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Wang Y, Wu Y, Luo L, Li F. Structural and functional alterations in the brains of patients with anisometropic and strabismic amblyopia: a systematic review of magnetic resonance imaging studies. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:2348-2356. [PMID: 37282452 PMCID: PMC10360096 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.371349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Amblyopia is the most common cause of vision loss in children and can persist into adulthood in the absence of effective intervention. Previous clinical and neuroimaging studies have suggested that the neural mechanisms underlying strabismic amblyopia and anisometropic amblyopia may be different. Therefore, we performed a systematic review of magnetic resonance imaging studies investigating brain alterations in patients with these two subtypes of amblyopia; this study is registered with PROSPERO (registration ID: CRD42022349191). We searched three online databases (PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science) from inception to April 1, 2022; 39 studies with 633 patients (324 patients with anisometropic amblyopia and 309 patients with strabismic amblyopia) and 580 healthy controls met the inclusion criteria (e.g., case-control designed, peer-reviewed articles) and were included in this review. These studies highlighted that both strabismic amblyopia and anisometropic amblyopia patients showed reduced activation and distorted topological cortical activated maps in the striate and extrastriate cortices during task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging with spatial-frequency stimulus and retinotopic representations, respectively; these may have arisen from abnormal visual experiences. Compensations for amblyopia that are reflected in enhanced spontaneous brain function have been reported in the early visual cortices in the resting state, as well as reduced functional connectivity in the dorsal pathway and structural connections in the ventral pathway in both anisometropic amblyopia and strabismic amblyopia patients. The shared dysfunction of anisometropic amblyopia and strabismic amblyopia patients, relative to controls, is also characterized by reduced spontaneous brain activity in the oculomotor cortex, mainly involving the frontal and parietal eye fields and the cerebellum; this may underlie the neural mechanisms of fixation instability and anomalous saccades in amblyopia. With regards to specific alterations of the two forms of amblyopia, anisometropic amblyopia patients suffer more microstructural impairments in the precortical pathway than strabismic amblyopia patients, as reflected by diffusion tensor imaging, and more significant dysfunction and structural loss in the ventral pathway. Strabismic amblyopia patients experience more attenuation of activation in the extrastriate cortex than in the striate cortex when compared to anisometropic amblyopia patients. Finally, brain structural magnetic resonance imaging alterations tend to be lateralized in the adult anisometropic amblyopia patients, and the patterns of brain alterations are more limited in amblyopic adults than in children. In conclusion, magnetic resonance imaging studies provide important insights into the brain alterations underlying the pathophysiology of amblyopia and demonstrate common and specific alterations in anisometropic amblyopia and strabismic amblyopia patients; these alterations may improve our understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying amblyopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Wang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ye Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Laboratory of Optometry and Vision Sciences, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lekai Luo
- Department of Radiology, West China Second Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Fei Li
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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Argilés M, Gispets J, Lupón N, Sunyer-Grau B, Rovira-Gay C, Pérez-Ternero M, Berta-Cabañas M. Impact of strabismus and binocular dysfunctions in the developmental eye movement test and test of visual perception skills: A multicentric and retrospective study. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2023; 16:277-283. [PMID: 37142504 PMCID: PMC10518761 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the performance in the Developmental Eye Movement test (DEM) and the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills (TVPS) between three groups: individuals with strabismus and amblyopia, patients with binocular and accommodative dysfunctions, and subjects with normal binocular and accommodative function. METHODS A multicentric, retrospective study including 110 children aged 6-14 years old was conducted to investigate the potential impact of strabismus, amblyopia, and different binocular conditions in DEM results (adjusted time in vertical and horizontal parts) and TVPS (percentiles in the seven sub-skills). RESULTS No significant differences were found in the different subtests of the vertical and horizontal DEM and all the sub-skills in the TVPS between the three groups of the study. We found high variability of performance in the DEM test between participants with strabismus and amblyopia compared with binocular and accommodative problems. CONCLUSION DEM and TVPS scores have not been found to be influenced by the presence of strabismus with or without amblyopia, nor by binocular and accommodative dysfunctions. A slightly correlation tendency with horizontal DEM and degree of exotropia deviation was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Argilés
- Department of Optics and Optometry, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Terrassa E08222, Spain; Centre for Sensors, Instruments and Systems Development, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Terrassa E08222, Spain.
