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Nguyen DM, Lo CY, Guo T, Choi T, Sundar S, Swain Z, Wu Y, Dhong C, Kayser LV. One Pot Photomediated Formation of Electrically Conductive Hydrogels. ACS POLYMERS AU 2024; 4:34-44. [PMID: 38371732 PMCID: PMC10870748 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.3c00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Electrically conductive hydrogels represent an innovative platform for the development of bioelectronic devices. While photolithography technologies have enabled the fabrication of complex architectures with high resolution, photoprinting conductive hydrogels is still a challenging task because the conductive polymer absorbs light which can outcompete photopolymerization of the insulating scaffold. In this study, we introduce an approach to synthesizing conductive hydrogels in one step. Our approach combines the simultaneous photo-cross-linking of a polymeric scaffold and the polymerization of 3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene (EDOT), without additional photocatalysts. This process involves the copolymerization of photo-cross-linkable coumarin-containing monomers with sodium styrenesulfonate to produce a water-soluble poly(styrenesulfonate-co-coumarin acrylate) (P(SS-co-CoumAc)) copolymer. Our findings reveal that optimizing the [SS]:[CoumAc] ratio at 100:5 results in hydrogels with the strain at break up to 16%. This mechanical resilience is coupled with an electronic conductivity of 9.2 S m-1 suitable for wearable electronics. Furthermore, the conductive hydrogels can be photopatterned to achieve micrometer-sized structures with high resolution. The photo-cross-linked hydrogels are used as electrodes to record stable and reliable surface electromyography (sEMG) signals. These novel photo-cross-linkable polymers combined with one-pot PEDOT (poly-EDOT) polymerization open possibilities for rapidly prototyping complex bioelectronic devices and creating custom-designed interfaces between electronics and biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan My Nguyen
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Chun-Yuan Lo
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Tianzheng Guo
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Taewook Choi
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Shalini Sundar
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Zachary Swain
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Yuhang Wu
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Charles Dhong
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Laure V. Kayser
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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Arché-Núñez A, Krebsbach P, Levit B, Possti D, Gerston A, Knoll T, Velten T, Bar-Haim C, Oz S, Klorfeld-Auslender S, Hernandez-Sosa G, Mirelman A, Hanein Y. Bio-potential noise of dry printed electrodes: physiology versus the skin-electrode impedance. Physiol Meas 2023; 44:095006. [PMID: 37607562 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/acf2e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To explore noise characteristics and the effect physiological activity has on the link between impedance and noise.Approach. Dry-printed electrodes are emerging as a new and exciting technology for skin electro-physiology. Such electrode arrays offer many advantages including user convenience, quick placement, and high resolution. Here we analyze extensive electro-physiological data recorded from the arm and the face to study and quantify the noise of dry electrodes, and to characterize the link between noise and impedance. In particular, we studied the effect of the physiological state of the subject (e.g. rapid eye movement sleep) on noise.Main results. We show that baseline noise values extracted from dry electrodes in the arm are in agreement with the Nyquist equation. In the face, on the other hand, the measured noise values were higher than the values predicted by the Nyquist equation. In addition, we studied how different electrode properties affect performances, including electrode size, shape, and material properties.Significance. Altogether, the results presented here provide a basis for understanding dry electrode performances and substantiate their great potential in electro-physiological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Arché-Núñez
- Madrid Institute of Advanced Research in Nanoscience (IMDEA Nanociencia), Madrid, Spain
| | - Peter Krebsbach
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
- InnovationLab, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bara Levit
- School of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | - Thorsten Knoll
- Fraunhofer Institute of Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Thomas Velten
- Fraunhofer Institute of Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Chen Bar-Haim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shani Oz
- Department of BioMedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Laboratory for Early Markers of Neurodegeneration, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Gerardo Hernandez-Sosa
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
- InnovationLab, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institue of Microstructure, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Anat Mirelman
- Laboratory for Early Markers of Neurodegeneration, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yael Hanein
