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Heng JG, Zhang J, Bonetti L, Lim WPH, Vuust P, Agres K, Chen SHA. Understanding music and aging through the lens of Bayesian inference. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 163:105768. [PMID: 38908730 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Bayesian inference has recently gained momentum in explaining music perception and aging. A fundamental mechanism underlying Bayesian inference is the notion of prediction. This framework could explain how predictions pertaining to musical (melodic, rhythmic, harmonic) structures engender action, emotion, and learning, expanding related concepts of music research, such as musical expectancies, groove, pleasure, and tension. Moreover, a Bayesian perspective of music perception may shed new insights on the beneficial effects of music in aging. Aging could be framed as an optimization process of Bayesian inference. As predictive inferences refine over time, the reliance on consolidated priors increases, while the updating of prior models through Bayesian inference attenuates. This may affect the ability of older adults to estimate uncertainties in their environment, limiting their cognitive and behavioral repertoire. With Bayesian inference as an overarching framework, this review synthesizes the literature on predictive inferences in music and aging, and details how music could be a promising tool in preventive and rehabilitative interventions for older adults through the lens of Bayesian inference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Gladys Heng
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - Jiayi Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Centre for Research and Development in Learning, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Leonardo Bonetti
- Center for Music in the Brain, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University & The Royal Academy of Music, Aarhus, Aalborg, Denmark; Centre for Eudaimonia and Human Flourishing, Linacre College, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Peter Vuust
- Center for Music in the Brain, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University & The Royal Academy of Music, Aarhus, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kat Agres
- Centre for Music and Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Yong Siew Toh Conservatory of Music, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shen-Hsing Annabel Chen
- School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Centre for Research and Development in Learning, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
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2
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Dong C, Thalamuthu A, Jiang J, Mather KA, Sachdev PS, Wen W. Brain structural covariances in the ageing brain in the UK Biobank. Brain Struct Funct 2024; 229:1165-1177. [PMID: 38625555 PMCID: PMC11147885 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-024-02794-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The morphologic properties of brain regions co-vary or correlate with each other. Here we investigated the structural covariances of cortical thickness and subcortical volumes in the ageing brain, along with their associations with age and cognition, using cross-sectional data from the UK Biobank (N = 42,075, aged 45-83 years, 53% female). As the structural covariance should be estimated in a group of participants, all participants were divided into 84 non-overlapping, equal-sized age groups ranging from the youngest to the oldest. We examined 84 cortical thickness covariances and subcortical covariances. Our findings include: (1) there were significant differences in the variability of structural covariance in the ageing process, including an increased variance, and a decreased entropy. (2) significant enrichment in pairwise correlations between brain regions within the occipital lobe was observed in all age groups; (3) structural covariance in older age, especially after the age of around 64, was significantly different from that in the youngest group (median age 48 years); (4) sixty-two of the total 528 pairs of cortical thickness correlations and 10 of the total 21 pairs of subcortical volume correlations showed significant associations with age. These trends varied, with some correlations strengthening, some weakening, and some reversing in direction with advancing age. Additionally, as ageing was associated with cognitive decline, most of the correlations with cognition displayed an opposite trend compared to age associated patterns of correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Dong
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Anbupalam Thalamuthu
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jiyang Jiang
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Karen A Mather
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
- Neuropsychiatric Institute (NPI), Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
- Neuropsychiatric Institute (NPI), Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia
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3
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Golestani AM. Editorial for "Associations of Brain Entropy Estimated by Resting State fMRI With Physiological Indices, Body Mass Index, and Cognition". J Magn Reson Imaging 2024; 59:1708-1709. [PMID: 37667467 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ali M Golestani
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Xin X, Yu J, Gao X. The brain entropy dynamics in resting state. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1352409. [PMID: 38595975 PMCID: PMC11002175 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1352409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
As a novel measure for irregularity and complexity of the spontaneous fluctuations of brain activities, brain entropy (BEN) has attracted much attention in resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) studies during the last decade. Previous studies have shown its associations with cognitive and mental functions. While most previous research assumes BEN is approximately stationary during scan sessions, the brain, even at its resting state, is a highly dynamic system. Such dynamics could be characterized by a series of reoccurring whole-brain patterns related to cognitive and mental processes. The present study aims to explore the time-varying feature of BEN and its potential links with general cognitive ability. We adopted a sliding window approach to derive the dynamical brain entropy (dBEN) of the whole-brain functional networks from the HCP (Human Connectome Project) rs-fMRI dataset that includes 812 young healthy adults. The dBEN was further clustered into 4 reoccurring BEN states by the k-means clustering method. The fraction window (FW) and mean dwell time (MDT) of one BEN state, characterized by the extremely low overall BEN, were found to be negatively correlated with general cognitive abilities (i.e., cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, and processing speed). Another BEN state, characterized by intermediate overall BEN and low within-state BEN located in DMN, ECN, and part of SAN, its FW, and MDT were positively correlated with the above cognitive abilities. The results of our study advance our understanding of the underlying mechanism of BEN dynamics and provide a potential framework for future investigations in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Xin
