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Deng J, Sun C, Zheng Y, Gao J, Cui X, Wang Y, Zhang L, Tang P. In vivo imaging of the neuronal response to spinal cord injury: a narrative review. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:811-817. [PMID: 37843216 PMCID: PMC10664102 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.382225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the neuronal response to injury in the spinal cord is essential for exploring treatment strategies for spinal cord injury (SCI). However, this subject has been neglected in part because appropriate tools are lacking. Emerging in vivo imaging and labeling methods offer great potential for observing dynamic neural processes in the central nervous system in conditions of health and disease. This review first discusses in vivo imaging of the mouse spinal cord with a focus on the latest imaging techniques, and then analyzes the dynamic biological response of spinal cord sensory and motor neurons to SCI. We then summarize and compare the techniques behind these studies and clarify the advantages of in vivo imaging compared with traditional neuroscience examinations. Finally, we identify the challenges and possible solutions for spinal cord neuron imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Jianpeng Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Cui
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Licheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Peifu Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
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In Vivo Imaging of CNS Injury and Disease. J Neurosci 2017; 37:10808-10816. [PMID: 29118209 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1826-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo optical imaging has emerged as a powerful tool with which to study cellular responses to injury and disease in the mammalian CNS. Important new insights have emerged regarding axonal degeneration and regeneration, glial responses and neuroinflammation, changes in the neurovascular unit, and, more recently, neural transplantations. Accompanying a 2017 SfN Mini-Symposium, here, we discuss selected recent advances in understanding the neuronal, glial, and other cellular responses to CNS injury and disease with in vivo imaging of the rodent brain or spinal cord. We anticipate that in vivo optical imaging will continue to be at the forefront of breakthrough discoveries of fundamental mechanisms and therapies for CNS injury and disease.
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Lamanna JJ, Gutierrez J, Espinosa JR, Wagner J, Urquia LN, Moreton C, Victor Hurtig C, Tora M, Kirk AD, Federici T, Boulis NM. Peripheral blood detection of systemic graft-specific xeno-antibodies following transplantation of human neural progenitor cells into the porcine spinal cord. J Clin Neurosci 2017; 48:173-180. [PMID: 29089163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2017.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Extensive pre-clinical and clinical studies have searched for therapeutic efficacy of cell-based therapeutics in diseases of the Central Nervous System (CNS) with no other viable options. Allogeneic cells represent the primary source of these therapies and immunosuppressive regimens have been empirically employed based on experience with solid organ transplantation, attempting to avoid immune mediated graft rejection. In this study, we aimed to 1) characterize the host immune response to stem cells transplanted into the CNS and 2) develop a non-invasive method for detecting immune response to transplanted cell grafts. Human neural progenitor cells were transplanted into the spinal cord of 10 Göttingen minipigs, of which 5 received no immunosuppression and 5 received Tacrolimus. Peripheral blood samples were collected longitudinally for flow cytometry cross match studies. Necropsy was performed at day 21 and spinal cord tissue analysis. We observed a transient increase in xeno-reactive antibodies was detected on post-operative day 7 and 14 in pigs that did not receive immunosuppression. This response was not detected in pigs that received Tacrolimus immunosuppression. No difference in graft survival was observed between the groups. Infiltration of numerous immune mediators including granulocytes, T lymphocytes, and activated microglia, and complement deposition were detected. In summary, a systemic immunologic response to stem cell grafts was detected for two weeks after transplantation using peripheral blood. This could be used as a non-invasive biomarker by investigators for detection of immunologic rejection. However, the absence of a detectable response in peripheral blood does not rule out a parenchymal immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Lamanna
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Room 6339, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Juanmarco Gutierrez
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Room 6339, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Jaclyn R Espinosa
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Jacob Wagner
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Room 6339, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Lindsey N Urquia
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Room 6339, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Cheryl Moreton
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Room 6339, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - C Victor Hurtig
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Room 6339, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Muhibullah Tora
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Room 6339, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Allan D Kirk
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Thais Federici
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Room 6339, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Nicholas M Boulis
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Room 6339, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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