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Dörr F, Schäfer S, Öhman F, Linz N, Bodin TH, Skoog J, Zettergren A, Kern S, Skoog I, Tröger J. Dissociating memory and executive function impairment through temporal features in a word list verbal learning task. Neuropsychologia 2023; 189:108679. [PMID: 37683887 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) is an established verbal learning test commonly used to quantify memory impairments due to Alzheimer's Disease (AD) both at a clinical dementia stage or prodromal stage of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Focal memory impairment-as quantified e.g. by the RAVLT-at an MCI stage is referred to as amnestic MCI (aMCI) and is often regarded as the cognitive phenotype of prodromal AD. However, recent findings suggest that not only learning and memory but also other cognitive domains, especially executive functions (EF) and processing speed (PS), influence verbal learning performance. This research investigates whether additional temporal features extracted from audio recordings from a participant's RAVLT response can better dissociate memory and EF in such tasks and eventually help to better describe MCI subtypes. 675 age-matched participants from the H70 Swedish birth cohort were included in this analysis; 68 participants were classified as MCI (33 aMCI and 35 due to executive impairment). RAVLT performances were recorded and temporal features extracted. Novel temporal features were correlated with established neuropsychological tests measuring EF and PS. Lastly, the downstream diagnostic potential of temporal features was estimated using group differences and a machine learning (ML) classification scenario. Temporal features correlated moderately with measures of EF and PS. Performance of an ML classifier could be improved by adding temporal features to traditional counts. We conclude that RAVLT temporal features are in general related to EF and that they might be capable of dissociating memory and EF in a word list learning task.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fredrik Öhman
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Timothy Hadarsson Bodin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Skoog
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Zettergren
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Silke Kern
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ingmar Skoog
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Boone KB, Sherman D, Mishler J, Daoud G, Cottingham M, Victor TL, Ziegler E, Zeller MA, Wright M. Cross-validation of RAVLT performance validity indicators and the RAVLT/RO discriminant function in a large known groups sample. Clin Neuropsychol 2022; 36:2342-2360. [PMID: 34311662 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2021.1948611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To cross-validate RAVLT performance validity cut-offs and the RAVLT/RO discriminant function in a large neuropsychological sample. METHOD RAVLT scores and the RAVLT/RO discriminant function were compared in credible (n = 100) and noncredible (n = 353) neuropsychology referrals. RESULTS Noncredible patients scored lower than credible patients on RAVLT scores and the RAVLT/RO discriminant function. With cut-offs set to ≥90% specificity, highest sensitivities were observed for the discriminant function (cut-off ≤.064; 55.8%), recognition total (cut-off ≤9; 53.1%), the recognition combination score (≤10; 47.7%), and total learning across trials (cut-off ≤31; 45.3%). Individuals with histories of learning difficulties were over-represented in the 10% of credible patients exceeding cut-offs. When these individuals were removed, cut-offs could be tightened while still maintaining at least 90% specificity, and thereby increasing sensitivity (e.g., recognition total cut-off ≤10, 65% sensitivity; RAVLT/RO discriminant function cut-off ≤.176, 58% sensitivity). When three of the most sensitive, non-overlapping scores were considered in combination, 17% of credible patients failed ≥1 of the three cut-offs, while 3% failed two, and only 1% failed all three. In contrast, in the noncredible sample, more than two-thirds failed one or more of the three cut-offs, nearly half failed ≥2, and nearly a quarter failed all three. CONCLUSIONS RAVLT PVT cut-offs and the RAVLT/RO discriminant function achieve approximately 50% sensitivity, and approach 65% sensitivity when cut-offs specific to samples without histories of learning problems are employed, confirming that RAVLT cut-offs and the RAVLT/RO discriminant function continue to be valuable techniques in the identification of performance invalidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle B Boone
- California School of Forensic Studies, Alliant International University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dale Sherman
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jamie Mishler
- California School of Forensic Studies, Alliant International University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Georg Daoud
- California School of Forensic Studies, Alliant Internal University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maria Cottingham
- Mental Health Care Line, Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Tara L Victor
- California State University, Dominguez Hills, Carson, CA, USA
| | | | - Michelle A Zeller