| | - Joan Gispets
- Department of Optics and Optometry, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Terrassa E08222, Spain
| | - Núria Lupón
- Department of Optics and Optometry, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Terrassa E08222, Spain
| | - Bernat Sunyer-Grau
- Department of Optics and Optometry, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Terrassa E08222, Spain
| | - Cristina Rovira-Gay
- Department of Optics and Optometry, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Terrassa E08222, Spain; Centre for Sensors, Instruments and Systems Development, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Terrassa E08222, Spain
| | - Marta Pérez-Ternero
- Department of Optics and Optometry, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Terrassa E08222, Spain
| | - Marina Berta-Cabañas
- Department of Optics and Optometry, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Terrassa E08222, Spain
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Xi S, Zhou Y, Yao J, Ye X, Zhang P, Wen W, Zhao C. Cortical Deficits are Correlated with Impaired Stereopsis in Patients with Strabismus. Neurosci Bull 2022:10.1007/s12264-022-00987-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00987-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIn this study, we explored the neural mechanism underlying impaired stereopsis and possible functional plasticity after strabismus surgery. We enrolled 18 stereo-deficient patients with intermittent exotropia before and after surgery, along with 18 healthy controls. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected when participants viewed three-dimensional stimuli. Compared with controls, preoperative patients showed hypoactivation in higher-level dorsal (visual and parietal) areas and ventral visual areas. Pre- and postoperative activation did not significantly differ in patients overall; patients with improved stereopsis showed stronger postoperative activation than preoperative activation in the right V3A and left intraparietal sulcus. Worse stereopsis and fusional control were correlated with preoperative hypoactivation, suggesting that cortical deficits along the two streams might reflect impaired stereopsis in intermittent exotropia. The correlation between improved stereopsis and activation in the right V3A after surgery indicates that functional plasticity may underlie the improvement of stereopsis. Thus, additional postoperative strategies are needed to promote functional plasticity and enhance the recovery of stereopsis.
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Argilés M, Sunyer-Grau B, Arteche-Fernandez S, Peña-Gómez C. Functional connectivity of brain networks with three monochromatic wavelengths: a pilot study using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16197. [PMID: 36171254 PMCID: PMC9519584 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20668-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to certain monochromatic wavelengths can affect non-visual brain regions. Growing research indicates that exposure to light can have a positive impact on health-related problems such as spring asthenia, circadian rhythm disruption, and even bipolar disorders and Alzheimer’s. However, the extent and location of changes in brain areas caused by exposure to monochromatic light remain largely unknown. This pilot study (N = 7) using resting-state functional magnetic resonance shows light-dependent functional connectivity patterns on brain networks. We demonstrated that 1 min of blue, green, or red light exposure modifies the functional connectivity (FC) of a broad range of visual and non-visual brain regions. Largely, we observed: (i) a global decrease in FC in all the networks but the salience network after blue light exposure, (ii) a global increase in FC after green light exposure, particularly noticeable in the left hemisphere, and (iii) a decrease in FC on attentional networks coupled with a FC increase in the default mode network after red light exposure. Each one of the FC patterns appears to be best arranged to perform better on tasks associated with specific cognitive domains. Results can be relevant for future research on the impact of light stimulation on brain function and in a variety of health disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Argilés
- School of Optics and Optometry, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Terrassa, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Bernat Sunyer-Grau
- School of Optics and Optometry, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Terrassa, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sílvia Arteche-Fernandez
- School of Optics and Optometry, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Terrassa, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cleofé Peña-Gómez
- BarcelonaBeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Chow A, Nallour Raveendran R, Erkelens I, Babu R, Thompson B. Increased saccadic latency in Amblyopia: Oculomotor and attentional factors. Vision Res 2022; 197:108059. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2022.108059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Wang H, Liang M, Crewther SG, Yin Z, Wang J, Crewther DP, Yu T. Functional Deficits and Structural Changes Associated With the Visual Attention Network During Resting State in Adult Strabismic and Anisometropic Amblyopes. