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Nakazato R, Aoyama C, Komiyama T, Himo R, Shimegi S. Table tennis players use superior saccadic eye movements to track moving visual targets. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1289800. [PMID: 38406764 PMCID: PMC10884183 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1289800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Table tennis players perform visually guided visuomotor responses countlessly. The exposure of the visual system to frequent and long-term motion stimulation has been known to improve perceptual motion detection and discrimination abilities as a learning effect specific to that stimulus, so may also improve visuo-oculomotor performance. We hypothesized and verified that table tennis players have good spatial accuracy of saccades to moving targets. Methods University table tennis players (TT group) and control participants with no striking-sports experience (Control group) wore a virtual reality headset and performed two ball-tracking tasks to track moving and stationary targets in virtual reality. The ball moved from a predetermined position on the opponent's court toward the participant's court. A total of 54 conditions were examined for the moving targets in combinations of three ball trajectories (familiar parabolic, unfamiliar descent, and unfamiliar horizontal), three courses (left, right, and center), and six speeds. Results and discussion All participants primarily used catch-up saccades to track the moving ball. The TT group had lower mean and inter-trial variability in saccade endpoint error compared to the Control group, showing higher spatial accuracy and precision, respectively. It suggests their improvement of the ability to analyze the direction and speed of the ball's movement and predict its trajectory and future destination. The superiority of the spatial accuracy in the TT group was seen in both the right and the left courses for all trajectories but that of precision was for familiar parabolic only. The trajectory dependence of improved saccade precision in the TT group implies the possibility that the motion vision system is trained by the visual stimuli frequently encountered in table tennis. There was no difference between the two groups in the onset time or spatial accuracy of saccades for stationary targets appearing at various positions on the ping-pong table. Conclusion Table tennis players can obtain high performance (spatial accuracy and precision) of saccades to track moving targets as a result of motion vision ability improved through a vast amount of visual and visuo-ocular experience in their play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riku Nakazato
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chisa Aoyama
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takaaki Komiyama
- Center for Education in Liberal Arts and Sciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryoto Himo
- Faculty of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shimegi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Education in Liberal Arts and Sciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
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Hildebrand AS, Breuer F, Leehr EJ, Finke JB, Bucher L, Klucken T, Dannlowski U, Roesmann K. Inhibitory control and its modification in spider phobia - Study protocol for an antisaccade training trial. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292471. [PMID: 38113211 PMCID: PMC10729957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Inhibitory control deficits are considered a key pathogenic factor in anxiety disorders. To assess inhibitory control, the antisaccade task is a well-established measure that assesses antisaccade performance via latencies and error rates. The present study follows three aims: (1) to investigate inhibitory control via antisaccade latencies and errors in an antisaccade task, and their associations with multiple measures of fear in patients with spider phobia (SP) versus healthy controls (HC), (2) to investigate the modifiability of antisaccade performance via a fear-specific antisaccade training in patients with SP and HC, and (3) to explore associations between putative training-induced changes in antisaccade performance in SPs and changes in diverse measures of fear. METHODS Towards aim 1, we assess antisaccade latencies (primary outcome) and error rates (secondary outcome) in an emotional antisaccade task. Further, the baseline assessment includes assessments of psychophysiological, behavioral, and psychometric indices of fear in patients with SP and HCs. To address aim 2, we compare effects of a fear-specific antisaccade training with effects of a prosaccade training as a control condition. The primary and secondary outcomes are reassessed at a post-1-assessment in both SPs and HCs. Aim 3 employs a cross-over design and is piloted in patients with SP, only. Towards this aim, primary and secondary outcomes, as well as psychophysiological, behavioral, and psychometric measures of fear are reassessed at a post-2-assessment after the second training block. CONCLUSION This study aims to better understand inhibitory control processes and their modifiability in spider phobia. If successful, antisaccade training may assist in the treatment of specific phobia by directly targeting the putative underlying inhibitory control deficits. This study has been preregistered with ISRCTN (ID: ISRCTN12918583) on 28th February 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sophie Hildebrand
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Fabian Breuer
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Johannes B. Finke
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Leandra Bucher
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Tim Klucken
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Kati Roesmann
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
- Institute of Psychology, Unit of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy in Childhood and Adolescence, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
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Cha WJ, Lee JH. Diminished ability to integrate target stimuli with context during emotional recognition in individuals with broad autism phenotype. Front Psychol 2022; 13:934385. [PMID: 36275254 PMCID: PMC9583922 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.934385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with broad autism phenotype (BAP) have a tendency not to integrate emotional stimuli with the surrounding context. They have also shown different patterns and abilities in processing positive and negative emotions. This study aimed to examine whether the effect of context on target stimuli could vary depending on the type of target emotion in individuals with BAP. Based on the Broad Autism Phenotype Questionnaire (BAPQ) and Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ), 36 individuals with BAP and 33 healthy controls were selected. All the participants performed an overlap-emotional task consisting of six conditions: 2 (congruence: congruent and incongruent) × 3 (emotion: fearful, sad, and happy). Reaction time and accuracy were measured as dependent variables. The results revealed that the individuals with BAP showed no difference in reaction time between the condition of congruence and incongruence, but that the control group was faster to categorize facial expression on the condition of congruence than that of incongruence regardless of the type of target emotion. There were no differences between the two groups in any of the conditions with regard to accuracy. These findings indicate that individuals with BAP tend not to integrate target emotions with contextual information, a feature that could worsen the speed of emotional recognition in individuals with BAP. This study confirmed that the individuals with BAP have different cognition patterns in emotional recognition than the control group.
