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Waltmann M, Herzog N, Reiter AMF, Villringer A, Horstmann A, Deserno L. Neurocomputational mechanisms underlying differential reinforcement learning from wins and losses in obesity with and without binge eating. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2024:S2451-9022(24)00160-5. [PMID: 38909896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binge Eating Disorder (BED) is thought of as a disorder of cognitive control but evidence regarding its neurocognitive mechanisms is inconclusive. Key limitations in prior research are a lack of consistent separation between effects of BED and obesity, and a disregard for self-report evidence suggesting that neurocognitive alterations may emerge primarily in loss- or harm-avoidance contexts. METHODS Addressing these gaps, this longitudinal study investigated behavioral flexibility and its underlying neuro-computational processes in reward-seeking and loss-avoidance contexts. Obese participants with BED (BED), without BED (OB), and healthy normal-weight participants (NW) (Ntotal=96) performed a probabilistic reversal learning task during functional imaging, with different blocks focused on obtaining wins or avoiding losses. They were reinvited for a 6-months follow-up. RESULTS Analyses informed by computational models of reinforcement learning showed that unlike BED, OB performed worse in the win than the loss condition. Computationally, this was explained by differential learning sensitivities in the win vs loss conditions between groups. In the brain, this was echoed in differential neural learning signals in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) per condition. The differences were subtle, but scaled with BED symptoms, such that more severe BED symptoms were associated with increasing bias towards improved learning from wins vs losses. Across conditions, OB switched more between choice options than NW. This was reflected in diminished representation of choice certainty in the vmPFC. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the importance of distinguishing between obesity with and without BED to identify unique neuro-computational alterations underlying different styles of maladaptive eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Waltmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Centre of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Nadine Herzog
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrea M F Reiter
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Centre of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; CRC-940 Volition and Cognitive Control, Faculty of Psychology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Department of Psychology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; MindBrainBody Institute, Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Horstmann
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lorenz Deserno
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Centre of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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2
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Weydmann G, Miguel PM, Hakim N, Dubé L, Silveira PP, Bizarro L. How are overweight and obesity associated with reinforcement learning deficits? A systematic review. Appetite 2024; 193:107123. [PMID: 37992896 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Reinforcement learning (RL) refers to the ability to learn stimulus-response or response-outcome associations relevant to the acquisition of behavioral repertoire and adaptation to the environment. Research data from correlational and case-control studies have shown that obesity is associated with impairments in RL. The aim of the present study was to systematically review how obesity and overweight are associated with RL performance. More specifically, the relationship between high body mass index (BMI) and task performance was explored through the analysis of specific RL processes associated with different physiological, computational, and behavioral manifestations. Our systematic analyses indicate that obesity might be associated with impairments in the use of aversive outcomes to change ongoing behavior, as revealed by results involving instrumental negative reinforcement and extinction/reversal learning, but further research needs to be conducted to confirm this association. Hypotheses regarding how obesity might be associated with altered RL were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gibson Weydmann
- Department of Psychology, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), 2600 Ramiro Barcelos, Postal Code 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Montreal Neurological Institute, 3801 University, Postal Code H3A 2B4, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Patricia Maidana Miguel
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Montreal Neurological Institute, 3801 University, Postal Code H3A 2B4, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 1033 Pine Ave W, Postal Code H3A 1A1, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nour Hakim
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 George Street, Postal Code M1C 1A4, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill Center for the Convergence of Health and Economics, McGill University, 1001 Sherbrooke, Postal Code H3A 1G5, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laurette Dubé
- Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill Center for the Convergence of Health and Economics, McGill University, 1001 Sherbrooke, Postal Code H3A 1G5, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Patricia Pelufo Silveira
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Montreal Neurological Institute, 3801 University, Postal Code H3A 2B4, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 1033 Pine Ave W, Postal Code H3A 1A1, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lisiane Bizarro
- Department of Psychology, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), 2600 Ramiro Barcelos, Postal Code 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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3
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Skora LI, Livermore JJA, Nisini F, Scott RB. Awareness is required for autonomic performance monitoring in instrumental learning: Evidence from cardiac activity. Psychophysiology 2022; 59:e14047. [PMID: 35304762 PMCID: PMC9541215 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Performance monitoring is a vital aspect of successful learning and decision‐making. Performance errors are reflected in the autonomic nervous system, indicating the need for behavioral adjustment. As part of this response, errors cause a pronounced deceleration in heart rate, compared to correct decisions, and precede explicit awareness of stimulus–response outcome contingencies. However, it is unknown whether those signals are present and able to inform instrumental learning without stimulus awareness, where explicit performance monitoring is disabled. With mixed evidence for unconscious instrumental learning, determining the presence or absence of autonomic signatures of performance monitoring can shed light on its feasibility. Here, we employed an unconscious instrumental conditioning task, where successful learning is evidenced by increased approach responses to visually masked rewarding stimuli, and avoidance of punishing stimuli. An electrocardiogram (ECG) assessed cardiac activity throughout the learning process. Natural fluctuations of awareness under masking permitted us to contrast learning and cardiac deceleration for trials with, versus without, conscious stimulus awareness. Our results demonstrate that on trials where participants did not consciously perceive the stimulus, there was no differentiation in cardiac response between rewarding and punishing feedback, indicating an absence of performance monitoring. In contrast, consciously perceived stimuli elicited the expected error‐related deceleration. This result suggests that, in unconscious instrumental learning, the brain might be unable to acquire knowledge of stimulus values to guide correct instrumental choices. This evidence provides support for the notion that consciousness might be required for flexible adaptive behavior, and that this may be mediated through bodily signals. Performance monitoring is vital to successful learning. We provide novel evidence that autonomic performance monitoring, indexed by cardiac deceleration, is only engaged in conscious, but not unconscious, instrumental learning. This result provides support for the notion that consciousness is required for flexible adaptive behaviour, and that this relationship may be mediated by bodily signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina I Skora