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:862703. [PMID: 35664341 PMCID: PMC9157425 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.862703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study has shown impaired blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD)/functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activation of the visual attention network in strabismic amblyopia (SA). However, there has been no comparison of resting state fMRI activation and functional connectivity (FC) in brain regions of interest (ROIs) along the visual attention network including visual cortex (V1), intraparietal sulcus (IPS), and frontal eye fields (FEFs) during closed eye resting across the SA (n = 20, 13LE), or anisometropic amblyopes (AA) (n = 20, 13LE) groups. Hence, we compared, gray matter volume (GMV), amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (ALFFs), regional homogeneity (ReHo), and FC in the left and right hemisphere ROIs of the visual attention network in SA, AA, and healthy controls (HCs) (n = 21). Correlation analyses of corrected visual acuity (cVA) of amblyopic eye and MRI results were also performed and showed that the LogMAR cVA of the amblyopic eye positively correlated with right zALFF and zReHo FEF of SA and right IPS of AA only. GMV of both left and right hemisphere V1 areas was significantly greater but ALFF was significantly lower for SA compared to AA and HC groups. zALFF and zReHo analyses in the AA and SA groups indicated significantly higher activation than that in the HC group in the right FEF and IPS but lower than that in the HC group in the left FEF, and only the SA group showed lower activation in both V1 areas than the HC group. FC values of the right FEF–left V1, right FEF–right V1, and right FEF–right IPS pathways in the SA and AA groups were also significantly higher than those in the HC group whereas all other FC values were non-significant. Thus, this study indicates that even during resting-state the visual attention network function is impaired in SA and AA participants with only right hemisphere FEF showing significant activation in SA and IPS in AA suggesting that the slower saccade activation times characteristic of amblyopic eyes lead to the dominant eye controlling activation of the visual attention network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Minglong Liang
- Department of Radiology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Radiology, Aviation Medical Evaluation and Training Center of Airforce in Hangzhou, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheila G. Crewther
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Sheila G. Crewther,
| | - Zhengqin Yin
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Radiology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - David P. Crewther
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tao Yu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
- Tao Yu,
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Chow A, Quan Y, Chui C, Itier RJ, Thompson B. Orienting of covert attention by neutral and emotional gaze cues appears to be unaffected by mild to moderate amblyopia. J Vis 2021; 21:5. [PMID: 34623398 PMCID: PMC8504194 DOI: 10.1167/jov.21.11.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Amblyopia is a developmental disorder of vision associated with higher-order visual attention deficits. We explored whether amblyopia affects the orienting of covert spatial attention by measuring the magnitude of the gaze cueing effect from emotional faces. Gaze and emotion cues are key components of social attention. Participants with normal vision (n = 30), anisometropic (n = 7) or strabismic/mixed (n = 5) amblyopia performed a cued peripheral target detection task under monocular and binocular viewing conditions. The cue consisted of a centrally presented face with left or right gaze (50% validity to target location) and a fearful, happy, or neutral expression. The magnitude of spatial cueing was computed as the reaction time difference between congruent and incongruent trials for each expression. Fearful facial expressions oriented spatial attention significantly more than happy or neutral expressions. The magnitude of the gaze cueing effect in our cohort of mild-to-moderate amblyopia was comparable to that in normal vision and was not correlated with the severity of amblyopia. There were no statistical group or amblyopia subtype differences for reaction time in any viewing condition. These results place constraints on the range of attentional mechanisms affected by amblyopia and possibly suggest normal covert processing of emotional face stimuli in mild and moderate amblyopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Chow
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Yiwei Quan
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Celine Chui
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Roxane J Itier
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Benjamin Thompson
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research, 17W Science Park, Hong Kong
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Reduced evoked activity and cortical oscillations are correlated with anisometric amblyopia and impairment of visual acuity. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8310. [PMID: 33859272 PMCID: PMC8050307 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87545-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Amblyopia is a developmental disorder associated with abnormal visual experience during early childhood commonly arising from strabismus and/or anisometropia and leading to dysfunctions in visual cortex and to various visual deficits. The different forms of neuronal activity that are attenuated in amblyopia have been only partially characterized. In electrophysiological recordings of healthy human brain, the presentation of visual stimuli is associated with event-related activity and oscillatory responses. It has remained poorly understood whether these forms of activity are reduced in amblyopia and whether possible dysfunctions would arise from lower- or higher-order visual areas. We recorded neuronal activity with magnetoencephalography (MEG) from anisometropic amblyopic patients and control participants during two visual tasks presented separately for each eye and estimated neuronal activity from source-reconstructed MEG data. We investigated whether event-related and oscillatory responses would be reduced for amblyopia and localized their cortical sources. Oscillation amplitudes and evoked responses were reduced for stimuli presented to the amblyopic eye in higher-order visual areas and in parietal and prefrontal cortices. Importantly, the reduction of oscillation amplitudes but not that of evoked responses was correlated with decreased visual acuity in amblyopia. These results show that attenuated oscillatory responses are correlated with visual deficits in anisometric amblyopia.