- West Los Angeles Veterans Administration Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Cieri F, Zhuang X, Cordes D, Kaplan N, Cummings J, Caldwell J. Relationship of sex differences in cortical thickness and memory among cognitively healthy subjects and individuals with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:36. [PMID: 35193682 PMCID: PMC8864917 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-00973-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An aging society has increased rates of late onset Alzheimer disease dementia (ADD), the most common form of age-related dementia. This neurodegenerative disease disproportionately affects women. METHODS We use data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) to examine sex differences in cortical thickness (CT) and memory performance. Analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) models were used to examine effects of sex and diagnosis (DX) on CT and verbal memory. For regions demonstrating significant interaction effects of sex and DX, we tested whether sex moderated cognition-thickness relationships. We used machine learning as a complementary method to explore multivariate CT differences between women and men. RESULTS Women demonstrated greater CT in many brain regions. More specifically, men showed relatively consistent CT declines in all stages, from normal control (NC) to ADD in the bilateral cingulate cortex, bilateral temporal regions, and left precuneus; women had more stable CT in these regions between NC and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) stages, but sharper declines from MCI to ADD. Similarly, for the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), ANCOVA analyses showed that women had significantly better immediate and delayed recall scores than men, at NC and MCI stages, but greater differences, cross-sectionally, from MCI to ADD than men. We found significant sex moderation effects between RAVLT-immediate scores and CT of right isthmus-cingulate for all subjects across DX. Partial correlation analyses revealed that increased CT of right isthmus-cingulate was associated with better verbal learning in women, driven by positron emission tomography defined amyloid positive (Aβ+) subjects. Significant sex-moderation effects in cognition-thickness relationships were further found in the right middle-temporal, left precuneus, and left superior temporal regions in Aβ+ subjects. Using a machine learning approach, we investigated multivariate CT differences between women and men, showing an accuracy in classification of 75% for Aβ+ cognitively NC participants. CONCLUSIONS Sex differences in memory and CT can play a key role in the different vulnerability and progression of ADD in women compared to men. Machine learning indicates sex differences in CT are most relevant early in the ADD neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Cieri
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Xiaowei Zhuang
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA.,Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Dietmar Cordes
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA.,University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Nikki Kaplan
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Jeffery Cummings
- Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience, Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Jessica Caldwell
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
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Zhou H, Zhu Z, Liu C, Bai Y, Zhan Q, Huang X, Zeng Q, Ren H, Xu D. Effect of Hypertension Duration and Blood Pressure Control During Early Adulthood on Cognitive Function in Middle Age. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 85:779-789. [PMID: 34864670 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated blood pressure (BP) is a risk factor for cognitive impairment. OBJECTIVE We aim to explore the association between the duration of hypertension in early adulthood, with cognitive function in midlife. Furthermore, we investigate whether this asssociation is altered among participants with controlled BP. METHODS This prospective study included 2,718 adults aged 18-30 years without hypertension at baseline who participated in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. Duration of hypertension was calculated based on repeat measurements of BP performed at 2, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, and 25 years after baseline. Cognitive function was assessed at Year-25 using the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), and Stroop test. RESULTS After multivariable adjustment, a longer hypertension duration was associated with worse verbal memory (RAVLT, p trend = 0.002) but not with processing speed (DSST, p trend = 0.112) and executive function (Stroop test, p trend = 0.975). Among subgroups of participants with controlled (BP < 140/90 mmHg) and uncontrolled (SBP≥140 mmHg or DBP≥90 mmHg) BP at the time of cognitive assessment (i.e., Year-25 BP), longer duration of hypertension was associated with worse verbal memory. Similar results were observed in subgroups with controlled and uncontrolled average BP prior to cognitive assessment. CONCLUSION Longer duration of hypertension during early adulthood is associated with worse verbal memory in midlife regardless of current or long-term BP control status. The potential risk of hypertension associated cognitive decline should not be overlooked in individuals with a long duration of hypertension, even if BP levels are controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haobin Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zongyuan Zhu
- Department of Huiqiao Building, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changsong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Gener Hospital), Chongqing, China
| | - Yujia Bai
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Zhan
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingfu Huang
