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Mougenot D, Matheson H. Theoretical strategies for an embodied cognitive neuroscience: Mechanistic explanations of brain-body-environment systems. Cogn Neurosci 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38736314 DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2024.2349546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Cognitive neuroscience seeks to explain mind, brain, and behavior. But how do we generate explanations? In this integrative theoretical paper, we review the commitments of the 'New Mechanist' movement within the philosophy of science, focusing specifically on the role of mechanistic models in scientific explanation. We highlight how this approach differs from other explanatory approaches within the field, showing its unique contributions to the efforts of scientific explanation. We then argue that the commitments of the Embodied Cognition framework converge with the commitments of the New Mechanist movement in a way that provides a necessary explanatory strategy available to cognitive neuroscience. We then discuss a number of consequences of this convergence, including issues related to the inadequacy of statistical prediction, neuroscientific reduction, the autonomy of psychology from neuroscience, and psychological and neuroscientific ontology. We hope that our integrative thesis provides researchers with a theoretical strategy for an embodied cognitive neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davy Mougenot
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
| | - Heath Matheson
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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Corcoran AW, Perrykkad K, Feuerriegel D, Robinson JE. Body as First Teacher: The Role of Rhythmic Visceral Dynamics in Early Cognitive Development. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2023:17456916231185343. [PMID: 37694720 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231185343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Embodied cognition-the idea that mental states and processes should be understood in relation to one's bodily constitution and interactions with the world-remains a controversial topic within cognitive science. Recently, however, increasing interest in predictive processing theories among proponents and critics of embodiment alike has raised hopes of a reconciliation. This article sets out to appraise the unificatory potential of predictive processing, focusing in particular on embodied formulations of active inference. Our analysis suggests that most active-inference accounts invoke weak, potentially trivial conceptions of embodiment; those making stronger claims do so independently of the theoretical commitments of the active-inference framework. We argue that a more compelling version of embodied active inference can be motivated by adopting a diachronic perspective on the way rhythmic physiological activity shapes neural development in utero. According to this visceral afferent training hypothesis, early-emerging physiological processes are essential not only for supporting the biophysical development of neural structures but also for configuring the cognitive architecture those structures entail. Focusing in particular on the cardiovascular system, we propose three candidate mechanisms through which visceral afferent training might operate: (a) activity-dependent neuronal development, (b) periodic signal modeling, and (c) oscillatory network coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Corcoran
- Monash Centre for Consciousness and Contemplative Studies, Monash University
- Cognition and Philosophy Laboratory, School of Philosophical, Historical, and International Studies, Monash University
| | - Kelsey Perrykkad
- Cognition and Philosophy Laboratory, School of Philosophical, Historical, and International Studies, Monash University
| | | | - Jonathan E Robinson
- Cognition and Philosophy Laboratory, School of Philosophical, Historical, and International Studies, Monash University
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Abstract
Brain dynamics show a rich spatiotemporal behavior whose stability is neither ordered nor chaotic, indicating that neural networks operate at intermediate stability regimes including critical dynamics represented by a negative power-law distribution of avalanche sizes with exponent α=−1.5. However, it is unknown which stability regimen allows global and local information transmission with reduced metabolic costs, which are measured in terms of synaptic potentials and action potentials. In this work, using a hierarchical neuron model with rich-club organization, we measure the average number of action potentials required to activate n different neurons (avalanche size). Besides, we develop a mathematical formula to represent the metabolic synaptic potential cost. We develop simulations variating the synaptic amplitude, synaptic time course (ms), and hub excitatory/inhibitory ratio. We compare different dynamic regimes in terms of avalanche sizes vs. metabolic cost. We also implement the dynamic model in a Drosophila and Erdos–Renyi networks to computer dynamics and metabolic costs. The results show that the synaptic amplitude and time course play a key role in information propagation. They can drive the system from subcritical to supercritical regimes. The later result promotes the coexistence of critical regimes with a wide range of excitation/inhibition hub ratios. Moreover, subcritical or silent regimes minimize metabolic cost for local avalanche sizes, whereas critical and intermediate stability regimes show the best compromise between information propagation and reduced metabolic consumption, also minimizing metabolic cost for a wide range of avalanche sizes.