- School of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- X-trodes, Herzliya, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Tel Aviv University Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Rosati G, Cisotto G, Sili D, Compagnucci L, De Giorgi C, Pavone EF, Paccagnella A, Betti V. Inkjet-printed fully customizable and low-cost electrodes matrix for gesture recognition. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14938. [PMID: 34294822 PMCID: PMC8298403 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94526-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of surface electromyography (sEMG) is rapidly spreading, from robotic prostheses and muscle computer interfaces to rehabilitation devices controlled by residual muscular activities. In this context, sEMG-based gesture recognition plays an enabling role in controlling prosthetics and devices in real-life settings. Our work aimed at developing a low-cost, print-and-play platform to acquire and analyse sEMG signals that can be arranged in a fully customized way, depending on the application and the users' needs. We produced 8-channel sEMG matrices to measure the muscular activity of the forearm using innovative nanoparticle-based inks to print the sensors embedded into each matrix using a commercial inkjet printer. Then, we acquired the multi-channel sEMG data from 12 participants while repeatedly performing twelve standard finger movements (six extensions and six flexions). Our results showed that inkjet printing-based sEMG signals ensured significant similarity values across repetitions in every participant, a large enough difference between movements (dissimilarity index above 0.2), and an overall classification accuracy of 93-95% for flexion and extension, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Rosati
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, via G. Gradenigo 6b, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Giulia Cisotto
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, via G. Gradenigo 6b, 35131, Padova, Italy
- NCNP, National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
- CNIT, the National, Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunications, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Sili
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina, 306/354, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Compagnucci
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina, 306/354, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara De Giorgi
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina, 306/354, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Paccagnella
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, via G. Gradenigo 6b, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Viviana Betti
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina, 306/354, 00179, Rome, Italy
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Medved V, Medved S, Kovač I. Critical Appraisal of Surface Electromyography (sEMG) as a Taught Subject and Clinical Tool in Medicine and Kinesiology. Front Neurol 2020; 11:560363. [PMID: 33192993 PMCID: PMC7649227 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.560363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The characteristics and state of knowledge of bioelectric signals such as ECG, EEG, and EMG are initially discussed. This serves as the basis for exploration of the degree of scholastic coverage and understanding of the level of clinical acceptance of respective bioelectric signal subtypes during the last 60 or so years. The review further proceeds to discuss surface EMG (sEMG). The status of the field in terms of teaching and academic training related to sEMG is examined, and its clinical acceptance in several areas of medicine and kinesiology, including neurology, psychology, psychiatry, physiatry, physical medicine and rehabilitation, biomechanics and motor control, and gnathology, is evaluated. A realistic overview of the clinical utility of the measurement of sEMG signals and their interpretation and usage, as well as of perspectives on its development, are then provided. The main focus is on the state of the field in Croatia. EMG signals are viewed as "windows" into the function of the neuro-muscular system, a complex and hierarchically organized system that controls human body posture and gross body movement. New technical and technological means to enable the detection and measurement of these signals will contribute to increased clinical acceptance, provided current scientific, educational, and financial obstacles can be removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Medved
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sara Medved
- Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ida Kovač
- Polyclinic Medical Body Balance, Zagreb, Croatia
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Morrison TJ, Sefton E, Marquez-Chin M, Popovic MR, Morshead CM, Naguib HE. A 3D Printed Device for Low Cost Neural Stimulation in Mice. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:784. [PMID: 31417347 PMCID: PMC6682623 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical stimulation of the brain through the implantation of electrodes is an effective treatment for certain diseases and the focus of a large body of research investigating new cell mechanisms, neurological phenomena, and treatments. Electrode devices developed for stimulation in rodents vary widely in size, cost, and functionality, with the majority of recent studies presenting complex, multi-functional designs. While some experiments require these added features, others are in greater need of reliable, low cost, and readily available devices that will allow surgeries to be scheduled and completed without delay. In this work, we utilize 3D printing and common electrical hardware to produce an effective 2-channel stimulation device that meets these requirements. Our stimulation electrode has not failed in over 60 consecutive surgeries, costs less than $1 USD, and can be assembled in less than 20 min. 3D printing minimizes the amount of material used in manufacturing the device and enables one to match the curvature of the connector’s base with the curvature of the mouse skull, producing an ultra-lightweight, low size device with improved adhesion to the mouse skull. The range of the stimulation parameters used with the proposed device was: pulse amplitude 1–200 μA, pulse duration 50–500 μs and pulse frequency 1–285 Hz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor J Morrison
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elana Sefton
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Melissa Marquez-Chin
- Department of Engineering, Universidad Iberoamericana, Mexico City, Mexico.,KITE, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Milos R Popovic
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,KITE, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cindi M Morshead
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,KITE, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hani E Naguib
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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