- Center for Psychological Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Preschool College, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
| | - Jiaqian Yu
- Center for Psychological Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqing Gao
- Center for Psychological Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Zhang Z, Chan MY, Han L, Carreno CA, Winter-Nelson E, Wig GS. Dissociable Effects of Alzheimer's Disease-Related Cognitive Dysfunction and Aging on Functional Brain Network Segregation. J Neurosci 2023; 43:7879-7892. [PMID: 37714710 PMCID: PMC10648516 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0579-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with changes in large-scale functional brain network organization. Individuals with AD exhibit less segregated resting-state brain networks compared with individuals without dementia. However, declines in brain network segregation are also evident as adult individuals grow older. Determining whether these observations reflect unique or overlapping alterations on the functional connectome of the brain is essential for understanding the impact of AD on network organization and incorporating measures of functional brain network organization toward AD characterization. Relationships between AD dementia severity and participant's age on resting-state brain system segregation were examined in 326 cognitively healthy and 275 cognitively impaired human individuals recruited through the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) (N = 601; age range, 55-96 years; 320 females). Greater dementia severity and increasing age were independently associated with lower brain system segregation. Further, dementia versus age relationships with brain network organization varied according to the processing roles of brain systems and types of network interactions. Aging was associated with alterations to association systems, primarily among within-system relationships. Conversely, dementia severity was associated with alterations that included both association systems and sensory-motor systems and was most prominent among cross-system interactions. Dementia-related network alterations were evident regardless of the presence of cortical amyloid burden, revealing that the measures of functional network organization are unique from this marker of AD-related pathology. Collectively, these observations demonstrate the specific and widespread alterations in the topological organization of large-scale brain networks that accompany AD and highlight functionally dissociable brain network vulnerabilities associated with AD-related cognitive dysfunction versus aging.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Alzheimer's disease (AD)-associated cognitive dysfunction is hypothesized to be a consequence of brain network damage. It is unclear exactly how brain network alterations vary with dementia severity and whether they are distinct from alterations associated with aging. We evaluated functional brain network organization measured at rest among individuals who varied in age and dementia status. AD and aging exerted dissociable impacts on the brain's functional connectome. AD-associated brain network alterations were widespread and involved systems that subserve not only higher-order cognitive operations, but also sensory and motor operations. Notably, AD-related network alterations were independent of amyloid pathology. The research furthers our understanding of AD-related brain dysfunction and motivates refining existing frameworks of dementia characterization with measures of functional network organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Zhang
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75235
| | - Micaela Y Chan
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75235
| | - Liang Han
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75235
| | - Claudia A Carreno
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75235
| | - Ezra Winter-Nelson
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75235
| | - Gagan S Wig
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75235
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
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Trofimova I. Anticipatory attractors, functional neurochemistry and "Throw & Catch" mechanisms as illustrations of constructivism. Rev Neurosci 2023; 34:737-762. [PMID: 36584323 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2022-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This review explores several rarely discussed examples illustrating constructivism principles, generative and selective features of neuronal regulation of behaviour. First, the review highlights Walter Freeman's experiments and mathematical analysis that uncovered the existence of anticipatory attractors, i.e. non-random dynamical patterns in neurodynamics. Since Freeman's work did not extend to neurochemistry, this paper then points to the proposed earlier neurochemical framework summarizing the managerial roles of monoaminergic, cholinergic and opioid receptor systems likely contributing to anticipatory attractors in line with functional constructivism. As a third example, neurochemistry's evidence points to the "Throw & Catch" (T&C) principle in neurodynamics. This principle refers to the pro-active, neurochemically expensive, massive but topical increase of potentials ("Throw") within electrodynamics and neurotransmission in the brain whenever there is an uncertainty in selection of degrees of freedom (DFs). The T&C also underlines the relay-like processes during the selection of DFs. The "Throw" works as an internally generated "flashlight" that, contrarily to the expectations of entropy reduction, increases entropy and variance observed in processes related to orientation and action-formation. The discussed examples highlight the deficiency of structures-oriented projects and excitation-inhibition concepts in neuroscience. The neural regulation of behaviour appears to be a fluid, constructive process, constantly upgrading the choice of behavioural DFs, to ensure the compatibility between the environmental and individual's individuals' needs and capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Trofimova
- Laboratory of Collective Intelligence, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 2T6, ON, Canada
