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Liu X, Li F, Song W. Impact of cognition on test-retest reliability and concurrent validity of n-back for Chinese stroke patients. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2024; 31:1270-1278. [PMID: 36152340 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2022.2121211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was the measurement of the test-retest reliability of n-back in Chinese stroke patients. METHODS Seventy-five sub-acute stroke patients performed n-back twice in three days. The test-retest reliability of n-back was analyzed by correlation coefficient. RESULTS The n-back had excellent test-retest reliability in stroke patients. Pearson or Spearman coefficients ranged from 0.81 to 0.88. The intra-class correlation coefficients ranged from 0.72 to 0.87. The Chinese version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Basic (MoCA-BC) score was significantly correlated with the performance of n-back. MoCA-BC and n-back accuracy were significantly related in the Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) group (r = 0.60 in 1-back, p = .002; r = 0.43 in 2-back, p = .040). However, MoCA-BC was correlated with reaction time (RT) in the Cognitively Normal (CN) group (r = -0.44 in 1-back, p = .003; r = -0.36 in 2-back, p = .018). The test-retest reliability of CN group was mostly higher than that of MCI group RT: 0.71-0.76 in MCI, 0.80-0.88 in CN; accuracy: 0.80-0.85 in MCI, 0.75-0.86 in CN). The practice effect was observed in the CN group instead of the MCI group. CONCLUSIONS This study indicated that the test-retest reliability of n-back was high in stroke patients. N-back was correlated with cognition. It was preferable to conduct subgroup analyses according to the level of cognitive assessment of patients with stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhen Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiqun Song
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Yamashita M, Shou Q, Mizuno Y. Unsupervised machine learning for identifying attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subtypes based on cognitive function and their implications for brain structure. Psychol Med 2024:1-13. [PMID: 39324400 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291724002368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Structural anomalies in the frontal lobe and basal ganglia have been reported in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, these findings have been not always consistent because of ADHD diversity. This study aimed to identify ADHD subtypes based on cognitive function and find their distinct brain structural characteristics. METHODS Using the data of 656 children with ADHD from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, we applied unsupervised machine learning to identify ADHD subtypes using the National Institutes of Health Toolbox Tasks. Moreover, we compared the regional brain volumes between each ADHD subtype and 6601 children without ADHD (non-ADHD). RESULTS Hierarchical cluster analysis automatically classified ADHD into three distinct subtypes: ADHD-A (n = 212, characterized by high-order cognitive ability), ADHD-B (n = 190, characterized by low cognitive control, processing speed, and episodic memory), and ADHD-C (n = 254, characterized by strikingly low cognitive control, working memory, episodic memory, and language ability). Structural analyses revealed that the ADHD-C type had significantly smaller volumes of the left inferior temporal gyrus and right lateral orbitofrontal cortex than the non-ADHD group, and the right lateral orbitofrontal cortex volume was positively correlated with language performance in the ADHD-C type. However, the volumes of the ADHD-A and ADHD-B types were not significantly different from those of the non-ADHD group. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate the presence of anomalies in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex associated with language deficits in the ADHD-C type. Subtype specificity may explain previous inconsistencies in brain structural anomalies reported in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Yamashita
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Qiulu Shou
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Mizuno
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychological Medicine, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
