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Moawad AW, Janas A, Baid U, Ramakrishnan D, Saluja R, Ashraf N, Jekel L, Amiruddin R, Adewole M, Albrecht J, Anazodo U, Aneja S, Anwar SM, Bergquist T, Calabrese E, Chiang V, Chung V, Conte GMM, Dako F, Eddy J, Ezhov I, Familiar A, Farahani K, Iglesias JE, Jiang Z, Johanson E, Kazerooni AF, Kofler F, Krantchev K, LaBella D, Van Leemput K, Li HB, Linguraru MG, Link KE, Liu X, Maleki N, Meier Z, Menze BH, Moy H, Osenberg K, Piraud M, Reitman Z, Shinohara RT, Tahon NH, Nada A, Velichko YS, Wang C, Wiestler B, Wiggins W, Shafique U, Willms K, Avesta A, Bousabarah K, Chakrabarty S, Gennaro N, Holler W, Kaur M, LaMontagne P, Lin M, Lost J, Marcus DS, Maresca R, Merkaj S, Nada A, Pedersen GC, von Reppert M, Sotiras A, Teytelboym O, Tillmans N, Westerhoff M, Youssef A, Godfrey D, Floyd S, Rauschecker A, Villanueva-Meyer J, Pflüger I, Cho J, Bendszus M, Brugnara G, Cramer J, Perez-Carillo GJG, Johnson DR, Kam A, Kwan BYM, Lai L, Lall NU, Memon F, Patro SN, Petrovic B, So TY, Thompson G, Wu L, Schrickel EB, Bansal A, Barkhof F, Besada C, Chu S, Druzgal J, Dusoi A, Farage L, Feltrin F, Fong A, Fung SH, Gray RI, Ikuta I, Iv M, Postma AA, Mahajan A, Joyner D, Krumpelman C, Letourneau-Guillon L, Lincoln CM, Maros ME, Miller E, Morón F, Nimchinsky EA, Ozsarlak O, Patel U, Rohatgi S, Saha A, Sayah A, Schwartz ED, Shih R, Shiroishi MS, Small JE, Tanwar M, Valerie J, Weinberg BD, White ML, Young R, Zohrabian VM, Azizova A, Brüßeler MMT, Fehringer P, Ghonim M, Ghonim M, Gkampenis A, Okar A, Pasquini L, Sharifi Y, Singh G, Sollmann N, Soumala T, Taherzadeh M, Yordanov N, Vollmuth P, Foltyn-Dumitru M, Malhotra A, Abayazeed AH, Dellepiane F, Lohmann P, Pérez-García VM, Elhalawani H, Al-Rubaiey S, Armindo RD, Ashraf K, Asla MM, Badawy M, Bisschop J, Lomer NB, Bukatz J, Chen J, Cimflova P, Corr F, Crawley A, Deptula L, Elakhdar T, Shawali IH, Faghani S, Frick A, Gulati V, Haider MA, Hierro F, Dahl RH, Jacobs SM, Hsieh KCJ, Kandemirli SG, Kersting K, Kida L, Kollia S, Koukoulithras I, Li X, Abouelatta A, Mansour A, Maria-Zamfirescu RC, Marsiglia M, Mateo-Camacho YS, McArthur M, McDonnell O, McHugh M, Moassefi M, Morsi SM, Muntenu A, Nandolia KK, Naqvi SR, Nikanpour Y, Alnoury M, Nouh AMA, Pappafava F, Patel MD, Petrucci S, Rawie E, Raymond S, Roohani B, Sabouhi S, Sanchez-Garcia LM, Shaked Z, Suthar PP, Altes T, Isufi E, Dhermesh Y, Gass J, Thacker J, Tarabishy AR, Turner B, Vacca S, Vilanilam GK, Warren D, Weiss D, Willms K, Worede F, Yousry S, Lerebo W, Aristizabal A, Karargyris A, Kassem H, Pati S, Sheller M, Bakas S, Rudie JD, Aboian M. The Brain Tumor Segmentation - Metastases (BraTS-METS) Challenge 2023: Brain Metastasis Segmentation on Pre-treatment MRI. ARXIV 2024:arXiv:2306.00838v2. [PMID: 37396600 PMCID: PMC10312806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The translation of AI-generated brain metastases (BM) segmentation into clinical practice relies heavily on diverse, high-quality annotated medical imaging datasets. The BraTS-METS 2023 challenge has gained momentum for testing and benchmarking algorithms using rigorously annotated internationally compiled real-world datasets. This study presents the results of the segmentation challenge and characterizes the challenging cases that impacted the performance of the winning algorithms. Untreated brain metastases on standard anatomic MRI sequences (T1, T2, FLAIR, T1PG) from eight contributed international datasets were annotated in stepwise method: published UNET algorithms, student, neuroradiologist, final approver neuroradiologist. Segmentations were ranked based on lesion-wise Dice and Hausdorff distance (HD95) scores. False positives (FP) and false negatives (FN) were rigorously penalized, receiving a score of 0 for Dice and a fixed penalty of 374 for HD95. The mean scores for the teams were calculated. Eight datasets comprising 1303 studies were annotated, with 402 studies (3076 lesions) released on Synapse as publicly available datasets to challenge competitors. Additionally, 31 studies (139 lesions) were held out for validation, and 59 studies (218 lesions) were used for testing. Segmentation accuracy was measured as rank across subjects, with the winning team achieving a LesionWise mean score of 7.9. The Dice score for the winning team was 0.65 ± 0.25. Common errors among the leading teams included false negatives for small lesions and misregistration of masks in space. The Dice scores and lesion detection rates of all algorithms diminished with decreasing tumor size, particularly for tumors smaller than 100 mm3. In conclusion, algorithms for BM segmentation require further refinement to balance high sensitivity in lesion detection with the minimization of false positives and negatives. The BraTS-METS 2023 challenge successfully curated well-annotated, diverse datasets and identified common errors, facilitating the translation of BM segmentation across varied clinical environments and providing personalized volumetric reports to patients undergoing BM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anastasia Janas
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ujjwal Baid
- Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Divya Ramakrishnan
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rachit Saluja
- Department of Electical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University and Cornell Tech, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nader Ashraf
- ImagineQuant, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leon Jekel
- DKFZ Division of Translational Neurooncology at the WTZ, German Cancer Consortium, DKTK Partner Site, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Raisa Amiruddin
- ImagineQuant, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maruf Adewole
- Medical Artificial Intelligence Lab, Crestview Radiology, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | - Udunna Anazodo
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Medical Artificial Intelligence (MAI) lab, Crestview Radiology, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Sanjay Aneja
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Syed Muhammad Anwar
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, D.C., USA
| | | | - Evan Calabrese
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Veronica Chiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Farouk Dako