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Di Francesco G, Cieri F, Esposito R, Sciarra P, Ballarini V, Di Ianni M, Santarone S. Fatigue as Mediator Factor in PTSD-Symptoms after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12082756. [PMID: 37109093 PMCID: PMC10144210 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12082756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) is a valid treatment for hematological oncological or metabolic diseases. Despite its therapeutic efficacy, it is an aggressive treatment that impacts negatively on quality of life (QoL) and may result in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms. The aim of this study is to explore rates and risk factors for PTSD symptoms, and fatigue in post-HSCT patients with hematological malignancies. METHODS A total of 123 patients after HSCT were evaluated for PTSD symptoms, QoL and fatigue. PTSD symptoms were assessed with the Impact of Event Scale- Revised (IES-R), QoL was measured with Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Bone Marrow Transplant (FACT-BMT) and fatigue symptoms were assessed with Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-F). RESULTS A total of 58.54% of the sample developed PTSD symptoms after transplant. Patients with PTSD symptoms reported significantly lower QoL total scores and significantly higher fatigue than those without PTSD symptoms (p < 0.001). The SEM analysis showed that worse QoL and fatigue affected PTSD symptomatology along different pathways. Fatigue was found as a major influencing factor of PTSD symptoms directly (β = 0.31 **), while QoL only through the mediation of fatigue at a lesser extent. (β = 0.33 *). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that QoL is a concurrent causative factor to the development of PTSD symptomatology through the mediating role of fatigue. Innovative interventions before transplantation to prevent PTSD symptoms should be investigated to improve survival and QoL in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Di Francesco
- Hematology Unit, Department of Oncology-Hematology, Pescara Hospital, 65100 Pescara, Italy
| | - Filippo Cieri
- Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
| | - Roberto Esposito
- Clinica Diagnostica Titano (Bianalisi), 47891 Falciano, San Marino
- Azienda Sanitaria Territoriale (AST1), 61121 Pesaro, Italy
| | - Pierpaola Sciarra
- Hematology Unit, Department of Oncology-Hematology, Pescara Hospital, 65100 Pescara, Italy
| | - Valeria Ballarini
- Hematology Unit, Department of Oncology-Hematology, Pescara Hospital, 65100 Pescara, Italy
| | - Mauro Di Ianni
- Hematology Unit, Department of Oncology-Hematology, Pescara Hospital, 65100 Pescara, Italy
| | - Stella Santarone
- Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Department of Oncology-Hematology, Pescara Hospital, 65100 Pescara, Italy
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Cieri F, Cera N, Ritter A, Cordes D, Caldwell JZK. Olfaction and Anxiety Are Differently Associated in Men and Women in Cognitive Physiological and Pathological Aging. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12062338. [PMID: 36983338 PMCID: PMC10054317 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12062338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Olfaction impairment in aging is associated with increased anxiety. We explored this association in cognitively healthy controls (HCs), Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. Both olfaction and anxiety have sex differences, therefore we also investigated these variances. Objectives: Investigate the association of olfaction with anxiety in three distinct clinical categories of aging, exploring the potential role of sex. Methods: 117 subjects (29 HCs, 43 MCI, and 45 PD patients) were assessed for olfaction and anxiety. We used regression models to determine whether B-SIT predicted anxiety and whether sex impacted that relationship. Results: Lower olfaction was related to greater anxiety traits in all groups (HCs: p = 0.015; MCI: p = 0.001 and PD: p = 0.038), significantly differed by sex. In fact, in HCs, for every unit increase in B-SIT, anxiety traits decreased by 7.63 in men (p = 0.009) and 1.5 in women (p = 0.225). In MCI patients for every unit increase in B-SIT, anxiety traits decreased by 1.19 in men (p = 0.048) and 3.03 in women (p = 0.0036). Finally, in PD patients for every unit increase in B-SIT, anxiety traits decreased by 1.73 in men (p = 0.004) and 0.41 in women (p = 0.3632). Discussion: Olfaction and anxiety are correlated in all three distinct diagnostic categories, but differently in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Cieri
- Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Nicoletta Cera
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- CIBIT—Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Aaron Ritter
- Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
| | - Dietmar Cordes
- Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
- Department of Brain Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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Ruffini G, Damiani G, Lozano-Soldevilla D, Deco N, Rosas FE, Kiani NA, Ponce-Alvarez A, Kringelbach ML, Carhart-Harris R, Deco G. LSD-induced increase of Ising temperature and algorithmic complexity of brain dynamics. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1010811. [PMID: 36735751 PMCID: PMC9943020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A topic of growing interest in computational neuroscience is the discovery of fundamental principles underlying global dynamics and the self-organization of the brain. In particular, the notion that the brain operates near criticality has gained considerable support, and recent work has shown that the dynamics of different brain states may be modeled by pairwise maximum entropy Ising models at various distances from a phase transition, i.e., from criticality. Here we aim to characterize two brain states (psychedelics-induced and placebo) as captured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), with features derived from the Ising spin model formalism (system temperature, critical point, susceptibility) and from algorithmic complexity. We hypothesized, along the lines of the entropic brain hypothesis, that psychedelics drive brain dynamics into a more disordered state at a higher Ising temperature and increased complexity. We analyze resting state blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI data collected in an earlier study from fifteen subjects in a control condition (placebo) and during ingestion of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Working with the automated anatomical labeling (AAL) brain parcellation, we first create "archetype" Ising models representative of the entire dataset (global) and of the data in each condition. Remarkably, we find that such archetypes exhibit a strong correlation with an average structural connectome template obtained from dMRI (r = 0.6). We compare the archetypes from the two conditions and find that the Ising connectivity in the LSD condition is lower than in the placebo one, especially in homotopic links (interhemispheric connectivity), reflecting a significant decrease of homotopic functional connectivity in the LSD condition. The global archetype is then personalized for each individual and condition by adjusting the system temperature. The resulting temperatures are all near but above the critical point of the model in the paramagnetic (disordered) phase. The individualized Ising temperatures are higher in the LSD condition than in the placebo condition (p = 9 × 10-5). Next, we estimate the Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) complexity of the binarized BOLD data and the synthetic data generated with the individualized model using the Metropolis algorithm for each participant and condition. The LZW complexity computed from experimental data reveals a weak statistical relationship with condition (p = 0.04 one-tailed Wilcoxon test) and none with Ising temperature (r(13) = 0.13, p = 0.65), presumably because of the limited length of the BOLD time series. Similarly, we explore complexity using the block decomposition method (BDM), a more advanced method for estimating algorithmic complexity. The BDM complexity of the experimental data displays a significant correlation with Ising temperature (r(13) = 0.56, p = 0.03) and a weak but significant correlation with condition (p = 0.04, one-tailed Wilcoxon test). This study suggests that the effects of LSD increase the complexity of brain dynamics by loosening interhemispheric connectivity-especially homotopic links. In agreement with earlier work using the Ising formalism with BOLD data, we find the brain state in the placebo condition is already above the critical point, with LSD resulting in a shift further away from criticality into a more disordered state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Ruffini