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Huang Z, Li L, Lu Y, Meng J, Wu X. Effects of rope skipping exercise on working memory and cardiorespiratory fitness in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1381403. [PMID: 38846914 PMCID: PMC11153777 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1381403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) exhibit deficits in working memory (WM) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), both of which are closely associated with the core symptoms of ADHD. This study aimed to investigate the effects of rope skipping exercise (RSE) on the WM and CRF of children with ADHD, to provide a theoretical foundation for the optimization of exercise intervention programs tailored to children with ADHD. Methods This study recruited 55 children (age range 6-12 years) and randomly assigned them into three groups: the ADHD with RSE (AWRSE, n=22, mean age: 10.18 ± 1.10 years), the ADHD with sports game (SG) (AWSG, n=16, mean age: 9.38 ± 0.96 years), and the typically developing (TD) control group (CG, n=17, mean age: 8.94 ± 0.56 years). The AWRSE underwent a RSE intervention, while the other two groups participated in SG. The exercise intervention lasted for 8 weeks, with sessions held twice a week for 60 minutes each, at a moderate-to-vigorous-intensity (64-95% HRmax). All children in each group underwent pre-test and post-test, including height, weight, BMI, n-back, and 20mSRT. One-way analysis of variance (Ony-way ANOVA) and paired sample t-test were used to analyze inter- and intra-group differences respectively. Results Before the intervention, children with ADHD exhibited a significantly lower VO2max compared to the TD children (p<0.05), and there was no significant difference in the other indicators between the groups (p>0.05). After the intervention, no significant inter-group differences were found across all indices for the three groups of children (p > 0.05). The AWRSE had significant improvements in the accuracy of 1-back task, Pacer (laps), and VO2max (p<0.05), with the level of CRF approaching that of TD children. A significant decrease in response time for the 1-back task was observed in the CG. Conclusion An 8-week RSE intervention is an effective therapeutic approach for children with ADHD, significantly enhancing their WM and CRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyun Huang
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Li
- School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijuan Lu
- Shanghai Shiguang School, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Meng
- School of Sports and Health, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Xueping Wu
- School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Guo J, Wan X, Lian J, Ma H, Dong D, Liu Y, Zhao J. Electrophysiological Characteristics of Inhibitive Control for Adults with Different Physiological or Psychological Obesity. Nutrients 2024; 16:1252. [PMID: 38732499 PMCID: PMC11085209 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Individuals exhibiting high scores on the fatness subscale of the negative-physical-self scale (NPSS-F) are characterized by heightened preoccupation with body fat accompanied by negative body image perceptions, often leading to excessive dieting behaviors. This demographic constitutes a considerable segment of the populace in China, even among those who are not obese. Nonetheless, scant empirical inquiries have delved into the behavioral and neurophysiological profiles of individuals possessing a healthy body mass index (BMI) alongside elevated NPSS-F scores. This study employed an experimental paradigm integrating go/no-go and one-back tasks to assess inhibitory control and working memory capacities concerning food-related stimuli across three adult cohorts: those with normal weight and low NPSS-F scores, those with normal weight and high NPSS-F scores, and individuals classified as obese. Experimental stimuli comprised high- and low-caloric-food pictures with concurrent electroencephalogram (EEG) and photoplethysmogram (PPG) recordings. Individuals characterized by high NPSS-F scores and normal weight exhibited distinctive electrophysiological responses compared to the other two cohorts, evident in event-related potential (ERP) components, theta and alpha band oscillations, and heart rate variability (HRV) patterns. In essence, the findings underscore alterations in electrophysiological reactivity among individuals possessing high NPSS-F scores and a healthy BMI in the context of food-related stimuli, underscoring the necessity for increased attention to this demographic alongside individuals affected by obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Guo
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.G.); (X.W.); (J.L.); (H.M.); (D.D.)
| | - Xiaofang Wan
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.G.); (X.W.); (J.L.); (H.M.); (D.D.)
| | - Junwei Lian
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.G.); (X.W.); (J.L.); (H.M.); (D.D.)
| | - Hanqing Ma
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.G.); (X.W.); (J.L.); (H.M.); (D.D.)