- Center for Global Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | | | - Ivan Ezhov
- Department of Informatics, Technical University Munich, Germany
| | - Ariana Familiar
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Keyvan Farahani
- Cancer Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Juan Eugenio Iglesias
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhifan Jiang
- Children’s National Hospital, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Elaine Johanson
- PrecisionFDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Anahita Fathi Kazerooni
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Data-Driven Discovery in Biomedicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Kiril Krantchev
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dominic LaBella
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Koen Van Leemput
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Hongwei Bran Li
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marius George Linguraru
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, D.C., USA
- Departments of Radiology and Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C., USA
| | | | - Xinyang Liu
- Children’s National Hospital, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Nazanin Maleki
- ImagineQuant, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Bjoern H Menze
- Biomedical Image Analysis & Machine Learning, Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Harrison Moy
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Klara Osenberg
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Russel Takeshi Shinohara
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Yuri S. Velichko
- Northwestern University, Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chunhao Wang
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Benedikt Wiestler
- Department of Neuroradiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Umber Shafique
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Klara Willms
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Arman Avesta
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Satrajit Chakrabarty
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- GE HealthCare, San Ramon, CA, USA
| | - Nicolo Gennaro
- Northwestern University, Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Manpreet Kaur
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Pamela LaMontagne
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Jan Lost
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Daniel S. Marcus
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ryan Maresca
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sarah Merkaj
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Marc von Reppert
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Aristeidis Sotiras
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Institute for Informatics, Data Science & Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Niklas Tillmans
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | - Scott Floyd
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andreas Rauschecker
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Javier Villanueva-Meyer
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Irada Pflüger
- Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jaeyoung Cho
- Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Bendszus
- Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gianluca Brugnara
- Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Justin Cramer
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | | | - Anthony Kam
- Loyola University Medical Center, Hines, IL, USA
| | | | - Lillian Lai
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Fatima Memon
- Carolina Radiology Associates, Myrtle Beach, SC, USA
- McLeod Regional Medical Center, Florence, SC, USA
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | | | - Tiffany Y. So
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Gerard Thompson
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - E. Brooke Schrickel
- Department of Radiology, Ohio State University College of medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Anu Bansal
- Albert Einstein Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteir, the Netherlands
- University College London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sammy Chu
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jason Druzgal
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Luciano Farage
- Centro Universitario Euro-Americana (UNIEURO), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Feltrin
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Amy Fong
- Southern District Health Board, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Steve H. Fung
- Department of Radiology, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R. Ian Gray
- University of Tennessee medical Center, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Ichiro Ikuta
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Michael Iv
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alida A. Postma
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Mental Health and Neuroscience research institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Amit Mahajan
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David Joyner
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Chase Krumpelman
- Department of Radiology, University of Northwestern, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Mate E. Maros
- Departments of Neuroradiology & Biomedical Informatics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Elka Miller
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, SickKids Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Fanny Morón
- Department of Radiology, Baylor College of medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Ozkan Ozsarlak
- Department of Radiology, AZ Monica, Antwerp Area, Belgium
| | - Uresh Patel
- Medicolegal Imaging Experts LLC, Mercer Island, WA, USA
| | - Saurabh Rohatgi
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Atin Saha
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anousheh Sayah
- MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Eric D. Schwartz
- Department of Radiology, St.Elizabeth’s Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert Shih
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jewels Valerie
