID: 27086246 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It has recently been suggested that social anxiety disorder (SAD) entails a deficit in downregulating unwanted (even non-threatening) memories. In the present study we test this hypothesis by comparing a sample of young adults diagnosed with SAD and healthy controls in their ability to resist proactive interference in a working memory task. Where participants performed similarly in the control condition of the memory task, participants with SAD were more susceptible to interference in the experimental condition than the healthy controls. This finding is in line with previous studies that show anxiety to be associated with impoverished executive control and, specifically, suggests that SAD entails a reduced ability to get rid of interfering memories. Clinical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry T A Moore
- University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychology, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, s/n, 23071, Jaén, Spain.
| | - Carlos J Gómez-Ariza
- Department of Psychology, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, s/n, 23071, Jaén, Spain.
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The effects of self-focus on attentional biases in social anxiety:An ERP study. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2015; 16:393-405. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-015-0398-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Heeren A, Maurage P, Philippot P. Revisiting attentional processing of non-emotional cues in social anxiety: A specific impairment for the orienting network of attention. Psychiatry Res 2015; 228:136-42. [PMID: 25957649 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
People with social anxiety disorder (SAD) exhibit an attentional bias for threat (AB). Nevertheless, the focus on AB for emotional stimuli has led to neglect the exploration of basic attention deficits for non-emotional material among SAD patients. This study aimed to investigate the integrity of the attentional system in SAD. The Attention Network Test was used to precisely explore attentional deficits, and centrally the differential deficit across the three attentional networks, namely alerting (allowing to achieve and maintain a state of alertness), orienting (allowing to select information from sensory input by engaging or disengaging attention to one stimulus among others and/or shifting the attentional resources from one stimulation to another), and executive control (involving the top-down control of attention and allowing to resolve response conflicts). Twenty-five patients with SAD were compared to 25 matched controls. SAD patients exhibited a specific impairment for the orienting network (p < 0.001) but preserved performance for the alerting and executive networks. Complementary analyses revealed that this impairment may result from a faster attentional engagement to task-irrelevant material. The orienting impairment was highly correlated with the intensity of the social anxiety symptoms, but did not correlate either with trait-anxiety, state-anxiety, or depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Heeren
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology, Psychological Science Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium.
| | - Pierre Maurage
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology, Psychological Science Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium; Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - Pierre Philippot
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology, Psychological Science Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
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Chuderski A. High intelligence prevents the negative impact of anxiety on working memory. Cogn Emot 2014; 29:1197-209. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2014.969683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Heeren A, Lange WG, Philippot P, Wong QJJ. Biased cognitions and social anxiety: building a global framework for integrating cognitive, behavioral, and neural processes. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:538. [PMID: 25100980 PMCID: PMC4105627 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Heeren
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology, Psychological Science Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Wolf-Gero Lange
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen, Netherlands ; Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne Cologne, Germany
| | - Pierre Philippot
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology, Psychological Science Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Quincy J J Wong
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Emotional Health, Macquarie University Sydney, NSW, Australia
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