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingchun Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Ren
- Department of Rheumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dingli Xu
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Shapiro JS, Hearps S, Rausa VC, Anderson V, Anderson N, Pugh R, Chau T, Clarke C, Davis GA, Fabiano F, Fan F, Parkin GM, Takagi M, Babl FE. Validation of the SCAT5 and Child SCAT5 Word-List Memory Task. J Neurotrauma 2021; 39:138-143. [PMID: 33765839 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sports Concussion Assessment Tool-5th Edition (SCAT5) and the child version (Child SCAT5) are the current editions of the SCAT and have updated the memory testing component from previous editions. This study aimed to validate this new memory component against the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) as the validated standard. This prospective, observational study, carried out within The Royal Children's Hospital Emergency Department, Melbourne, Australia, recruited 198 participants: 91 with concussion and 107 upper limb injury or healthy sibling controls. Partial Pearson correlations showed that memory acquisition and recall on delay aspects of the SCAT5 were significantly correlated with the RAVLT equivalents when controlling for age (p < 0.001, r = 0.565 and p < 0.001, r = 0.341, respectively). Factor analysis showed that all RAVLT and SCAT5 memory components load on to the same factor, accounting for 59.13% of variance. Logistic regression models for both the RAVLT and SCAT5, however, did not predict group membership (p > 0.05). Receiver operating curve analysis found that the area under the curve for all variables and models was below the recommended 0.7 threshold. This study demonstrated that the SCAT5 and Child SCAT5 memory paradigm is a valid measure of memory in concussed children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse S Shapiro
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen Hearps
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vanessa C Rausa
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vicki Anderson
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Psychology Service, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas Anderson
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Remy Pugh
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tracey Chau
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cathriona Clarke
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gavin A Davis
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Austin and Cabrini Hospitals, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fabian Fabiano
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Feiven Fan
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Georgia M Parkin
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Takagi
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Franz E Babl
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Emergency Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Ge R, Torres I, Brown JJ, Gregory E, McLellan E, Downar JH, Blumberger DM, Daskalakis ZJ, Lam RW, Vila-Rodriguez F. Functional disconnectivity of the hippocampal network and neural correlates of memory impairment in treatment-resistant depression. J Affect Disord 2019; 253:248-56. [PMID: 31060011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a disabling neuropsychiatric condition associated with cognitive impairment. Neuroimaging studies have consistently linked memory deficits with hippocampal atrophy in MDD patients. However, there has been a paucity of research examining how the hippocampus functionally contributes to memory impairments in MDD. The present study examined whether hippocampal networks distinguish treatment-resistant depression (TRD) patients from healthy controls (HCs), and whether these networks underlie declarative memory deficits in TRD. We hypothesized that functional connectivity (FC) of the posterior hippocampus would correlate preferentially with memory in patients, whereas FC pattern of the anterior and intermediate hippocampus would correlate with emotion-mediated regions and show a significant correlation with memory. METHODS Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans were acquired in 56 patients and 42 age- and sex-matched HCs. We parcellated the hippocampus into three subregions based on a sparse representation-based method recently developed by our group. FC networks of hippocampal subregions were compared between patients and HCs and correlated with clinical measures and cognitive performance. RESULTS Decreased connectivity of the right intermediate hippocampus (RIH) with the limbic regions was a distinguishing feature between TRD and HCs. These functional abnormalities were present in the absence of structural volumetric differences. Furthermore, lower right amygdalar connectivity to the RIH related to a longer current depressive episode. Declarative memory deficits in TRD were significantly associated with left posterior and right intermediate hippocampal FC patterns. LIMITATIONS Our patient samples were treatment-resistant, the conclusions from this study cannot be generalized to all MDD patients directly. Task-based imaging studies are needed to demonstrate hippocampal engagement in the memory deficits of patients. Finally, our findings are strongly in need of replication in independent validation samples. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate a transitional property of the intermediate hippocampal subregion between its anterior and posterior counterparts in TRD patients, and provide new insights into the neural network-level dysfunction of the hippocampus in TRD.