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Efficacy of Perceptual Learning-Based Vision Training as an Adjuvant to Occlusion Therapy in the Management of Amblyopia: A Pilot Study. Vision (Basel) 2021; 5:vision5010015. [PMID: 33807038 PMCID: PMC8006050 DOI: 10.3390/vision5010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A retrospective study was conducted to evaluate preliminarily the efficacy of perceptual learning (PL) visual training in medium-term follow-up with a specific software (Amblyopia iNET, Home Therapy Systems Inc., Gold Canyon, AZ, USA) for visual acuity (VA) and contrast sensitivity (CS) recovering in a sample of 14 moderate to severe amblyopic subjects with a previously unsuccessful outcome or failure with patching (PL Group). This efficacy was compared with that achieved in a patching control group (13 subjects, Patching 2). At one-month follow-up, a significant VA improvement in the amblyopic eye (AE) was observed in both groups, with no significant differences between them. Additionally, CS was measured in PL Group and exhibited a significant improvement in the AE one month after the beginning of treatment for 3, 6, 12, and 18 cycles/º (p = 0.003). Both groups showed long-lasting retention of visual improvements. A combined therapy of PL-based visual training and patching seems to be effective for improving VA in children with amblyopia who did not recover vision with patching alone or had a poor patching compliance. This preliminary outcome should be confirmed in future clinical trials.
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Quantitative assessment of visual pathway function in blind retinitis pigmentosa patients. Clin Neurophysiol 2021; 132:392-403. [PMID: 33450562 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2020.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current methods used to assess visual function in blind retinitis pigmentosa (RP) patients are mostly subjective. We aimed to identify effective, objective methods. METHODS We enrolled patients diagnosed with blindness associated with RP; we finally selected 26 patients (51 eyes) with a visual field radius less than 10 degrees and divided them into the following 4 groups by best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA): group 1, no light perception (NLP, 4 eyes); group 2, light perception (LP, 12 eyes); group 3, hand movement or finger counting (faint form perception, FFP, 22 eyes); and group 4, BCVA from 0.1 to 0.8 (form perception, FP, 13 eyes). All patients underwent optometry, optical coherence tomography (OCT), color fundus photography, fundus autofluorescence (FAF), full field electroretinography (ffERG), pattern electroretinography (PERG), multifocal electroretinography (mf-ERG), pattern visual evoked potential (PVEP), flash visual evoked potential (FVEP), and pupillary light response (PLR) assessments. Five patients in groups 1, 2, and 3 (1, 2, and 2 subjects, respectively) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans and were compared with five healthy subjects. RESULTS The outer plexiform layer was thinner in group 1, and the outer nuclear layer was thinner in groups 1 and 2. The ffERG, PERG, and mf-ERG findings were unrecordable in all four groups. The P2 amplitude of the FVEP was significantly lower in groups 1 and 2, while the P100 amplitude of the PVEP was higher in groups 2, 3 and 4 than in group 1. After white- and blue-light stimuli, the PLR thresholds in the patients without form perception were significantly higher. The threshold of the PLR stimulated by blue and white light was negatively correlated with the amplitudes of P2 and P100. Moreover, the fMRI findings showed that some RP patients have significant visual cortex activation in response to certain types of stimulation. However, statistical analysis was not performed because of the small number of cases. CONCLUSIONS OCT, VEP, PLR and fMRI assessments can evaluate residual visual pathway function in blind RP patients. SIGNIFICANCE Our study may have clinical significance for the potential prediction of RP patient prognoses and the effects after clinical trials.