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Kim K, Lee JH. The effect of feedback in virtual attention training on orienting attention in individuals with sluggish cognitive tempo. J Atten Disord 2022; 26:1640-1652. [PMID: 35491754 DOI: 10.1177/10870547221090664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of feedback in a virtual attention training program to improve the attentional characteristics of sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT). METHOD The SCT group (N = 60) and control group (N = 30) were identified, and the attention network test-revised (ANT-R) was performed to measure attention characteristics. Based on this result, a virtual reality (VR) feedback attention training program was developed to improve the efficiency of engagement and disengagement of attention in SCT. Sixty participants with SCT were recruited and grouped into two conditions: VR feedback (n = 30) and no-feedback (n = 30) conditions. RESULTS The results show that the VR attention training program with feedback significantly improves the attention-orienting network. CONCLUSION This suggests that it is necessary to provide immediate feedback for effective attention training for SCT and continuous intervention may be possible when feedback is provided together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyunghwa Kim
- College of Social Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jang-Han Lee
- College of Social Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
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5
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Souto D, Marsh O, Hutchinson C, Judge S, Paterson KB. Cognitive plasticity induced by gaze-control technology: Gaze-typing improves performance in the antisaccade task. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2021.106831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Moser C, Schmitt L, Schmidt J, Fairchild A, Klusek J. Response Inhibition Deficits in Women with the FMR1 Premutation are Associated with Age and Fall Risk. Brain Cogn 2020; 148:105675. [PMID: 33387817 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One in 113-178 females worldwide carry a premutation allele on the FMR1 gene. The FMR1 premutation is linked to neurocognitive and neuromotor impairments, although the phenotype is not fully understood, particularly with respect to age effects. This study sought to define oculomotor response inhibition skills in women with the FMR1 premutation and their association with age and fall risk. We employed an antisaccade eye-tracking paradigm to index oculomotor inhibition skills in 35 women with the FMR1 premutation and 28 control women. The FMR1 premutation group exhibited longer antisaccade latency and reduced accuracy relative to controls, indicating deficient response inhibition skills. Longer response latency was associated with older age in the FMR1 premutation and was also predictive of fall risk. Findings highlight the utility of the antisaccade paradigm for detecting early signs of age-related executive decline in the FMR1 premutation, which is related to fall risk. Findings support the need for clinical prevention efforts to decrease and delay the trajectory of age-related executive decline in women with the FMR1 premutation during midlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Moser
- Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, 1705 College Street, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Lyndsay Schmitt
- Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, 1705 College Street, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Joseph Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, 4111 Pictor Lane, Orlando, FL 32816, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
| | - Amanda Fairchild
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Jessica Klusek
- Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, 1705 College Street, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA.