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Abulafia C, Fiorentini L, Loewenstein DA, Curiel-Cid R, Sevlever G, Nemeroff CB, Villarreal MF, Vigo DE, Guinjoan SM. Executive functioning in cognitively normal middle-aged offspring of late-onset Alzheimer's disease patients. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 112:23-29. [PMID: 30836202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Episodic memory deficits are traditionally seen as the hallmark cognitive impairment during the prodromal continuum of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). Previous studies identified early brain alterations in regions subserving executive functions in asymptomatic, middle-aged offspring of patients with LOAD (O-LOAD), suggesting that premature episodic memory deficits could be associated to executive dysfunction in this model. We hypothesized that O-LOAD would exhibit reduced executive performance evidenced by increased errors and decreased strategy use on an episodic memory task. We assessed 32 asymptomatic middle-aged O-LOAD and 28 age-equivalent control subjects (CS) with several tests that measure executive functions and the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) to measure memory performance. All tests were scored using both traditional and process scores (quantification of errors and strategies underlying overall performance). T-tests were used to compare performance between both groups and Spearman correlations were implemented to measure associations between variables. O-LOAD participants exhibited decreased executive performance compared to CS as it relates to initiation time (Tower of London), mental switching (Trail Making Test B), and interference effects (Stroop Word-Color condition). Traditional RAVLT measures showed a poorer performance by O-LOAD and RAVLT process scores revealed increased interference effects on this group. Positive correlations (rs) were found between the executive measures and several RAVLT measures for O-LOAD but not for CS. In conclusion, O-LOAD participants exhibited early subtle cognitive changes in executive processing. Observed memory difficulties may be associated in part to executive deficits suggesting an interplay between memory and executive functions. Process score impairments were observed earlier than clinical decline on neuropsychological scores in this at-risk cohort and might be useful cognitive markers of preclinical LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Abulafia
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias Aplicadas a las Alteraciones de la Conducta. FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Servicio de Psiquiatría. FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leticia Fiorentini
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias Aplicadas a las Alteraciones de la Conducta. FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Argentina; Servicio de Psiquiatría. FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - David A Loewenstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Center on Aging, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, USA
| | - Rosie Curiel-Cid
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Center on Aging, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, USA
| | - Gustavo Sevlever
- Departamento de Neuropatología y Biología Molecular. FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Docencia e Investigación. FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Charles B Nemeroff
- Institute of Early Life Adversity Research, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas, Austin, USA
| | - Mirta F Villarreal
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias Aplicadas a las Alteraciones de la Conducta. FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Argentina; Department of Physics (FCEyN), University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel E Vigo
- National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Argentina; Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED), School of Medical Sciences, Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina; School of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
| | - Salvador M Guinjoan
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias Aplicadas a las Alteraciones de la Conducta. FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Argentina; Servicio de Psiquiatría. FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Unidad docente FLENI, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Argentina.