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Kirkels LAMH, Dorman R, Wezel RJAV. Perceptual Coupling Based on Depth and Motion Cues in Stereovision-Impaired Subjects. Perception 2020; 49:1101-1114. [PMID: 32903161 PMCID: PMC7605051 DOI: 10.1177/0301006620952058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
When an object is partially occluded, the different parts of the object
have to be perceptually coupled. Cues that can be used for perceptual
coupling are, for instance, depth ordering and visual motion
information. In subjects with impaired stereovision, the brain is less
able to use stereoscopic depth cues, making them more reliant on other
cues. Therefore, our hypothesis is that stereovision-impaired subjects
have stronger motion coupling than stereoscopic subjects. We compared
perceptual coupling in 8 stereoscopic and 10 stereovision-impaired
subjects, using random moving dot patterns that defined an ambiguous
rotating cylinder and a coaxially presented nonambiguous half
cylinder. Our results show that, whereas stereoscopic subjects exhibit
significant coupling in the far plane, stereovision-impaired subjects
show no coupling and under our conditions also no stronger motion
coupling than stereoscopic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens A M H Kirkels
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Biophysisc, Radboud University, The Netherlands
| | - Reinder Dorman
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard J A van Wezel
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Biophysisc, Radboud University, The Netherlands.,TechMed Centre, Department of Biomedical Signals and Systems, University of Twente, The Netherlands
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Active Vision Therapy for Anisometropic Amblyopia in Children: A Systematic Review. J Ophthalmol 2020; 2020:4282316. [PMID: 32733699 PMCID: PMC7376429 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4282316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of the study was evaluation of the scientific evidence about the efficacy of vision therapy in children and teenagers with anisometropic amblyopia by performing a systematic literature review. Methods A search was performed using 3 searching strategies in 4 different databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and PruQuest). The quality of the included articles was evaluated using two tools for the risk of bias assessment, ROBINS-I for nonrandomized studies of intervention (NRSI), and ROB 2.0 for randomized clinical trials. Results The search showed 1274 references, but only 8 of them passed the inclusion criteria after the complete text review. The articles that were finally included comprised 2 randomized control trials and 6 nonrandomized studies of intervention. These articles provided evidence supporting the efficacy of vision therapy for the treatment of anisometropic amblyopia in children and teenagers. Assessment of the risk of bias showed an appropriate risk of bias for the randomized control trials, but a high risk of bias for nonrandomized studies of intervention (NRSI). A main source of risk of bias for NRSI was the domain related to the measurements of the outcomes, due to a lack of double-blind studies. Conclusion Vision therapy is a promising option for the treatment of anisometropic amblyopia in children and teenagers. However, the level of scientific evidence provided by the studies revised is still limited, and further randomized clinical trials are necessary to confirm the results provided to date and to optimize the vision therapy techniques by knowing the specific neural mechanisms involved.
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Lu Z, Huang Y, Lu Q, Feng L, Nguchu BA, Wang Y, Wang H, Li G, Zhou Y, Qiu B, Zhou J, Wang X. Abnormal intra-network architecture in extra-striate cortices in amblyopia: a resting state fMRI study. EYE AND VISION 2019; 6:20. [PMID: 31334295 PMCID: PMC6615160 DOI: 10.1186/s40662-019-0145-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Amblyopia (lazy eye) is one of the most common causes of monocular visual impairment. Intensive investigation has shown that amblyopes suffer from a range of deficits not only in the primary visual cortex but also the extra-striate visual cortex. However, amblyopic brain processing deficits in large-scale information networks especially in the visual network remain unclear. Methods Through resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI), we studied the functional connectivity and efficiency of the brain visual processing networks in 18 anisometropic amblyopic patients and 18 healthy controls (HCs). Results We found a loss of functional correlation within the higher visual network (HVN) and the visuospatial network (VSN) in amblyopes. Additionally, compared with HCs, amblyopic patients exhibited disruptions in local efficiency in the V3v (third visual cortex, ventral part) and V4 (fourth visual cortex) of the HVN, as well as in the PFt, hIP3 (human intraparietal area 3), and BA7p (Brodmann area 7 posterior) of the VSN. No significant alterations were found in the primary visual network (PVN). Conclusion Our results indicate that amblyopia results in an intrinsic decrease of both network functional correlations and local efficiencies in the extra-striate visual networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Lu
- 1Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027 People's Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Huang
- 2Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027 People's Republic of China.,3CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027 People's Republic of China.,4Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110136 People's Republic of China
| | - Qilin Lu
- 2Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027 People's Republic of China.,3CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027 People's Republic of China
| | - Lixia Feng
- 5Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Benedictor Alexander Nguchu
- 1Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027 People's Republic of China
| | - Yanming Wang
- 1Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027 People's Republic of China
| | - Huijuan Wang
- 1Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027 People's Republic of China
| | - Geng Li
- Asia Pediatric Ophthalmologist Association, Rm 2006, CC Wu Bldg., 302-308 Hennessy Rd., Wanchai, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifeng Zhou
- 2Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027 People's Republic of China.,3CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027 People's Republic of China