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.,Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - James J A Livermore
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Federica Nisini
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.,Center for Economics and Neuroscience, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ryan B Scott
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.,Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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4
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Boukarras S, Garfinkel SN, Critchley HD. Cardiac deceleration following positive and negative feedback is influenced by competence-based social status. Soc Neurosci 2022; 17:170-180. [PMID: 35260046 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2022.2050295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies indicate that neurophysiological signatures of feedback processing might be enhanced when participants are assigned a low-status position. Error commission and negative feedback can evoke responses in the peripheral (autonomic) nervous system including heart rate deceleration. We conducted an exploratory study to investigate whether such activity can be modulated by the participant's social status in a competence-based hierarchy. Participants were engaged in a cooperative time estimation task with two same-gender confederates. On each trial, they were provided with positive or negative feedback depending on their time estimation performance. Their social status varied during the task, so that they were either at the top (high-status) or at the bottom (low-status) of the hierarchy in different blocks. Results showed that cardiac deceleration was significantly modulated by feedback valence in the high-status but not in the low-status condition. We interpret this result as an increased activation of the performance monitoring system elicited by the desire to maintain a high-status position in an unstable hierarchy. In this vein, negative feedback might be processed as an aversive stimulus that signals a threat to the acquired status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Boukarras
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Sarah N Garfinkel
- Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, UK.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, UCL, London, UK
| | - Hugo D Critchley
- Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, UK.,Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, UK.,Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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5
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Fraga-González G, Smit DJA, Van der Molen MJW, Tijms J, Stam CJ, de Geus EJC, Van der Molen MW. Graph Analysis of EEG Functional Connectivity Networks During a Letter-Speech Sound Binding Task in Adult Dyslexics. Front Psychol 2021; 12:767839. [PMID: 34899515 PMCID: PMC8658451 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.767839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed an EEG graph analysis on data from 31 typical readers (22.27 ± 2.53 y/o) and 24 dyslexics (22.99 ± 2.29 y/o), recorded while they were engaged in an audiovisual task and during resting-state. The task simulates reading acquisition as participants learned new letter-sound mappings via feedback. EEG data was filtered for the delta (0.5–4 Hz), theta (4–8 Hz), alpha (8–13 Hz), and beta (13–30 Hz) bands. We computed the Phase Lag Index (PLI) to provide an estimate of the functional connectivity between all pairs of electrodes per band. Then, networks were constructed using a Minimum Spanning Tree (MST), a unique sub-graph connecting all nodes (electrodes) without loops, aimed at minimizing bias in between groups and conditions comparisons. Both groups showed a comparable accuracy increase during task blocks, indicating that they correctly learned the new associations. The EEG results revealed lower task-specific theta connectivity, and lower theta degree correlation over both rest and task recordings, indicating less network integration in dyslexics compared to typical readers. This pattern suggests a role of theta oscillations in dyslexia and may reflect differences in task engagement between the groups, although robust correlations between MST metrics and performance indices were lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorka Fraga-González
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Rudolf Berlin Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dirk J A Smit
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Melle J W Van der Molen
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jurgen Tijms
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Rudolf Berlin Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,RID Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J Stam
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology and MEG Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eco J C de Geus
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maurits W Van der Molen
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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6
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Sayão A, Alves H, Furukawa E, Schultz Wenk T, Cagy M, Gutierrez-Arango S, Tripp G, Caparelli-Dáquer E. Development of a Classical Conditioning Task for Humans Examining Phasic Heart Rate Responses to Signaled Appetitive Stimuli: A Pilot Study. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:639372. [PMID: 33867950 PMCID: PMC8052094 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.639372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac responses to appetitive stimuli have been studied as indices of motivational states and attentional processes, the former being associated with cardiac acceleration and latter deceleration. Very few studies have examined heart rate changes in appetitive classical conditioning in humans. The current study describes the development and pilot testing of a classical conditioning task to assess cardiac responses to appetitive stimuli and cues that reliably precede them. Data from 18 adults were examined. They were shown initially neutral visual stimuli (putative CS) on a computer screen followed by pictures of high-caloric food (US). Phasic cardiac deceleration to food images was observed, consistent with an orienting response to motivationally significant stimuli. Similar responses were observed to non-appetitive stimuli when they were preceded by the cue associated with the food images, suggesting that attentional processes were engaged by conditioned stimuli. These autonomic changes provide significant information about classical conditioning effects in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Sayão
- Lab of Electric Stimulation of the Nervous System Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Alves