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the temporal effects of acute exercise on episodic memory. DESIGN A quasi-experimental study. SAMPLE Eighty-eight college students (N = 22 per group). MEASURES Four experimental groups were evaluated, including a control group, exercising prior to memory encoding, exercising during encoding, and exercising during memory consolidation. The exercise stimulus consisted of a 15-minute moderate-intensity walk on a treadmill. Participants completed the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) to assess learning and memory. Prospective memory was assessed via a Red Pen Task. Long-term memory (recognition and attribution) of the RAVLT was assessed 20 minutes and 24 hours after exercise. ANALYSIS Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) assessed the performance of RAVLT scores of trials 1 to 5 across groups. One-way ANOVA assessed the performance of individual trials across groups, whereas χ2 assessed the performance of the Red Pen Task across groups. RESULTS Regarding learning, the interaction of groups × trial was marginally statistically significant ( F12,332 = 1.773, P = .05), indicating that the group which exercised before encoding did better than the group that exercised during encoding and consolidation. For both 24-hour recognition and attribution performance, the group that exercised before memory encoding performed significantly better than the group that exercised during consolidation ( P = .05 recognition, P = .006 attribution). DISCUSSION Engaging in a 15-minute bout of moderate-intensity walking before a learning task was effective in influencing long-term episodic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveleen Sng
- 1 Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Emily Frith
- 1 Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- 1 Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
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Smith JL, De Blasio FM, Iredale JM, Matthews AJ, Bruno R, Dwyer M, Batt T, Fox AM, Solowij N, Mattick RP. Verbal Learning and Memory in Cannabis and Alcohol Users: An Event-Related Potential Investigation. Front Psychol 2017; 8:2129. [PMID: 29276495 PMCID: PMC5727079 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: Long-term heavy use of cannabis and alcohol are known to be associated with memory impairments. In this study, we used event-related potentials to examine verbal learning and memory processing in a commonly used behavioral task. Method: We conducted two studies: first, a small pilot study of adolescent males, comprising 13 Drug-Naive Controls (DNC), 12 heavy drinkers (HD) and 8 cannabis users (CU). Second, a larger study of young adults, comprising 45 DNC (20 female), 39 HD (16 female), and 20 CU (9 female). In both studies, participants completed a modified verbal learning task (the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, RAVLT) while brain electrical activity was recorded. ERPs were calculated for words which were subsequently remembered vs. those which were not remembered, and for presentations of learnt words, previously seen words, and new words in a subsequent recognition test. Pre-planned principal components analyses (PCA) were used to quantify the ERP components in these recall and recognition phases separately for each study. Results: Memory performance overall was slightly lower than published norms using the standardized RAVLT delivery, but was generally similar and showed the expected changes over trials. Few differences in performance were observed between groups; a notable exception was markedly poorer delayed recall in HD relative to DNC (Study 2). PCA identified components expected from prior research using other memory tasks. At encoding, there were no between-group differences in the usual P2 recall effect (larger for recalled than not-recalled words). However, alcohol-related differences were observed in a larger P540 (indexing recollection) in HD than DNC, and cannabis-related differences were observed in a smaller N340 (indexing familiarity) and a lack of previously seen > new words effect for P540 in Study 2. Conclusions: This study is the first examination of ERPs in the RAVLT in healthy control participants, as well as substance-using individuals, and represents an important advance in methodology. The results indicate alterations in recognition memory processing, which even if not manifesting in overt behavioral impairment, underline the potential for brain dysfunction with early exposure to alcohol and cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janette L Smith
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Frances M De Blasio
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Psychology and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Jaimi M Iredale
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Raimondo Bruno
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Michelle Dwyer
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Tessa Batt
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Allison M Fox
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Nadia Solowij
- School of Psychology and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard P Mattick
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Abstract