- Neuroelectrics Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Starlab Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | | | - Fernando E. Rosas
- Department of Informatics, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
- Centre For Psychedelic Research (Department of Brain Science), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Complexity Science, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Eudaimonia and Human Flourishing, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Narsis A. Kiani
- Algorithmic Dynamics Lab, Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinksa Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Oncology and Pathology Department, Karolinksa Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adrián Ponce-Alvarez
- Computational Neuroscience Group, Center for Brain and Cognition (Department of Information and Communication Technologies), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Morten L. Kringelbach
- Centre for Eudaimonia and Human Flourishing, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Center for Music in the Brain, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Robin Carhart-Harris
- Centre For Psychedelic Research (Department of Brain Science), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Psychedelics Division - Neuroscape, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Gustavo Deco
- The Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Ashleigh T, Swerdlow RH, Beal MF. The role of mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:333-342. [PMID: 35522844 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
To promote new thinking of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), we examine the central role of mitochondrial dysfunction in AD. Pathologically, AD is characterized by progressive neuronal loss and biochemical abnormalities including mitochondrial dysfunction. Conventional thinking has dictated that AD is driven by amyloid beta pathology, per the Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis. However, the underlying mechanism of how amyloid beta leads to cognitive decline remains unclear. A model correctly identifying the pathogenesis of AD is critical and needed for the development of effective therapeutics. Mitochondrial dysfunction is closely linked to the core pathological feature of AD: neuronal dysfunction. Targeting mitochondria and associated proteins may hold promise for new strategies for the development of disease-modifying therapies. According to the Mitochondrial Cascade Hypothesis, mitochondrial dysfunction drives the pathogenesis of AD, as baseline mitochondrial function and mitochondrial change rates influence the progression of cognitive decline. HIGHLIGHTS: The Amyloid Cascade Model does not readily account for various parameters associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). A unified model correctly identifying the pathogenesis of AD is greatly needed to inform the development of successful therapeutics. Mitochondria play a key and central role in the maintenance of optimal neuronal and synaptic function, the core pathological feature of AD. Mitochondrial dysfunction may be the primary cause of AD, and is a promising target for new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theophania Ashleigh
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Russell H Swerdlow
- The University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, Kansas, USA
| | - M Flint Beal
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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11
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Trofimova I. Analytic Background in the Neuroscience of the Potential Project "Hippocrates". Brain Sci 2022; 13:brainsci13010039. [PMID: 36672021 PMCID: PMC9856329 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews the principles identified in analytic neuroscience that could be used in the setup of an international project, "Hippocrates" (H-project), named after the author of the endocrine theory of temperaments. The H-project can aim to summarize the findings in functional neurochemistry of consistent behavioural patterns (CBPs) in health (such as temperament traits) and psychopathology (symptoms of psychiatric disorders); to have systematically structured neurochemical investigations; to have an analysis of CBPs that include all ranges of behavioural histories and to have these modules complemented by regional contrasts related to climate, diets and other bio-environmental factors. The review highlights the benefits of constructivism and illustrates the contrast between constructivism and current approaches in terms of analytic and methodological aspects. (1) "Where" the neurochemical biomarkers should be measured: the review expands the range of needed measurements to out-of-brain systems, including environmental factors, and explores the concept of Specialized Extended Phenotype. (2) "What" should be measured but is missing: the review points to the need for measurement of the "Throw & Catch" neurochemical relays; behavioural and neuronal events contributing to the consistency of the CBPs but not documented in measurements. (3) Structuring the H-project's setup: the paper briefly describes a proposed earlier neurochemical framework, Functional Ensemble of Temperament that that accommodates the neurochemical continuum between temperament and symptoms of psychiatric disorders. This framework is in line with documented "Throw & Catch" neurochemical relays and can also be used to organize data about the personal and professional history of an individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Trofimova
- Laboratory of Collective Intelligence, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 92 Bowman St, Hamilton, ON L8S 2T6, Canada