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Gallagher VT, Murthy P, Stocks J, Vesci B, Colegrove D, Mjaanes J, Chen Y, Breiter H, LaBella C, Herrold AA, Reilly JL. Differential Change in Oculomotor Performance among Female Collegiate Soccer Players versus Non-Contact Athletes from Pre- to Post-Season. Neurotrauma Rep 2020; 1:169-180. [PMID: 33274345 PMCID: PMC7703496 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2020.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitive and reliable tools are needed to evaluate potential behavioral and cognitive changes following head impact exposure in contact and collision sport participation. We evaluated change in oculomotor testing performance among female, varsity, collegiate athletes following variable exposure to head impacts across a season. Female, collegiate, contact sport (soccer, CONT) and non-contact sport (NON-CONT) athletes were assessed pre-season and post-season. Soccer athletes were grouped according to total season game headers into low dose (≤40 headers; CONT-Low Dose) or high dose (>40 headers; CONT-High Dose) groups. Performance on pro-saccade (reflexive visual response), anti-saccade (executive inhibition), and memory-guided saccade (MGS, spatial working memory) computer-based laboratory tasks were assessed. Primary saccade measures included latency/reaction time, inhibition error rate (anti-saccade only), and spatial accuracy (MGS only). NON-CONT (n = 20), CONT-Low Dose (n = 17), and CONT-High Dose (n = 7) groups significantly differed on pre-season versus post-season latency on tasks with executive functioning demands (anti-saccade and MGS, p ≤ 0.001). Specifically, NON-CONT and CONT-Low Dose demonstrated shorter (i.e., faster) anti-saccade (1.84% and 2.68%, respectively) and MGS (5.74% and 2.76%, respectively) latencies from pre-season to post-season, whereas CONT-High Dose showed 1.40% average longer anti-saccade, and 0.74% shorter MGS, latencies. NON-CONT and CONT-Low Dose demonstrated reduced (i.e., improved) inhibition error rate on the anti-saccade task at post-season versus pre-season, whereas CONT-High Dose demonstrated relative stability (p = 0.021). The results of this study suggest differential exposure to subconcussive head impacts in collegiate female athletes is associated with differential change in reaction time and inhibitory control performances on executive saccadic oculomotor testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia T Gallagher
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Prianka Murthy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jane Stocks
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Brian Vesci
- Department of Sports Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Danielle Colegrove
- Department of Sports Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Jeffrey Mjaanes
- Department of Sports Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Yufen Chen
- Center for Translational Imaging, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Hans Breiter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Cynthia LaBella
- Division of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Amy A Herrold
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, USA
| | - James L Reilly
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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8
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Quoilin C, Dricot L, Genon S, de Timary P, Duque J. Neural bases of inhibitory control: Combining transcranial magnetic stimulation and magnetic resonance imaging in alcohol-use disorder patients. Neuroimage 2020; 224:117435. [PMID: 33039622 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory control underlies the ability to inhibit inappropriate responses and involves processes that suppress motor excitability. Such motor modulatory effect has been largely described during action preparation but very little is known about the neural circuit responsible for its implementation. Here, we addressed this point by studying the degree to which the extent of preparatory suppression relates to brain morphometry. We investigated this relationship in patients suffering from severe alcohol use disorder (AUD) because this population displays an inconsistent level of preparatory suppression and major structural brain damage, making it a suitable sample to measure such link. To do so, 45 detoxified patients underwent a structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and performed a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) experiment, in which the degree of preparatory suppression was quantified. Besides, behavioral inhibition and trait impulsivity were evaluated in all participants. Overall, whole-brain analyses revealed that a weaker preparatory suppression was associated with a decrease in cortical thickness of a medial prefrontal cluster, encompassing parts of the anterior cingulate cortex and superior-frontal gyrus. In addition, a negative association was observed between the thickness of the supplementary area (SMA)/pre-SMA and behavioral inhibition abilities. Finally, we did not find any significant correlation between preparatory suppression, behavioral inhibition and trait impulsivity, indicating that they represent different facets of inhibitory control. Altogether, the current study provides important insight on the neural regions underlying preparatory suppression and allows highlighting that the excitability of the motor system represents a valuable read-out of upstream cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Quoilin
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Ave Mounier, 53 - Bte B1.53.04, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Laurence Dricot
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Ave Mounier, 53 - Bte B1.53.04, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah Genon
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain and Behavior (INM-7), Jülich Forschungszentrum, Germany
| | - Philippe de Timary
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Ave Mounier, 53 - Bte B1.53.04, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Department of adult psychiatry, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Duque
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Ave Mounier, 53 - Bte B1.53.04, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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9