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Button C, Brouwer L, Schnitzler C, de Poel HJ. Exploratory Analysis of Treading Water Coordination and the Influence of Task and Environmental Constraints. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2579. [PMID: 31866887 PMCID: PMC6907394 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The radical embodied cognition approach to behavior requires emphasis upon how humans adapt their motor skills in response to changes in constraint. The aim of this exploratory study was to identify how the typical coordination patterns used to tread water were influenced by constraints representative of open water environments. Twenty-three participants were measured while treading water (TW) in a swimming flume in four conditions: (1) in still water, wearing a bathing suit (baseline); (2) wearing typical outdoor clothing (clothed); (3) with an additional cognitive task imposed (dual task); and (4) against a changing current (flow). Mixed methods kinematic analysis revealed four different TW coordination patterns were used across the conditions. The four TW patterns used represent a hierarchy of expertise in terms of the capacity to generate continuous lift forces, where pattern 1 (the lowest skill level) involved predominantly pushing and kicking limb movements (N = 1); pattern 2 was a movement pattern consisting of legs pushing/kicking and arms sculling (N = 7); pattern 3 was synchronous sculling of all four limbs (N = 6); and pattern 4 was the “eggbeater kick” (the highest skill level), with asynchronous sculling movements of the legs (N = 9). The four TW patterns were generally robust to the modified constraints. The higher skilled patterns (i.e., patterns 3 and 4) appeared to be the most stable coordination patterns. These results suggest that learning to perform more complex patterns to tread water might be an asset to survive in life-threatening situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Button
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Luka Brouwer
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Christophe Schnitzler
- Equipe d'accueil en Sciences Sociales (E3S, EA n°1342), Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - Harjo J de Poel
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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de Wit MM, Withagen R. What Should A “Gibsonian Neuroscience” Look Like? Introduction to the Special Issue. ECOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10407413.2019.1615203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rob Withagen
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael L. Anderson
- Rotman Institute of Philosophy
- Department of Philosophy
- Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario
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Dale R, Bhat HS. Equations of mind: Data science for inferring nonlinear dynamics of socio-cognitive systems. COGN SYST RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Spivey MJ, Batzloff BJ. Bridgemanian space constancy as a precursor to extended cognition. Conscious Cogn 2018; 64:164-175. [PMID: 29709438 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A few decades ago, cognitive psychologists generally took for granted that the reason we perceive our visual environment as one contiguous stable whole (i.e., space constancy) is because we have an internal mental representation of the visual environment as one contiguous stable whole. They supposed that the non-contiguous visual images that are gathered during the brief fixations that intervene between pairs of saccadic eye movements (a few times every second) are somehow stitched together to construct this contiguous internal mental representation. Determining how exactly the brain does this proved to be a vexing puzzle for vision researchers. Bruce Bridgeman's research career is the story of how meticulous psychophysical experimentation, and a genius theoretical insight, eventually solved this puzzle. The reason that it was so difficult for researchers to figure out how the brain stitches together these visual snapshots into one accurately-rendered mental representation of the visual environment is that it doesn't do that. Bruce discovered that the brain couldn't do that if it tried. The neural information that codes for saccade amplitude and direction is simply too inaccurate to determine exact relative locations of each fixation. Rather than the perception of space constancy being the result of an internal representation, Bruce determined that it is the result of a brain that simply assumes that external space remains constant, and it rarely checks to verify this assumption. In our extension of Bridgeman's formulation, we suggest that objects in the world often serve as their own representations, and cognitive operations can be performed on those objects themselves, rather than on mental representations of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Spivey
- Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, United States.