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Cera N, Monteiro J, Esposito R, Di Francesco G, Cordes D, Caldwell JZK, Cieri F. Neural correlates of psychodynamic and non-psychodynamic therapies in different clinical populations through fMRI: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:1029256. [PMID: 36644207 PMCID: PMC9832372 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.1029256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the ongoing crisis in psychiatric and psychological care, contributing to what we have identified as a new psychological and psychiatric pandemic. Psychotherapy is an effective method for easing the psychological suffering experienced also by the various impacts of COVID-19. This treatment can be examined from a neurological perspective, through the application of brain imaging techniques. Specifically, the meta-analysis of imaging studies can aid in expanding researchers' understanding of the many beneficial applications of psychotherapy. Objectives We examined the functional brain changes accompanying different mental disorders with functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), through a meta-analysis, and systematic review in order to better understand the general neural mechanism involved in psychotherapy and the potential neural difference between psychodynamic and non-psychodynamic approaches. Data sources The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were employed for our systematic review and meta-analysis. We conducted a computer-based literature search, following the Population, Intervention, Comparison and Outcomes (PICO) approach, to retrieve all published articles in English regarding the above-described topics from PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, and Web of Science. Study eligibility criteria participants and interventions We combined terms related to psychotherapy and fMRI: ("psychotherapy" [All Fields] OR "psychotherapy" [MeSH Terms] OR "psychotherapy" [All Fields] OR "psychotherapies" [All Fields] OR "psychotherapy s" [All Fields]) AND ("magnetic resonance imaging" [MeSH Terms]) OR ("magnetic"[All Fields] AND "resonance"[All Fields] AND "imaging"[All Fields]) OR ("magnetic resonance imaging"[All Fields] OR "fmri"[All Fields]). We considered (1) whole brain fMRI studies; (2) studies in which participants have been involved in a clinical trial with psychotherapy sessions, with pre/post fMRI; (3) fMRI results presented in coordinate-based (x, y, and z) in MNI or Talairach space; (4) presence of neuropsychiatric patients. The exclusion criteria were: (1) systematic review or meta-analysis; (2) behavioral study; (3) single-case MRI or fMRI study; and (4) other imaging techniques (i.e., PET, SPECT) or EEG. Results After duplicates removal and assessment of the content of each published study, we included 38 sources. The map including all studies that assessed longitudinal differences in brain activity showed two homogeneous clusters in the left inferior frontal gyrus, and caudally involving the anterior insular cortex (p < 0.0001, corr.). Similarly, studies that assessed psychotherapy-related longitudinal changes using emotional or cognitive tasks (TASK map) showed a left-sided homogeneity in the anterior insula (p < 0.000) extending to Broca's area of the inferior frontal gyrus (p < 0.0001) and the superior frontal gyrus (p < 0.0001). Studies that applied psychodynamic psychotherapy showed Family-Wise Error (FWE) cluster-corrected (p < 0.05) homogeneity values in the right superior and inferior frontal gyri, with a small cluster in the putamen. No FWE-corrected homogeneity foci were observed for Mindful- based and cognitive behavioral therapy psychotherapy. In both pre- and post-therapy results, studies showed two bilateral clusters in the dorsal anterior insulae (p = 0.00001 and p = 0.00003, respectively) and involvement of the medial superior frontal gyrus (p = 0.0002). Limitations Subjective experiences, such as an individual's response to therapy, are intrinsically challenging to quantify as objective, factual realities. Brain changes observed both pre- and post-therapy could be related to other factors, not necessary to the specific treatment received. Therapeutic modalities and study designs are generally heterogeneous. Differences exist in sample characteristics, such as the specificity of the disorder and number and duration of sessions. Moreover, the sample size is relatively small, particularly due to the paucity of studies in this field and the little contribution of PDT. Conclusions and implications of key findings All psychological interventions seem to influence the brain from a functional point of view, showing their efficacy from a neurological perspective. Frontal, prefrontal regions, insular cortex, superior and inferior frontal gyrus, and putamen seem involved in these neural changes, with the psychodynamic more linked to the latter three regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Cera
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- CIBIT-Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jessica Monteiro
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Roberto Esposito
- Department of Radiology, Area Vasta 1/ASUR Marche, Pesaro, Italy
| | | | - Dietmar Cordes
- Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, United States
- Department of Brain Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, United States
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Jessica Z. K. Caldwell
- Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Filippo Cieri
- Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, United States
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Tran The J, Ansermet JP, Magistretti PJ, Ansermet F. Hyperactivity of the default mode network in schizophrenia and free energy: A dialogue between Freudian theory of psychosis and neuroscience. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:956831. [PMID: 36590059 PMCID: PMC9795812 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.956831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The economic conceptualization of Freudian metapsychology, based on an energetics model of the psyche's workings, offers remarkable commonalities with some recent discoveries in neuroscience, notably in the field of neuroenergetics. The pattern of cerebral activity at resting state and the identification of a default mode network (DMN), a network of areas whose activity is detectable at baseline conditions by neuroimaging techniques, offers a promising field of research in the dialogue between psychoanalysis and neuroscience. In this article we study one significant clinical application of this interdisciplinary dialogue by looking at the role of the DMN in the psychopathology of schizophrenia. Anomalies in the functioning of the DMN have been observed in schizophrenia. Studies have evidenced the existence of hyperactivity in this network in schizophrenia patients, particularly among those for whom a positive symptomatology is dominant. These data are particularly interesting when considered from the perspective of the psychoanalytic understanding of the positive symptoms of psychosis, most notably the Freudian hypothesis of delusions as an "attempt at recovery." Combining the data from research in neuroimaging of schizophrenia patients with the Freudian hypothesis, we propose considering the hyperactivity of the DMN as a consequence of a process of massive reassociation of traces occurring in schizophrenia. This is a process that may constitute an attempt at minimizing the excess of free energy present in psychosis. Modern models of active inference and the free energy principle (FEP) may shed some light on these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Tran The