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Sajad A, Sadeh M, Crawford JD. Spatiotemporal transformations for gaze control. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14533. [PMID: 32812395 PMCID: PMC7435051 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensorimotor transformations require spatiotemporal coordination of signals, that is, through both time and space. For example, the gaze control system employs signals that are time-locked to various sensorimotor events, but the spatial content of these signals is difficult to assess during ordinary gaze shifts. In this review, we describe the various models and methods that have been devised to test this question, and their limitations. We then describe a new method that can (a) simultaneously test between all of these models during natural, head-unrestrained conditions, and (b) track the evolving spatial continuum from target (T) to future gaze coding (G, including errors) through time. We then summarize some applications of this technique, comparing spatiotemporal coding in the primate frontal eye field (FEF) and superior colliculus (SC). The results confirm that these areas preferentially encode eye-centered, effector-independent parameters, and show-for the first time in ordinary gaze shifts-a spatial transformation between visual and motor responses from T to G coding. We introduce a new set of spatial models (T-G continuum) that revealed task-dependent timing of this transformation: progressive during a memory delay between vision and action, and almost immediate without such a delay. We synthesize the results from our studies and supplement it with previous knowledge of anatomy and physiology to propose a conceptual model where cumulative transformation noise is realized as inaccuracies in gaze behavior. We conclude that the spatiotemporal transformation for gaze is both local (observed within and across neurons in a given area) and distributed (with common signals shared across remote but interconnected structures).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirsaman Sajad
- Centre for Vision ResearchYork UniversityTorontoONCanada
- Psychology DepartmentVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Morteza Sadeh
- Centre for Vision ResearchYork UniversityTorontoONCanada
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoILUSA
| | - John Douglas Crawford
- Centre for Vision ResearchYork UniversityTorontoONCanada
- Vision: Science to Applications Program (VISTA)Neuroscience Graduate Diploma ProgramDepartments of Psychology, Biology, Kinesiology & Health SciencesYork UniversityTorontoONCanada
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10
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Kim K, Lee Y, Lee JH. The Effect of Eye-Feedback Training on Orienting Attention in Young Adults With Sluggish Cognitive Tempo. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:184. [PMID: 32256408 PMCID: PMC7090146 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) is a kind of attentional symptoms characterized by symptoms of slowness in behavior or in thinking. The aim of the present study was to develop a preliminary attention training program based on real-time eye-gaze feedback using an eye-tracker. A total of 38 participants with SCT were randomly assigned to one of following two conditions: eye-feedback (N = 19; Mean Age = 21.21; range 18-26) or control (N = 19; Mean Age = 20.68; range 18-25). The participants in the eye-feedback condition received three repeated trainings on the modified version of the Posner's spatial cueing test; we also used real-time constant eye-gaze feedback designed to lead the participants to quickly and accurately engage and to disengage, with pre- and post- measurement of eye-movements (overt attention) and the revised attention network test (ANT-R; covert attention). The participants in the control condition received three repeated same trainings without any feedback, with pre- and post-measurement of eye-movements measure and ANT-R. The results revealed that the eye-feedback group showed a greater improvement in engaging and disengaging attention through the overt attention measure than the control group. The eye-feedback group also showed a greater increase only in the orienting network related to disengaging attention in the covert attention measure compared to the control group. These results suggested that the eye-feedback can be meaningfully used in attention training to enhance the efficiency of attention in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiho Kim
- Department of Psychology of Counseling, Sejong Cyber University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youna Lee
- Department of Image Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jang-Han Lee
- Clinical Neuro-Psychology Lab., Department of Psychology, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
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11
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Guidetti G, Guidetti R, Manfredi M, Manfredi M, Lucchetta A, Livio S. Saccades and driving. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 39:186-196. [PMID: 31131838 PMCID: PMC6536025 DOI: 10.14639/0392-100x-2176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Driving is not only a physical task, but is also a mental task. Visual inputs are indispensable in scanning the road, communicating with other road users and monitoring in-vehicle devices. The probability to detect an object while driving (conspicuity) is very important for assessment of driving effectiveness, and correct choice of information relevant to the safety of driving determines the efficiency of a driver. Accordingly, eye fixation and eye movements are essential for attention and choice in decision making. Saccades are the most used and effective means of maintaining a correct fixation while driving. In order to identify the features of the most predisposed subjects at high driving performances and those of the high-level sportsmen, we used a special tool called Visual Exploration Training System. We evaluated by saccade and attentional tests various groups of ordinary drivers, past professional racing drivers, professional truck drivers and professional athletes. Males have faster reaction time compared to females and an age below 30 seems to guarantee better precision of performance and accuracy in achieving all visual targets. The effect on physical activity and sports is confirmed. The performances of the Ferrari Driver Academy (FDA) selected students who were significantly better than those of a group of aspiring students and amateur racing drivers probably thanks to individual predisposition, training and so-called ‘neural efficiency’.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Guidetti
- Vertigo Center, Poliambulatorio Chirurgico Modenese, Modena, Italy
| | - R Guidetti
- Vertigo Center, Poliambulatorio Chirurgico Modenese, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Marco Manfredi