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Brent D. Weinberg
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Robert Young
- George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Vahe M. Zohrabian
- Northwell Health, Zucker Hofstra School of Medicine at Northwell, North Shore University Hospital, Hempstead, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aynur Azizova
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Pascal Fehringer
- Faculty of Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Mohanad Ghonim
- Department of Radiology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ghonim
- Department of Radiology, Ain Shams University, Cairo - Egypt
| | | | | | - Luca Pasquini
- Radiology Department, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | | | - Gagandeep Singh
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nico Sollmann
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM-Neuroimaging Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Nikolay Yordanov
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University - Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Philipp Vollmuth
- Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Ajay Malhotra
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Francesco Dellepiane
- Functional and Interventional Neuroradiology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Philipp Lohmann
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-4), Research Center Juelich, Juelich, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Víctor M. Pérez-García
- Mathematical Oncology Laboratory & Department of Mathematics, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain
| | - Hesham Elhalawani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sanaria Al-Rubaiey
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health), Berlin, Germany
| | - Rui Duarte Armindo
- Department of Neuroradiology, Western Lisbon Hospital Centre (CHLO), Portugal
| | | | | | - Mohamed Badawy
- Diagnostic Radiology Department, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Jeroen Bisschop
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Jan Bukatz
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jim Chen
- Department of Radiology/Division of Neuroradiology, San Diego Veterans Administration Medical Center/UC San Diego Health System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Petra Cimflova
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Felix Corr
- EDU Institute of Higher Education, Villa Bighi, Chaplain’s House, Kalkara, Malta
| | | | - Lisa Deptula
- Ross University School of Medicine, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | | | | | | | - Alexandra Frick
- Department of Neurosurgery, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Fátima Hierro
- Neuroradiology Department, Pedro Hispano Hospital, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Rasmus Holmboe Dahl
- Department of Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah Maria Jacobs
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Sedat G. Kandemirli
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Katharina Kersting
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health), Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Kida
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sofia Kollia
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Xiao Li
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ahmed Abouelatta
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Ruxandra-Catrinel Maria-Zamfirescu
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health), Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcela Marsiglia
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Mark McArthur
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Maire McHugh
- Department of Radiology Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, North West School of Radiology, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mana Moassefi
- Artificial Intelligence Lab, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Khanak K. Nandolia
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Rishikesh, India
| | - Syed Raza Naqvi
- Windsor Regional Hospital, Western University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yalda Nikanpour
- Artificial Intelligence & Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mostafa Alnoury
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | | | - Francesca Pappafava
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Italy
| | - Markand D. Patel
- Department of Neuroradiology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Petrucci
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eric Rawie
- Department of Radiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Scott Raymond
- Department of Radiology, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Borna Roohani
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sadeq Sabouhi
- Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Zoe Shaked
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Talissa Altes
- Radiology Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Abdul Rahman Tarabishy
- Department of NeuroRadiology, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University. Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - Sebastiano Vacca
- University of Cagliari, School of Medicine and Surgery, Cagliari, Italy
| | - George K. Vilanilam
- Department of Radiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Daniel Warren
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David Weiss
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Klara Willms
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Fikadu Worede
- Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Wondwossen Lerebo
- Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sarthak Pati
- Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Center For Federated Learning in Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Medical Working Group, MLCommons, San Fransisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Spyridon Bakas
- Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Rudie
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Scripps Clinic Medical Group, CA, USA
| | - Mariam Aboian
- Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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