- INSERM U1077 Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, Caen, France,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Caen, Caen, France,Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France,Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris, France,Agalma Foundation Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,Cyceron, Caen, France,*Correspondence: Jessica Tran The
| | | | - Pierre J. Magistretti
- Agalma Foundation Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia,Brain Mind Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francois Ansermet
- Agalma Foundation Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,Département de Psychiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
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Scalabrini A, Mucci C, Northoff G. The nested hierarchy of self and its trauma: In search for a synchronic dynamic and topographical re-organization. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:980353. [PMID: 36118976 PMCID: PMC9478193 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.980353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The sense of self has always been a topic of high interest in both psychoanalysis and most recently in neuroscience. Nowadays, there is an agreement in psychoanalysis that the self emerges from the relationship with the other (e.g., the caregiver) in terms of his/her capacity to attune, regulate, and synchronize with the emergent self of the infant. The outcome of this relational/intersubjective synchronization is the development of the sense of self and its regulatory processes both in dynamic psychology and neuroscience. In this work, we propose that synchrony is a fundamental biobehavioral factor in these dialectical processes between self and others which shapes the brain-body-mind system of the individuals, including their sense of self. Recently in neuroscience, it has been proposed by the research group around Northoff that the self is constituted by a brain-based nested hierarchical three-layer structure, including interoceptive, proprio-exteroceptive, and mental layers of self. This may be disrupted, though, when traumatic experiences occur. Following the three levels of trauma theorized by Mucci, we here suggest how different levels of traumatic experiences might have an enduring effect in yielding a trauma-based topographic and dynamic re-organization of the nested model of self featured by dissociation. In conclusion, we propose that different levels and degrees of traumatic experience are related to corresponding disruptions in the topography and dynamic of the brain-based three-layer hierarchical structure of the self.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Scalabrini
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Clara Mucci
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Georg Northoff
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Neural Dynamics, The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Mental Health Centre, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
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15
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Rabeyron T. Psychoanalytic psychotherapies and the free energy principle. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:929940. [PMID: 36016665 PMCID: PMC9395580 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.929940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper I propose a model of the fundamental components of psychoanalytic psychotherapies that I try to explicate with contemporary theories of the Bayesian brain and the Free Energy Principle (FEP). I first show that psychoanalytic therapies require a setting (made up of several envelopes), a particular psychic state and specific processes (transference, free association, dreaming, play, reflexivity and narrativity) in order to induce psychic transformations. I then analyze how these processes of transformations operate and how they can be enlightened by the FEP. I first underline the fact that psychoanalytic therapies imply non-linear processes taking time to unfold and require a setting containing high entropy processes. More precisely, these processes are characterized by an interplay between extension and reduction of free energy. This interplay also favors the emergence of new orders of subjective experience, which occur following states of disorder, according to a certain energetic threshold allowing the modification and improvement of mental functioning. These high entropy states are also characterized by random functioning and psychic malleability which favors the exploration of subjective experience in an original manner. Overall, the approach proposed in this paper support the dialogue between psychoanalysis and other fields of research while underlining how psychoanalytical theoretical and conceptual constructs can also be useful to other disciplines, in particular the neurosciences of subjectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rabeyron
- Department of Psychology (Interpsy), University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
- Department of Psychology (KPU), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Thomas Rabeyron
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16
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Cieri F. Memory for the Future: Psychodynamic Approach to Time and Self Through the Default Network. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:885315. [PMID: 35782047 PMCID: PMC9245038 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.885315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Time exists in us, and our self exists in time. Our self is affected and shaped by time to the point that a better understanding of the former can aid the understanding of the latter. Psychoanalysis works through self and time, where the self is composed of the biopsychosocial history (the past) of the individual and able to map a trajectory for the future. The psychoanalytic relationship starts from a "measurement": an active process able to alter the system being measured-the self-continuously built over time. This manuscript, starts from the philosophical and scientific tradition of a proximity between time and self, suggesting a neural overlapping at the Default Network. A historical and scientific background will be introduced, proposing a multidisciplinary dimension that has characterized the birth of psychoanalysis (its past), influencing its present and future in the dialogue with physics and neuroscience. After a historical scientific introduction, a neural entanglement between past and future at the Default Network level will be proposed, tracing a link with the self at the level of this network. This hypothesis will be supported by studies in cognitive neurosciences and functional neuroimaging which have used the resting state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. The ontogenetic development of time perception will be discussed, consistent with self-development and the Default Network's function. The most common form of dementia, the Alzheimer's Disease, in which the perception of time is brutally impaired together with a loss of the self's functions will be proposed to support this idea. Finally, the potential theoretical and clinical significance for psychoanalysis and psychodynamic neurosciences, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Cieri
- Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, United States
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Dyakin VV, Uversky VN. Arrow of Time, Entropy, and Protein Folding: Holistic View on Biochirality. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073687. [PMID: 35409047 PMCID: PMC8998916 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chirality is a universal phenomenon, embracing the space–time domains of non-organic and organic nature. The biological time arrow, evident in the aging of proteins and organisms, should be linked to the prevalent biomolecular chirality. This hypothesis drives our exploration of protein aging, in relation to the biological aging of an organism. Recent advances in the chirality discrimination methods and theoretical considerations of the non-equilibrium thermodynamics clarify the fundamental issues, concerning the biphasic, alternative, and stepwise changes in the conformational entropy associated with protein folding. Living cells represent open, non-equilibrium, self-organizing, and dissipative systems. The non-equilibrium thermodynamics of cell biology are determined by utilizing the energy stored, transferred, and released, via adenosine triphosphate (ATP). At the protein level, the synthesis of a homochiral polypeptide chain of L-amino acids (L-AAs) represents the first state in the evolution of the dynamic non-equilibrium state of the system. At the next step the non-equilibrium state of a protein-centric system is supported and amended by a broad set of posttranslational modifications (PTMs). The enzymatic phosphorylation, being the most abundant and ATP-driven form of PTMs, illustrates the principal significance of the energy-coupling, in maintaining and reshaping the system. However, the physiological functions of phosphorylation are under the permanent risk of being compromised by spontaneous racemization. Therefore, the major distinct steps in protein-centric aging include the biosynthesis of a polypeptide chain, protein folding assisted by the system of PTMs, and age-dependent spontaneous protein racemization and degradation. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to pay attention to the biphasic, alternative, and stepwise changes in the conformational entropy of protein folding. The broader view on protein folding, including the impact of spontaneous racemization, will help in the goal-oriented experimental design in the field of chiral proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor V. Dyakin
- Virtual Reality Perception Lab (VRPL), The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research (NKI), 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Bldg, 35, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC07, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
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18
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Cieri F, Zhuang X, Cordes D, Kaplan N, Cummings J, Caldwell J. Relationship of sex differences in cortical thickness and memory among cognitively healthy subjects and individuals with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:36. [PMID: 35193682 PMCID: PMC8864917 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-00973-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An aging society has increased rates of late onset Alzheimer disease dementia (ADD), the most common form of age-related dementia. This neurodegenerative disease disproportionately affects women. METHODS We use data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) to examine sex differences in cortical thickness (CT) and memory performance. Analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) models were used to examine effects of sex and diagnosis (DX) on CT and verbal memory. For regions demonstrating significant interaction effects of sex and DX, we tested whether sex moderated cognition-thickness relationships. We used machine learning as a complementary method to explore multivariate CT differences between women and men. RESULTS Women demonstrated greater CT in many brain regions. More specifically, men showed relatively consistent CT declines in all stages, from normal control (NC) to ADD in the bilateral cingulate cortex, bilateral temporal regions, and left precuneus; women had more stable CT in these regions between NC and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) stages, but sharper declines from MCI to ADD. Similarly, for the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), ANCOVA analyses showed that women had significantly better immediate and delayed recall scores than men, at NC and MCI stages, but greater differences, cross-sectionally, from MCI to ADD than men. We found significant sex moderation effects between RAVLT-immediate scores and CT of right isthmus-cingulate for all subjects across DX. Partial correlation analyses revealed that increased CT of right isthmus-cingulate was associated with better verbal learning in women, driven by positron emission tomography defined amyloid positive (Aβ+) subjects. Significant sex-moderation effects in cognition-thickness relationships were further found in the right middle-temporal, left precuneus, and left superior temporal regions in Aβ+ subjects. Using a machine learning approach, we investigated multivariate CT differences between women and men, showing an accuracy in classification of 75% for Aβ+ cognitively NC participants. CONCLUSIONS Sex differences in memory and CT can play a key role in the different vulnerability and progression of ADD in women compared to men. Machine learning indicates sex differences in CT are most relevant early in the ADD neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Cieri
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Xiaowei Zhuang
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA.,Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Dietmar Cordes
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA.,University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Nikki Kaplan
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Jeffery Cummings
- Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience, Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Jessica Caldwell
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