| | - Brandon J Batzloff
- Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, United States
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Bolt T, Anderson ML, Uddin LQ. Beyond the evoked/intrinsic neural process dichotomy. Netw Neurosci 2018; 2:1-22. [PMID: 29911670 PMCID: PMC5989985 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Contemporary functional neuroimaging research has increasingly focused on characterization of intrinsic or "spontaneous" brain activity. Analysis of intrinsic activity is often contrasted with analysis of task-evoked activity that has traditionally been the focus of cognitive neuroscience. But does this evoked/intrinsic dichotomy adequately characterize human brain function? Based on empirical data demonstrating a close functional interdependence between intrinsic and task-evoked activity, we argue that the dichotomy between intrinsic and task-evoked activity as unobserved contributions to brain activity is artificial. We present an alternative picture of brain function in which the brain's spatiotemporal dynamics do not consist of separable intrinsic and task-evoked components, but reflect the enaction of a system of mutual constraints to move the brain into and out of task-appropriate functional configurations. According to this alternative picture, cognitive neuroscientists are tasked with describing both the temporal trajectory of brain activity patterns across time, and the modulation of this trajectory by task states, without separating this process into intrinsic and task-evoked components. We argue that this alternative picture of brain function is best captured in a novel explanatory framework called enabling constraint. Overall, these insights call for a reconceptualization of functional brain activity, and should drive future methodological and empirical efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Bolt
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Michael L. Anderson
- Department of Philosophy and Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Lucina Q. Uddin
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Favela LH, Amon MJ, van Rooij MMJW. The incommensurability of emergence and modularity in complex systems: A comment on Wastell (2014). THEORY & PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0959354317750775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To answer the interaction problem, dual-process theories of reasoning must explain how seemingly disparate reasoning systems affect each other and underlie the apparent unity of subjective experience. Wastell (2014) proposes complex emergence modular theory, which asserts that complex virtual reasoning modules emerge from basic reasoning modules. We contend that Wastell’s proposal fails to address the interaction problem. First, we claim that the attempt to integrate emergence with virtual modules proliferates the interaction problem instead of solving it. Second, we argue that there is no interaction problem in human reasoning if “emergence” is employed in accordance with typical applications of complex systems theory in cognitive science and psychology. Alternatively, we suggest that in order to understand human reasoning within a complex systems framework, researchers should forego conceiving of reasoning as informationally encapsulated modular systems, and instead investigate system state transitions.
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Fractal Analyses of Networks of Integrate-and-Fire Stochastic Spiking Neurons. COMPLEX NETWORKS IX 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-73198-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Nowakowski PR. Commentary: The Embodied Brain: Towards a Radical Embodied Cognitive Neuroscience. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:623. [PMID: 26635576 PMCID: PMC4644802 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Schiavio A, Altenmüller E. Exploring Music-Based Rehabilitation for Parkinsonism through Embodied Cognitive Science. Front Neurol 2015; 6:217. [PMID: 26539155 PMCID: PMC4609849 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent embodied approaches in cognitive sciences emphasize the constitutive roles of bodies and environment in driving cognitive processes. Cognition is thus seen as a distributed system based on the continuous interaction of bodies, brains, and environment. These categories, moreover, do not relate only causally, through a sequential input-output network of computations; rather, they are dynamically enfolded in each other, being mutually implemented by the concrete patterns of actions adopted by the cognitive system. However, while this claim has been widely discussed across various disciplines, its relevance and potential beneficial applications for music therapy remain largely unexplored. With this in mind, we provide here an overview of the embodied approaches to cognition, discussing their main tenets through the lenses of music therapy. In doing so, we question established methodological and theoretical paradigms and identify possible novel strategies for intervention. In particular, we refer to the music-based rehabilitative protocols adopted for Parkinson's disease patients. Indeed, in this context, it has recently been observed that music therapy not only affects movement-related skills but that it also contributes to stabilizing physiological functions and improving socio-affective behaviors. We argue that these phenomena involve previously unconsidered aspects of cognition and (motor) behavior, which are rooted in the action-perception cycle characterizing the whole living system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schiavio
- School of Music, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Music, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Eckart Altenmüller
- Institute of Music Physiology and Musician’s Medicine, University of Music, Drama and Media Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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