| | - Bensheng Qiu
- 1Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- 7School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325003 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- 1Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027 People's Republic of China.,2Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027 People's Republic of China.,3CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027 People's Republic of China
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14
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Shao Y, Li QH, Li B, Lin Q, Su T, Shi WQ, Zhu PW, Yuan Q, Shu YQ, He Y, Liu WF, Ye L. Altered brain activity in patients with strabismus and amblyopia detected by analysis of regional homogeneity: A resting‑state functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:4832-4840. [PMID: 31059016 PMCID: PMC6522834 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that strabismus or amblyopia can result in marked brain function and anatomical alterations. However, differences in spontaneous brain activity in strabismus and amblyopia (SA) patients as compared with control individuals remain unclear. The present study aimed to analyze the potential brain activity changes in SA patients and their association with behavioral performance. In total, 16 patients with SA (10 women and 6 men) and 16 healthy controls (HCs; 6 men and 10 women) with matched age and sex were recruited. All subjects were examined with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI), and changes in the spontaneous brain activity of SA patients were evaluated by the regional homogeneity (ReHo) method. The diagnostic ability of the ReHo method was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. In addition, the association between the mean ReHo value in different brain regions and the behavioral performance was explored by correlation analysis. It was observed that the ReHo value was significantly increased in SA patients compared with HCs in the following brain regions: left lingual gyrus, right middle occipital gyrus/precuneus, bilateral anterior cingulate, left middle occipital gyrus and bilateral precentral gyrus. By contrast, the ReHo value of the left inferior frontal gyrus was significantly lower than that in HCs. ROC curve analysis indicated that the ReHo method has certain credibility for the diagnosis of SA patients. In addition, no similar changes were detected in other brain regions. These results revealed abnormal spontaneous brain activity in certain parts of the brain in adult patients with SA, which suggests the involvement of the neuropathological or compensatory mechanism in these patients, and may be beneficial for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Ocular Disease Clinical Research Center, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Hai Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Ocular Disease Clinical Research Center, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Biao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Ocular Disease Clinical Research Center, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Qi Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Ocular Disease Clinical Research Center, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Ting Su
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Qing Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Ocular Disease Clinical Research Center, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Pei-Wen Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Ocular Disease Clinical Research Center, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Qing Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Ocular Disease Clinical Research Center, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Qiang Shu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Medical Imaging Research Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Ying He
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Ocular Disease Clinical Research Center, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Feng Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Ocular Disease Clinical Research Center, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Lei Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Ocular Disease Clinical Research Center, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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15
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Lu L, Li Q, Zhang L, Tang S, Yang X, Liu L, Sweeney JA, Gong Q, Huang X. Altered cortical morphology of visual cortex in adults with monocular amblyopia. J Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 50:1405-1412. [PMID: 30854758 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.26708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neural mechanism of amblyopia and its impact on the adult brain remain unclear. This hinders effective treatment for adults with this disease. PURPOSE To investigate neuroanatomical differences in cortical morphometry between amblyopic adults and healthy controls, and to explore the structural covariance of abnormal morphometric changes. STUDY TYPE Prospective. POPULATION Twenty-one amblyopic adults and 34 healthy controls. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 3T MRI, T1 -weighted, MPRAGE sequence. ASSESSMENT All participants completed ophthalmologic exams to confirm the diagnosis of amblyopia or its absence in the healthy controls, including tests of ocular motility and dilation, fundus exam, autorefraction and synoptophore tests. Cortical volume, thickness, and surface area measurements were obtained using FreeSurfer software. STATISTICAL TESTS Statistical differences of MRI measures between amblyopic adults and healthy controls were identified using a general linear model with intracranial volume and age as covariates. Monte Carlo simulations were used to correct for multiple comparisons. The structural covariance of abnormal morphometric changes and the relationship between morphometric abnormalities and visual acuity of the amblyopic eye were examined. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, amblyopic adults showed reduced cortical volume in left lateral occipital cortex, and decreased cortical thickness in bilateral inferior temporal gyrus and left precentral gyrus (P < 0.05; Monte Carlo corrected). Structural covariance between cortical volume of left lateral occipital cortex and cortical thickness of right inferior temporal gyrus in amblyopic adults was significantly less than in healthy controls (z = 1.73; P < 0.05). DATA CONCLUSION Our study identified morphological abnormalities in occipital cortex and in temporal and frontal cortex which are projection fields of visual cortex important for processing of visual form and object location information, and disrupted structural covariance of visual cortex with other brain regions in amblyopic patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 3 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:1405-1412.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lianqing Zhang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shi Tang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xubo Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Longqian Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - John A Sweeney