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Çatal Y, Gomez-Pilar J, Northoff G. Intrinsic dynamics and topography of sensory input systems. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:4592-4604. [PMID: 35094077 PMCID: PMC9614113 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is continuously bombarded by external stimuli, which are processed in different input systems. The intrinsic features of these sensory input systems remain yet unclear. Investigating topography and dynamics of input systems is the goal of our study in order to better understand the intrinsic features that shape their neural processing. Using a functional magnetic resonance imaging dataset, we measured neural topography and dynamics of the input systems during rest and task states. Neural dynamics were probed by scale-free activity, measured with the power-law exponent (PLE), as well as by order/disorder as measured with sample entropy (SampEn). Our main findings during both rest and task states are: 1) differences in neural dynamics (PLE, SampEn) between regions within each of the three sensory input systems 2) differences in topography and dynamics among the three input systems; 3) PLE and SampEn correlate and, as demonstrated in simulation, show non-linear relationship in the critical range of PLE; 4) scale-free activity during rest mediates the transition of SampEn from rest to task as probed in a mediation model. We conclude that the sensory input systems are characterized by their intrinsic topographic and dynamic organization which, through scale-free activity, modulates their input processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Çatal
- The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research & University of Ottawa. Brain and Mind Research Institute, Centre for Neural Dynamics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, 145 Carling Avenue, Rm. 6435, Ottawa, Ontario K1Z 7K4, Canada
| | - Javier Gomez-Pilar
- Biomedical Engineering Group, Higher Technical School of Telecommunications Engineering, University of Valladolid, Valladolid 47011, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red—Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, (CIBER-BBN), Madrid 28029, Spain
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Safron A, Klimaj V, Hipólito I. On the Importance of Being Flexible: Dynamic Brain Networks and Their Potential Functional Significances. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 15:688424. [PMID: 35126062 PMCID: PMC8814434 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.688424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this theoretical review, we begin by discussing brains and minds from a dynamical systems perspective, and then go on to describe methods for characterizing the flexibility of dynamic networks. We discuss how varying degrees and kinds of flexibility may be adaptive (or maladaptive) in different contexts, specifically focusing on measures related to either more disjoint or cohesive dynamics. While disjointed flexibility may be useful for assessing neural entropy, cohesive flexibility may potentially serve as a proxy for self-organized criticality as a fundamental property enabling adaptive behavior in complex systems. Particular attention is given to recent studies in which flexibility methods have been used to investigate neurological and cognitive maturation, as well as the breakdown of conscious processing under varying levels of anesthesia. We further discuss how these findings and methods might be contextualized within the Free Energy Principle with respect to the fundamentals of brain organization and biological functioning more generally, and describe potential methodological advances from this paradigm. Finally, with relevance to computational psychiatry, we propose a research program for obtaining a better understanding of ways that dynamic networks may relate to different forms of psychological flexibility, which may be the single most important factor for ensuring human flourishing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Safron
- Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Kinsey Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
- Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Victoria Klimaj
- Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
- Complex Networks and Systems, Informatics Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Inês Hipólito
- Department of Philosophy, Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Revilla-Vallejo M, Poza J, Gomez-Pilar J, Hornero R, Tola-Arribas MÁ, Cano M, Gómez C. Exploring the Alterations in the Distribution of Neural Network Weights in Dementia Due to Alzheimer's Disease. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 23:500. [PMID: 33922270 PMCID: PMC8146430 DOI: 10.3390/e23050500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder which has become an outstanding social problem. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the alterations that dementia due to AD elicits in the distribution of functional network weights. Functional connectivity networks were obtained using the orthogonalized Amplitude Envelope Correlation (AEC), computed from source-reconstructed resting-state eletroencephalographic (EEG) data in a population formed by 45 cognitive healthy elderly controls, 69 mild cognitive impaired (MCI) patients and 81 AD patients. Our results indicated that AD induces a progressive alteration of network weights distribution; specifically, the Shannon entropy (SE) of the weights distribution showed statistically significant between-group differences (p < 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis test, False Discovery Rate corrected). Furthermore, an in-depth analysis of network weights distributions was performed in delta, alpha, and beta-1 frequency bands to discriminate the weight ranges showing statistical differences in SE. Our results showed that lower and higher weights were more affected by the disease, whereas mid-range connections remained unchanged. These findings support the importance of performing detailed analyses of the network weights distribution to further understand the impact of AD progression on functional brain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Revilla-Vallejo
- Biomedical Engineering Group, E.T.S.I. de Telecomunicación, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (J.P.); (J.G.-P.); (R.H.); (C.G.)
| | - Jesús Poza
- Biomedical Engineering Group, E.T.S.I. de Telecomunicación, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (J.P.); (J.G.-P.); (R.H.); (C.G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- IMUVA, Instituto de Investigación en Matemáticas, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Javier Gomez-Pilar
- Biomedical Engineering Group, E.T.S.I. de Telecomunicación, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (J.P.); (J.G.-P.); (R.H.); (C.G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Roberto Hornero
- Biomedical Engineering Group, E.T.S.I. de Telecomunicación, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (J.P.); (J.G.-P.); (R.H.); (C.G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- IMUVA, Instituto de Investigación en Matemáticas, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Tola-Arribas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Neurology, Río Hortega University Hospital, 47012 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Mónica Cano
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Río Hortega University Hospital, 47012 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - Carlos Gómez
- Biomedical Engineering Group, E.T.S.I. de Telecomunicación, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (J.P.); (J.G.-P.); (R.H.); (C.G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
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