- Vertigo Center, Poliambulatorio Chirurgico Modenese, Modena, Italy
| | | | - S Livio
- Professional Motor Coach, Modena, Italy
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12
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Aponte EA, Stephan KE, Heinzle J. Switch costs in inhibitory control and voluntary behaviour: A computational study of the antisaccade task. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:3205-3220. [PMID: 31081574 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An integral aspect of human cognition is the ability to inhibit stimulus-driven, habitual responses, in favour of complex, voluntary actions. In addition, humans can also alternate between different tasks. This comes at the cost of degraded performance when compared to repeating the same task, a phenomenon called the "task-switch cost." While task switching and inhibitory control have been studied extensively, the interaction between them has received relatively little attention. Here, we used the SERIA model, a computational model of antisaccade behaviour, to draw a bridge between them. We investigated task switching in two versions of the mixed antisaccade task, in which participants are cued to saccade either in the same or in the opposite direction to a peripheral stimulus. SERIA revealed that stopping a habitual action leads to increased inhibitory control that persists onto the next trial, independently of the upcoming trial type. Moreover, switching between tasks induces slower and less accurate voluntary responses compared to repeat trials. However, this only occurs when participants lack the time to prepare the correct response. Altogether, SERIA demonstrates that there is a reconfiguration cost associated with switching between voluntary actions. In addition, the enhanced inhibition that follows antisaccade but not prosaccade trials explains asymmetric switch costs. In conclusion, SERIA offers a novel model of task switching that unifies previous theoretical accounts by distinguishing between inhibitory control and voluntary action generation and could help explain similar phenomena in paradigms beyond the antisaccade task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo A Aponte
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit (TNU), Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Klaas E Stephan
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit (TNU), Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK.,Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jakob Heinzle
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit (TNU), Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Camacho PB, Carbonari R, Shen S, Zadikoff C, Kramer AF, López-Ortiz C. Voluntary Saccade Training Protocol in Persons With Parkinson's Disease and Healthy Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:77. [PMID: 31024292 PMCID: PMC6459894 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Voluntary saccade function gradually decreases during both the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD) and neurologically healthy adult aging. Voluntary saccades display decreased length and increased saccade latency, duration, and the number of compensatory saccades in aging and PD. Saccades serve as the key eye movement for maintaining salient features of the visual environment on the high visual acuity fovea of the retina. Abnormal saccade behavior has been associated with freezing of gait in PD. We have not identified any studies that have investigated improvement in voluntary saccade function using voluntary saccade training. Objective: We report an experimental protocol that tests a training paradigm following the principle of specificity to improve voluntary saccade velocity and amplitude, while decreasing latency and the number of compensatory saccades. Methods: Persons with PD (n = 22) and persons with no known neurological disorders (n = 22) between the ages of 40 and 65 years will be recruited. In a randomized-block study design, all participants will perform voluntary saccades to targets in eight cardinal and intercardinal directions. In each of the eight sessions during the four-week intervention period, participants will train at three target amplitudes. Participants will perform 40 trials for each amplitude block, consisting of five randomly presented repetitions for each direction. Voluntary and reflexive saccades will be recorded pre- and post-intervention, along with clinical mobility assessment using the Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale. Mobility scores, the amplitude, latency, and duration of the first saccade, and the number of saccades to reach the fixation target will be analyzed using an ANOVA of mixed effects. Discussion: This protocol holds promise as a potential method to improve voluntary saccade function in persons with PD. Should persons with PD not improve on any outcome following the intervention, this lack of response may support the use of saccade assessment as a response biomarker for the diagnosis of PD. Trial Registration: This protocol was retrospectively registered at ISRCTN (ISRCTN.com) since July 25, 2018. The first participant was recruited March 12, 2016. The protocol identifier is 17784042. Descriptive Title: A two-arm, pre/post-protocol to compare the effects of a four-week voluntary saccade training intervention in persons with Parkinson's disease and healthy adults aged forty years or older.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Camacho
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Ronald Carbonari
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Sa Shen
- Center on Health, Aging and Disability, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Cindy Zadikoff
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Arthur F Kramer
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States.,Center for Cognitive and Brain Health, Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Citlali López-Ortiz
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States.,Center on Health, Aging and Disability, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States.,Joffrey Ballet Academy, The Official School of the Joffrey Ballet, Chicago, IL, United States
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14
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Guidetti G, Guidetti R, Sgalla RA. The saccadic training for driving safety. HEARING, BALANCE AND COMMUNICATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/21695717.2018.1540233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Guidetti
- Vertigo Center – Poliambulatorio Chirurgico Modenese, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Antonio Sgalla