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoqi Huang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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16
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Thompson B, Maehara G, Goddard E, Farivar R, Mansouri B, Hess RF. Long-Range Interocular Suppression in Adults with Strabismic Amblyopia: A Pilot fMRI Study. Vision (Basel) 2019; 3:vision3010002. [PMID: 31735803 PMCID: PMC6802762 DOI: 10.3390/vision3010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interocular suppression plays an important role in the visual deficits experienced by individuals with amblyopia. Most neurophysiological and functional MRI studies of suppression in amblyopia have used dichoptic stimuli that overlap within the visual field. However, suppression of the amblyopic eye also occurs when the dichoptic stimuli do not overlap, a phenomenon we refer to as long-range suppression. We used functional MRI to test the hypothesis that long-range suppression reduces neural activity in V1, V2 and V3 in adults with amblyopia, indicative of an early, active inhibition mechanism. Five adults with amblyopia and five controls viewed monocular and dichoptic quadrant stimuli during fMRI. Three of five participants with amblyopia experienced complete perceptual suppression of the quadrants presented to their amblyopic eye under dichoptic viewing. The blood oxygen level dependant (BOLD) responses within retinotopic regions corresponding to amblyopic and fellow eye stimuli were analyzed for response magnitude, time to peak, effective connectivity and stimulus classification. Dichoptic viewing slightly reduced the BOLD response magnitude in amblyopic eye retinotopic regions in V1 and reduced the time to peak response; however, the same effects were also present in the non-dominant eye of controls. Effective connectivity was unaffected by suppression, and the results of a classification analysis did not differ significantly between the control and amblyopia groups. Overall, we did not observe a neural signature of long-range amblyopic eye suppression in V1, V2 or V3 using functional MRI in this initial study. This type of suppression may involve higher level processing areas within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Thompson
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- McGill Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3S5, Canada
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-519-888-4567 (39398)
| | - Goro Maehara
- Department of Human Sciences, Kanagawa University, Yokohama 221-8686, Japan
| | - Erin Goddard
- McGill Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3S5, Canada
| | - Reza Farivar
- McGill Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3S5, Canada
| | - Behzad Mansouri
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Robert F. Hess
- McGill Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3S5, Canada
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17
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Chow A, Giaschi D, Thompson B. Dichoptic Attentive Motion Tracking is Biased Toward the Nonamblyopic Eye in Strabismic Amblyopia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 59:4572-4580. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Chow
- Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deborah Giaschi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Benjamin Thompson
- Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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18
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Alexander B, Laycock R, Crewther DP, Crewther SG. An fMRI-Neuronavigated Chronometric TMS Investigation of V5 and Intraparietal Cortex in Motion Driven Attention. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 11:638. [PMID: 29354043 PMCID: PMC5758491 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The timing of networked brain activity subserving motion driven attention in humans is currently unclear. Functional MRI (fMRI)-neuronavigated chronometric transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to investigate critical times of parietal cortex involvement in motion driven attention. In particular, we were interested in the relative critical times for two intraparietal sulcus (IPS) sites in comparison to that previously identified for motion processing in area V5, and to explore potential earlier times of involvement. fMRI was used to individually localize V5 and middle and posterior intraparietal sulcus (mIPS; pIPS) areas active for a motion driven attention task, prior to TMS neuronavigation. Paired-pulse TMS was applied during performance of the same task at stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) ranging from 0 to 180 ms. There were no statistically significant decreases in performance accuracy for trials where TMS was applied to V5 at any SOA, though stimulation intensity was lower for this site than for the parietal sites. For TMS applied to mIPS, there was a trend toward a relative decrease in performance accuracy at the 150 ms SOA, as well as a relative increase at 180 ms. There was no statistically significant effect overall of TMS applied to pIPS, however, there appeared a potential trend toward a decrease in performance at the 0 ms SOA. Overall, these results provide some patterns of potential theoretical interest to follow up in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Alexander
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Robin Laycock
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.,School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David P Crewther
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
| | - Sheila G Crewther
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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