- Psychology Department, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, MA, United States
| | - Emi Furukawa
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Thomas Schultz Wenk
- Lab of Electric Stimulation of the Nervous System Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Cagy
- Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute for Graduate Studies and Research in Engineering, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Gail Tripp
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Egas Caparelli-Dáquer
- Lab of Electric Stimulation of the Nervous System Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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7
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Hayes WM, Wedell DH. Autonomic responses to choice outcomes: Links to task performance and reinforcement-learning parameters. Biol Psychol 2020; 156:107968. [PMID: 33027684 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous work has shown that autonomic responses to choice feedback can predict subsequent decision-making. In this study, we tested whether skin conductance responses (SCRs) and heart rate (HR) decelerations following the presentation of choice outcomes predict Iowa Gambling Task performance in nonclinical participants (n = 64). We also examined how these signals related to parameters of a reinforcement-learning (RL) model. Feedback SCRs and HR decelerations were greater following outcomes that included losses and choices from the bad decks defined by their negative expected value. In addition, SCRs predicted task performance. A hierarchical Bayesian RL model indicated that greater feedback SCR for the bad decks compared to good decks was associated with stronger loss aversion and a lower learning rate, both of which predicted higher performance. These results suggest that feedback-related SCRs are linked to individual differences in outcome evaluation and learning processes that guide reinforcement-learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Hayes
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
| | - Douglas H Wedell
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
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8
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Kube J, Wiencke K, Hahn S, Villringer A, Neumann J. Enhanced Go and NoGo Learning in Individuals With Obesity. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:15. [PMID: 32116595 PMCID: PMC7033453 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Overeating in individuals with obesity is hypothesized to be partly caused by automatic action tendencies to food cues that have the potential to override goal-directed dietary restriction. Individuals with obesity are often characterized by alterations in the processing of such rewarding food, but also of non-food stimuli, and previous research has suggested a stronger impact on the execution of goal-directed actions in obesity. Here, we investigated whether Pavlovian cues can also corrupt the learning of new approach or withdrawal behavior in individuals with obesity. We employed a probabilistic Pavlovian-instrumental learning paradigm in which participants (29 normal-weight and 29 obese) learned to actively respond (Go learning) or withhold a response (NoGo learning) in order to gain monetary rewards or avoid losses. Participants were better at learning active approach responses (Go) in the light of anticipated rewards and at learning to withhold a response (NoGo) in the light of imminent punishments. Importantly, there was no evidence for a stronger corruption of instrumental learning in individuals with obesity. Instead, they showed better learning across conditions than normal-weight participants. Using a computational reinforcement learning model, we additionally found an increased learning rate in individuals with obesity. Previous studies have mostly reported a lower reinforcement learning performance in individuals with obesity. Our results contradict this and suggest that their performance is not universally impaired: Instead, while previous studies found reduced stimulus-value learning, individuals with obesity may show better action-value learning. Our findings highlight the need for a broader investigation of behavioral adaptation in obesity across different task designs and types of reinforcement learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Kube
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany.,Faculty 5-Business, Law and Social Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Kathleen Wiencke
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sandra Hahn
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany.,Clinic of Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Mind and Brain Institute, Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jane Neumann
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Medical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, Jena, Germany
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9
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Fraga González G, Smit DJA, van der Molen MJW, Tijms J, de Geus EJC, van der Molen MW. Probability learning and feedback processing in dyslexia: A performance and heart rate analysis. Psychophysiology 2019; 56:e13460. [PMID: 31435961 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that individuals with dyslexia may be impaired in probability learning and performance monitoring. These observations are consistent with findings indicating atypical neural activations in frontostriatal circuits in the brain, which are important for associative learning. The current study further examined probability learning and performance monitoring in adult individuals with dyslexia (n = 23) and typical readers (n = 31) using two varieties of a typical probabilistic learning task. In addition to performance measures, we measured heart rate, focusing on cardiac slowing with negative feedback as a manifestation of the automatic performance monitoring system. One task required participants to learn associations between artificial script and speech sounds and the other task required them to learn associations between geometric forms and bird sounds. Corrective feedback (informative or random) was provided in both tasks. Performance results indicated that individuals with dyslexia and typical readers learned the associations equally well in contrast to expectations. We found the typical cardiac response associated with feedback processing consisting of a heart rate slowing with the presentation of the feedback and a return to baseline thereafter. Interestingly, the heart rate slowing associated with feedback was less pronounced and the return to baseline was delayed in individuals with dyslexia relative to typical readers. These findings were interpreted in relation to current theorizing of performance monitoring linking the salience network in the brain to autonomic functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fraga González
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Rudolf Berlin Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - D J A Smit
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M J W van der Molen
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J Tijms
- Rudolf Berlin Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,IWAL Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E J C de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M W van der Molen
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Lost in Translation? On the Need for Convergence in Animal and
Human Studies on the Role of Dopamine in Diet-Induced Obesity. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-019-00268-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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