- Director for Special Departments of the State Italian Police of Italian Ministry of the Interior, Italy
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15
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Lencer R, Yao L, Reilly JL, Keedy SK, McDowell JE, Keshavan MS, Pearlson GD, Tamminga CA, Gershon ES, Clementz BA, Lui S, Sweeney JA. Alterations in intrinsic fronto-thalamo-parietal connectivity are associated with cognitive control deficits in psychotic disorders. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 40:163-174. [PMID: 30260540 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite a growing number of reports about alterations in intrinsic/resting brain activity observed in patients with psychotic disorders, their relevance to well-established cognitive control deficits in this patient group is not well understood. Totally 88 clinically stabilized patients with a psychotic disorder and 50 healthy controls participated in a resting-state magnetic resonance imaging study (rs-MRI) and performed an antisaccade task in the laboratory to assess voluntary inhibitory control ability. Deficits on this task are a well-established biomarker across psychotic disorders as we found in the present patient sample. First, regional cerebral function was evaluated by measuring the amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (ALFF) in rs-MRI BOLD signals. We found reduced ALFF in patients in regions known to be relevant to antisaccade task performance including bilateral frontal eye fields (FEF), supplementary eye fields (SEF) and thalamus. Second, areas with ALFF alterations were used as seed areas in whole-brain functional connectivity (FC) analysis. Altered FC was observed in a fronto-thalamo-parietal network that was associated with inhibition error rate in patients but not in controls. In contrast, faster time to generate a correct antisaccade was associated with FC in FEF and SEF in controls but this effect was not seen in patients. These findings establish a behavioral relevance of resting-state fMRI findings in psychotic disorders, and extend previous reports of alterations in fronto-thalamo-parietal network activation during antisaccade performance seen in task-based fMRI studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Lencer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, and Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Li Yao
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - James L Reilly
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Sarah K Keedy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | | | - Matcheri S Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deacones Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Godfrey D Pearlson
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale School of Medicine, and Olin Research Center, Institute of Living/Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT
| | - Carol A Tamminga
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Elliot S Gershon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | | | - Su Lui
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - John A Sweeney
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
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16
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Pretegiani E, Piu P, Rosini F, Federighi P, Serchi V, Tumminelli G, Dotti MT, Federico A, Rufa A. Anti-Saccades in Cerebellar Ataxias Reveal a Contribution of the Cerebellum in Executive Functions. Front Neurol 2018; 9:274. [PMID: 29740392 PMCID: PMC5926529 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increasing evidence suggests a cerebellar contribution to modulate cognitive aspects of motor behavior and executive functions. Supporting findings come from studies on patients with neurodegenerative diseases, in which however, given the extent of the disease, the specific role of the cerebellum, could not be clearly isolated. Anti-saccades are considered a sensitive tool to test executive functions. The anti-saccade underlying neural network, consisting of different cortical areas and their downstream connections including the lateral cerebellum, has been largely clarified. To separate the role of the cerebellum with respect to other cortical structures in executive control, we compared the anti-saccade performances in two distinct cohorts of patients with cerebellar disorders (with and without cerebral cortical involvement). METHODS Eye movements during the execution of anti-saccades were recorded in 12 patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (a cortical-subcortical neurodegenerative disease), 10 patients with late onset cerebellar ataxia (an isolated cerebellar atrophy), and 34 matched controls. RESULTS In the anti-saccade task, besides dynamic changes already demonstrated in the pro-saccades of these patients, we found in both groups of cerebellar patients prolonged latency with larger variability than normal and increased directional error rate. Errors, however, were corrected by cerebellar patients as frequently as normal. No significant differences were found in patients with and without cortical involvement. CONCLUSION Our results indicate, in a large cohort of cerebellar patients, that the cerebellum plays a critical role in the regulation of executive motor control not only, as well known, by controlling the end of a movement, but also modulating its initiation and reducing reflexive responses that would perturb voluntary actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pretegiani
- Eye-Tracking and Visual Application Laboratory (EVALab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Pietro Piu
- Eye-Tracking and Visual Application Laboratory (EVALab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Rosini
- Eye-Tracking and Visual Application Laboratory (EVALab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Neurological and Neurometabolic Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Pamela Federighi
- Eye-Tracking and Visual Application Laboratory (EVALab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Department of Business and Law, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Valeria Serchi
- Eye-Tracking and Visual Application Laboratory (EVALab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Gemma Tumminelli
- Eye-Tracking and Visual Application Laboratory (EVALab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Neurological and Neurometabolic Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Dotti
- Neurological and Neurometabolic Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Antonio Federico
- Neurological and Neurometabolic Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Rufa