| | - Debo Dong
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.G.); (X.W.); (J.L.); (H.M.); (D.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.G.); (X.W.); (J.L.); (H.M.); (D.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jia Zhao
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.G.); (X.W.); (J.L.); (H.M.); (D.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Le Cunff AL, Dommett E, Giampietro V. Neurophysiological measures and correlates of cognitive load in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and dyslexia: A scoping review and research recommendations. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:256-282. [PMID: 38109476 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Working memory is integral to a range of critical cognitive functions such as reasoning and decision-making. Although alterations in working memory have been observed in neurodivergent populations, there has been no review mapping how cognitive load is measured in common neurodevelopmental conditions such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and dyslexia. This scoping review explores the neurophysiological measures used to study cognitive load in these specific populations. Our findings highlight that electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are the most frequently used methods, with a limited number of studies employing functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRs), magnetoencephalography (MEG) or eye-tracking. Notably, eye-related measures are less commonly used, despite their prominence in cognitive load research among neurotypical individuals. The review also highlights potential correlates of cognitive load, such as neural oscillations in the theta and alpha ranges for EEG studies, blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) responses in lateral and medial frontal brain regions for fMRI and fNIRS studies and eye-related measures such as pupil dilation and blink rate. Finally, critical issues for future studies are discussed, including the technical challenges associated with multimodal approaches, the possible impact of atypical features on cognitive load measures and balancing data richness with participant well-being. These insights contribute to a more nuanced understanding of cognitive load measurement in neurodivergent populations and point to important methodological considerations for future neuroscientific research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Le Cunff
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Eleanor Dommett
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Vincent Giampietro
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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He Y, Guo Z, Wang X, Sun K, Lin X, Wang X, Li F, Guo Y, Feng T, Zhang J, Li C, Tian W, Liu X, Wu S. Effects of Audiovisual Interactions on Working Memory Task Performance—Interference or Facilitation. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12070886. [PMID: 35884692 PMCID: PMC9313432 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12070886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The combined n-back + Go/NoGo paradigm was used to investigate whether audiovisual interactions interfere with or facilitate WM. (2) Methods: College students were randomly assigned to perform the working memory task based on either a single (visual or auditory) or dual (audiovisual) stimulus. Reaction times, accuracy, and WM performance were compared across the two groups to investigate effects of audiovisual interactions. (3) Results: With low cognitive load (2-back), auditory stimuli had no effect on visual working memory, whereas visual stimuli had a small effect on auditory working memory. With high cognitive load (3-back), auditory stimuli interfered (large effect size) with visual WM, and visual stimuli interfered (medium effect size) with auditory WM. (4) Conclusions: Audiovisual effects on WM follow the resource competition theory, and the cognitive load of a visual stimulus is dominated by competition; vision always interferes with audition, and audition conditionally interferes with vision. With increased visual cognitive load, competitive effects of audiovisual interactions were more obvious than those with auditory stimuli. Compared with visual stimuli, audiovisual stimuli showed significant interference only when visual cognitive load was high. With low visual cognitive load, the two stimulus components neither facilitated nor interfered with the other in accordance with a speed–accuracy trade-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang He
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zhihua Guo
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xinlu Wang
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Kewei Sun
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xinxin Lin
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xiuchao Wang
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Fengzhan Li
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yaning Guo
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Tingwei Feng
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Junpeng Zhang
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Congchong Li
- School of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
| | - Wenqing Tian
- School of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
| | - Xufeng Liu
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Shengjun Wu
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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The Influence of Lactobacillus paracasei HII01 Supplementation on Performance in Attention (Go/No-Go) Tasks and Quinolinic Acid and 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid Levels in Thai Children—A Preliminary Study. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12115658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive development is defined as the capacity of a child to think, reason, and use language, which are all vital to their overall growth. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder. Though several factors are associated with the incidence of ADHD, gut microbiota and gut homeostasis play critical roles in it. Gut dysbiosis and altered gut homeostasis are linked to several physical and psychological complications that affect gut–brain communication (the gut–brain axis). Probiotics, live microorganisms that confer a health benefit to the host when administered in adequate amounts, are considered therapeutic supplements that can be used to manage mental and cognitive disorders. Intervention with probiotics can improve the gut microbial ecosystem and the gut–brain axis, thereby improving cognitive function. We hypothesized that the supplementation of Lactobacillus paracasei HII01 might reduce the risk of the development of neuropsychiatric disorders; thus, we evaluated the efficacy of L. paracasei HII01 on the attention state of healthy children and the changes in representative neuroinflammatory markers. Ten healthy Thai children were supplemented with 109 CFU of L. paracasei HII01 for 12 weeks. Go/no-go tasks were undertaken to assess changes in attention state. Alterations in brain waves were measured by electroencephalographic (EEG)/event-related potential (ERP) recordings. The levels of quinolinic acid (QA, a metabolite of tryptophan) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA, a metabolite of serotonin) were determined in the urine at baseline and after 12 weeks of probiotic intervention. The levels of QA and 5-HIAA significantly decreased and increased, respectively. The QA/5-HIAA ratio also decreased significantly. Go/No-go tasks revealed that the percentages of go accuracy and go error increased and decreased significantly, respectively. EEG/ERP recordings showed that theta, alpha, and beta waves were substantially altered at the 12th week of study compared to baseline values. The results suggested that L. paracasei HII01 might improve the gut microbiota and oscillate the brain function, which sustained the attention state of the subjects. These preliminary findings require further detailed study to confirm the role of L. paracasei HII01 in the improvement in the attention of healthy children.
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