Finding methods to describe subcortical processes assisting cognition is an important concern for clinical neuropsychological practice. In this study, we reviewed the literature concerning the relationship between a neuropsychological instrument and the underlying neural substructure. We examined evidence indicating that one of the oldest neuropsychological tests still in use, the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), includes reliable indicators of hippocampal integrity. We reviewed studies investigating the neural structures underlying seven tasks generated by the RAVLT, from the perspective of whether the performance of these tasks is dependent on the hippocampus. We found support for our hypothesis in five cases: learning capacity, proactive interference, immediate recall, delayed recall, and delayed recognition. No support for our hypothesis was found with regard to short-term memory and retroactive interference. The RAVLT appears to be a reliable tool for assessing the integrity of the hippocampus and for the early detection of dysfunction. There is a need for such assessments, due to the crucial role of the hippocampus in cognition, for instance, in terms of predicting future outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Saury
- a Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet , Danderyd University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Ingrid Emanuelson
- b Institution for Clinical Sciences, Department of Pediatrics , University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
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Sohel N, Tuokko H, Griffith L, Raina P. Factors influencing discrepancies in self-reported memory and performance on memory recall in the Canadian Community Health Survey-Healthy Aging, 2008-09. Age Ageing 2016; 45:280-6. [PMID: 26656237 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afv163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE the objectives of this study were: (i) to estimate the rate of discrepancy between participant single-item self-reports of good memory and poor performance on a list-learning task and (ii) to identify the factors including age, gender and health status that influence these discrepant classifications. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGS in total, 14,172 individuals, aged 45-85, were selected from the 2008-09 Canadian Community Health Survey on Healthy Aging. We examined the individual characteristics of participants with and without discrepancies between memory self-reports and performance with a generalised linear model, adjusting for potential covariates. RESULTS the mean age of respondents was 62.9 years with 56.7% being female, 53.8% having post-secondary graduation and 83% being born in Canada. Higher discrepant classification rates we observed for younger people (6.77 versus 3.65 for lowest and highest group), female (5.90 versus 3.68) and with higher education (6.17 versus 3.52). Discrepant classification rates adjusted with all covariates were higher for those without chronic diseases (5.37 [95% Confidence Interval (CI): 4.16, 6.90] versus 4.05 95% CI: 3.38, 4.86; P = 0.0127), those who did not drink alcohol (5.87 95% CI: 4.69, 7.32 versus 3.70 95% CI: 3.00, 4.55; P < 0.0001), lonely participants (5.45 95% CI: 4.20, 7.04 versus 3.99 95% CI: 3.36, 4.77; P = 0.0081) and bilingual participants (5.67 95% CI: 4.18, 7.64 versus 3.83 95% CI: 3.27, 4.50; P = 0.0102). CONCLUSION the findings of this study suggest that the self-reported memory and memory performance differ in a substantial proportion of the population. Therefore, relying on a self-reported memory status may not accurately capture those experiencing memory difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazmul Sohel
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Holly Tuokko
- Centre on Aging, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lauren Griffith
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Parminder Raina
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Drolet V, Vallet GT, Imbeault H, Lecomte S, Limoges F, Joubert S, Rouleau I. [A comparison of the performances between healthy older adults and persons with Alzheimer's disease on the Rey auditory verbal learning test and the Test de rappel libre/rappel indicé 16 items]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 12:218-26. [PMID: 24939409 DOI: 10.1684/pnv.2014.0469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to compare the performances of healthy elderly (n=40) and individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD, n=40) on the RL/RI 16, a French adaptation of the Free and cued selective reminding test (FCSRT) and on the Rey auditory verbal learning test (RAVLT). These two verbal episodic memory tests are frequently used in clinical practice in French-speaking populations. Results showed that the RAVLT demonstrated a slightly better sensitivity and sensibility than the RL/RI 16. The RAVLT allowed to classify participants of the two groups without any overlap. Moreover, no floor effect was observed in the RAVLT in AD and ceiling effects were less pronounced in normal controls that in the RL/RI 16. Results observed in the RL/RI 16 showed important ceiling effects and a decline in performance on free recall throughout trials in AD patients. Nonetheless, the latter tool was less sensitive to recency effects than the RAVLT and may thus provide a more realistic view of the long-term memory performance of these patients. The semantic cues provided in the RL/RI 16 appeared to increase intrusions in AD whereas the interference list in the RAVLT was the first source of false recognitions in both healthy elderly and AD. In conclusion, this paper demonstrates both the advantages and disadvantages of these two tools in the evaluation of episodic memory in elderly with and without cognitive deficits.