- Eye-Tracking and Visual Application Laboratory (EVALab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Neurological and Neurometabolic Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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17
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Clough M, Mutimer S, Wright DK, Tsang A, Costello DM, Gardner AJ, Stanwell P, Mychasiuk R, Sun M, Brady RD, McDonald SJ, Webster KM, Johnstone MR, Semple BD, Agoston DV, White OB, Frayne R, Fielding J, O'Brien TJ, Shultz SR. Oculomotor Cognitive Control Abnormalities in Australian Rules Football Players with a History of Concussion. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:730-738. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan Clough
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steven Mutimer
- The Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David K. Wright
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adrian Tsang
- The Department of Radiology, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Seaman Family MR Research Center, Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniel M. Costello
- The Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Gardner
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter Stanwell
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- The Department of Psychology, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mujun Sun
- The Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rhys D. Brady
- The Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart J. McDonald
- Physiology, Anatomy & Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kyria M. Webster
- The Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maddison R. Johnstone
- Physiology, Anatomy & Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bridgette D. Semple
- The Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Denes V. Agoston
- Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Owen B. White
- The Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard Frayne
- The Department of Radiology, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Seaman Family MR Research Center, Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joanne Fielding
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terence J. O'Brien
- The Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sandy R. Shultz
- The Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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18
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Papadopoulos A, Sforazzini F, Egan G, Jamadar S. Functional subdivisions within the human intraparietal sulcus are involved in visuospatial transformation in a non-context-dependent manner. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 39:354-368. [PMID: 29058355 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Object-based visuospatial transformation is important for the ability to interact with the world and the people and objects within it. In this preliminary investigation, we hypothesized that object-based visuospatial transformation is a unitary process invoked regardless of current context and is localized to the intraparietal sulcus. Participants (n = 14) performed both antisaccade and mental rotation tasks while scanned using fMRI. A statistical conjunction confirmed that both tasks activated the intraparietal sulcus. Statistical parametric anatomical mapping determined that the statistical conjunction was localized to intraparietal sulcus subregions hIP2 and hIP3. A Gaussian naïve Bayes classifier confirmed that the conjunction in region hIP3 was indistinguishable between tasks. The results provide evidence that object-based visuospatial transformation is a domain-general process that is invoked regardless of current context. Our results are consistent with the modular model of the posterior parietal cortex and the distinct cytoarchitectonic, structural, and functional connectivity profiles of the subregions in the intraparietal sulcus. Hum Brain Mapp 39:354-368, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Papadopoulos
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia.,Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Francesco Sforazzini
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Gary Egan
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia.,Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Australia
| | - Sharna Jamadar
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia.,Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Australia
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19
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Pierce JE, McDowell JE. Reduced Cognitive Control Demands after Practice of Saccade Tasks in a Trial Type Probability Manipulation. J Cogn Neurosci 2017; 29:368-381. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Cognitive control is engaged to facilitate stimulus–response mappings for novel, complex tasks and supervise performance in unfamiliar, challenging contexts—processes supported by pFC, ACC, and posterior parietal cortex. With repeated task practice, however, the appropriate task set can be selected in a more automatic fashion with less need for top–down cognitive control and weaker activation in these brain regions. One model system for investigating cognitive control is the ocular motor circuitry underlying saccade production, with basic prosaccade trials (look toward a stimulus) and complex antisaccade trials (look to the mirror image location) representing low and high levels of cognitive control, respectively. Previous studies have shown behavioral improvements on saccade tasks after practice with contradictory results regarding the direction of functional MRI BOLD signal change. The current study presented healthy young adults with prosaccade and antisaccade trials in five mixed blocks with varying probability of each trial type (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% anti vs. pro) at baseline and posttest MRI sessions. Between the scans, participants practiced either the specific probability blocks used during testing or only a general 100% antisaccade block. Results indicated an overall reduction in BOLD activation within pFC, ACC, and posterior parietal cortex and across saccade circuitry for antisaccade trials. The specific practice group showed additional regions including ACC, insula, and thalamus with an activation decrease after practice, whereas the general practice group showed a little change from baseline in those clusters. These findings demonstrate that cognitive control regions recruited to support novel task behaviors were engaged less after practice, especially with exposure to mixed task contexts rather than a novel task in isolation.
