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Choi Y, Raymer BK. Sleep modulating agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:2025-2033. [PMID: 31307886 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sleep and wake are two fundamental states of human existence. Conditions such as insomnia and hypersomnia can have profound negative effects on human health. Many pharmacological interventions impacting sleep and wake are available or are under development. This brief digest surveys early approaches to sleep modulation and highlights recent developments in sleep modulating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younggi Choi
- Discovery Chemistry, Alkermes, 852 Winter Street, Waltham, MA, United States
| | - Brian K Raymer
- Discovery Research, Alkermes, 852 Winter Street, Waltham, MA, United States.
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Janockova J, Dolezal R, Nepovimova E, Kobrlova T, Benkova M, Kuca K, Konecny J, Mezeiova E, Melikova M, Hepnarova V, Ring A, Soukup O, Korabecny J. Investigation of New Orexin 2 Receptor Modulators Using In Silico and In Vitro Methods. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112926. [PMID: 30423961 PMCID: PMC6278354 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptides, orexin A and orexin B (also known as hypocretins), are produced in hypothalamic neurons and belong to ligands for orphan G protein-coupled receptors. Generally, the primary role of orexins is to act as excitatory neurotransmitters and regulate the sleep process. Lack of orexins may lead to sleep disorder narcolepsy in mice, dogs, and humans. Narcolepsy is a neurological disorder of alertness characterized by a decrease of ability to manage sleep-wake cycles, excessive daytime sleepiness, and other symptoms, such as cataplexy, vivid hallucinations, and paralysis. Thus, the discovery of orexin receptors, modulators, and their causal implication in narcolepsy is the most important advance in sleep-research. The presented work is focused on the evaluation of compounds L1–L11 selected by structure-based virtual screening for their ability to modulate orexin receptor type 2 (OX2R) in comparison with standard agonist orexin-A together with their blood-brain barrier permeability and cytotoxicity. We can conclude that the studied compounds possess an affinity towards the OX2R. However, the compounds do not have intrinsic activity and act as the antagonists of this receptor. It was shown that L4 was the most potent antagonistic ligand to orexin A and displayed an IC50 of 2.2 µM, offering some promise mainly for the treatment of insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Janockova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Rafael Dolezal
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
- Center for Basic and Applied Research, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Tereza Kobrlova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Marketa Benkova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Konecny
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Mezeiova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Michaela Melikova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Vendula Hepnarova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Avi Ring
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Gunnar Randersvei 42, 2007 Kjeller, Norway.
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Muehlan C, Heuberger J, Juif PE, Croft M, van Gerven J, Dingemanse J. Accelerated Development of the Dual Orexin Receptor Antagonist ACT-541468: Integration of a Microtracer in a First-in-Human Study. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2018; 104:1022-1029. [DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Muehlan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd; Allschwil Switzerland
| | - Jules Heuberger
- Centre for Human Drug Research (CHDR); Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Pierre-Eric Juif
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd; Allschwil Switzerland
| | - Marie Croft
- Xceleron (a Pharmaron Company); Germantown Maryland USA
| | - Joop van Gerven
- Centre for Human Drug Research (CHDR); Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Jasper Dingemanse
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd; Allschwil Switzerland
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Dubey AK, Handu SS, Mediratta PK. Suvorexant: The first orexin receptor antagonist to treat insomnia. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2015; 6:118-21. [PMID: 25969666 PMCID: PMC4419247 DOI: 10.4103/0976-500x.155496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary insomnia is mainly treated with drugs acting on benzodiazepine receptors and a few other classes of drugs used for different co-morbidities. A novel approach to treat insomnia has been introduced recently, with the approval of suvorexant, the first in a new class of orexin receptor antagonists. Orexin receptors in the brain have been found to play an important role in the regulation of various aspects of arousal and motivation. The drugs commonly used for insomnia therapy to date, have often been associated with adverse effects, such as, day-time somnolence, amnesia, confusion, and gait disturbance, apart from the risk of dependence on chronic use. Suvorexant has not shown these adverse effects because of its unique mechanism of action. It also appears to be suitable as a chronic therapy for insomnia, because of minimal physical dependence. The availability of this new drug as an effective and safe alternative is an important and welcome development in insomnia management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K Dubey
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shailendra S Handu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pramod K Mediratta
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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