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Ayesa-Arriola R, Rodriguez-Sanchez JM, Gomez-Ruiz E, Roiz-Santiáñez R, Reeves LL, Crespo-Facorro B. No sex differences in neuropsychological performance in first episode psychosis patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 48:149-54. [PMID: 24075821 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to verify whether male patients with psychosis have greater neurocognitive impairment than female patients at illness onset. METHOD Participants with a first episode of psychosis (74 women/86 men) and healthy controls (62 women/97 men) were assessed with an extensive neuropsychological test battery. RESULTS Women in the clinical group were older at illness onset and had achieved higher formal education than men. This trend was the same for the control group. The patient group presented with lower premorbid IQ compared to healthy controls, and performed below for most neuropsychological tests. Women scored higher than men on a test of verbal memory, whereas men scored higher than women on a test of reaction time, visual memory, and a planning task. There were no group-by-sex interactions for any of the neuropsychological tests. CONCLUSION The present study shows that at the onset of psychosis there are no differences between males and females in neuropsychological performance. The differential pattern of cognitive performance observed is similar to that in healthy males and females. Furthermore, females with a late onset of psychosis may represent a subgroup with specific visuospatial and problem solving impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Ayesa-Arriola
- Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, IFIMAV, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; CIBERSAM, Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental, Madrid, Spain.
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Kaur M, Lagopoulos J, Lee RSC, Ward PB, Naismith SL, Hickie IB, Hermens DF. Longitudinal associations between mismatch negativity and disability in early schizophrenia- and affective-spectrum disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 46:161-9. [PMID: 23851120 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired mismatch negativity (MMN) is a robust finding in schizophrenia and, more recently, similar impairments have been reported in other psychotic- and affective-disorders (including at early stages of illness). Although cross-sectional studies have been numerous, there are few longitudinal studies that have explored the predictive value of this event-related potential in relation to clinical/functional outcomes. This study assessed changes in MMN (and the concomitant P3a) amplitude over time and aimed to determine the longitudinal relationship between MMN/P3a and functional outcomes in patients recruited during the early stage of a schizophrenia- or affective-spectrum disorder. METHODS Sixty young patients with schizophrenia- and affective-spectrum disorders and 30 healthy controls underwent clinical, neuropsychological and neurophysiological assessment at baseline. Thirty-one patients returned for clinical and neuropsychological follow-up 12-30months later, with 28 of these patients also repeating neurophysiological assessment. On both occasions, MMN/P3a was elicited using a two-tone passive auditory paradigm with duration deviants. RESULTS Compared with controls, patients showed significantly impaired temporal MMN amplitudes and trend-level deficits in central MMN/P3a amplitudes at baseline. There were no significant differences for MMN measures between the diagnostic groups, whilst the schizophrenia-spectrum group showed reduced P3a amplitudes compared to those with affective-spectrum disorders. For those patients who returned for follow-up, reduced temporal MMN amplitude at baseline was significantly associated with greater levels of occupational disability, and showed trend-level associations with general and social disability at follow-up. Paired t-tests revealed that MMN amplitudes recorded at the central-midline site were significantly reduced in patients over time. Interestingly, those patients who did not return for follow-up showed reduced frontal MMN and fronto-central P3a amplitudes compared to their peers who did return for repeat assessment. CONCLUSIONS This study provides some evidence of the predictive utility of MMN at the early stages of schizophrenia- and affective-spectrum disorders and demonstrated that MMN impairments in such patients may worsen over time. Specifically, we found that young patients with the most impaired MMN amplitudes at baseline showed the most severe levels of disability at follow-up. Furthermore, in the subset of patients with repeat neurophysiological testing, central MMN was further impaired suggestive of neurodegenerative effects. MMN may serve as a neurophysiological biomarker to more accurately predict functional outcomes and prognosis, particularly at the early stages of illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manreena Kaur
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain and Mind Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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