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20
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Brain structure and intragenic DNA methylation are correlated, and predict executive dysfunction in fragile X premutation females. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e984. [PMID: 27959330 PMCID: PMC5290342 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation of the Fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) exon 1/intron 1 boundary has been associated with executive dysfunction in female carriers of a FMR1 premutation (PM: 55-199 CGG repeats), whereas neuroanatomical changes have been associated with executive dysfunction in PM males. To our knowledge, this study for the first time examined the inter-relationships between executive function, neuroanatomical structure and molecular measures (DNA methylation and FMR1 mRNA levels in blood) in PM and control (<44 CGG repeats) females. In the PM group, FMR1 intron 1 methylation was positively associated with executive function and cortical thickness in middle and superior frontal gyri, and left inferior parietal gyrus. By contrast, in the control group, FMR1 intron 1 methylation was negatively associated with cortical thickness of the left middle frontal gyrus and superior frontal gyri. No significant associations were revealed for either group between FMR1 mRNA and neuroanatomical structure or executive function. In the PM group, the lack of any significant association between FMR1 mRNA levels and phenotypic measures found in this study suggests that either FMR1 expression is not well conserved between tissues, or that FMR1 intron 1 methylation is linked to neuroanatomical and cognitive phenotype in PM females via a different mechanism.
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21
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Jamadar SD, Egan GF, Calhoun VD, Johnson B, Fielding J. Intrinsic Connectivity Provides the Baseline Framework for Variability in Motor Performance: A Multivariate Fusion Analysis of Low- and High-Frequency Resting-State Oscillations and Antisaccade Performance. Brain Connect 2016; 6:505-17. [PMID: 27117091 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2015.0411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic brain activity provides the functional framework for the brain's full repertoire of behavioral responses; that is, a common mechanism underlies intrinsic and extrinsic neural activity, with extrinsic activity building upon the underlying baseline intrinsic activity. The generation of a motor movement in response to sensory stimulation is one of the most fundamental functions of the central nervous system. Since saccadic eye movements are among our most stereotyped motor responses, we hypothesized that individual variability in the ability to inhibit a prepotent saccade and make a voluntary antisaccade would be related to individual variability in intrinsic connectivity. Twenty-three individuals completed the antisaccade task and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A multivariate analysis of covariance identified relationships between fMRI oscillations (0.01-0.2 Hz) of resting-state networks determined using high-dimensional independent component analysis and antisaccade performance (latency, error rate). Significant multivariate relationships between antisaccade latency and directional error rate were obtained in independent components across the entire brain. Some of the relationships were obtained in components that overlapped substantially with the task; however, many were obtained in components that showed little overlap with the task. The current results demonstrate that even in the absence of a task, spectral power in regions showing little overlap with task activity predicts an individual's performance on a saccade task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharna D Jamadar
- 1 Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University , Melbourne, Australia .,2 Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University , Melbourne, Australia .,3 Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gary F Egan
- 1 Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University , Melbourne, Australia .,2 Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University , Melbourne, Australia .,3 Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- 4 The Mind Research Network , Albuquerque, New Mexico.,5 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Beth Johnson
- 2 Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joanne Fielding
- 2 Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University , Melbourne, Australia .,6 Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Australia
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