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Chen DH, Huang JR, Su SL, Chen Q, Wu BY. Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells for cerebral small vessel disease. Regen Ther 2024; 25:377-386. [PMID: 38414558 PMCID: PMC10899004 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD), as the most common, chronic and progressive vascular disease on the brain, is a serious neurological disease, whose pathogenesis remains unclear. The disease is a leading cause of stroke and vascular cognitive impairment and dementia, and contributes to about 20% of strokes, including 25% of ischemic strokes and 45% of dementias. Undoubtedly, the high incidence and poor prognosis of CSVD have brought a heavy economic and medical burden to society. The present treatment of CSVD focuses on the management of vascular risk factors. Although vascular risk factors may be important causes or accelerators of CSVD and should always be treated in accordance with best clinical practice, controlling risk factors alone could not curb the progression of CSVD brain injury. Therefore, developing safer and more effective treatment strategies for CSVD is urgently needed. Recently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) therapy has become an emerging therapeutic modality for the treatment of central nervous system disease, given their paracrine properties and immunoregulatory. Herein, we discussed the therapeutic potential of MSCs for CSVD, aiming to enable clinicians and researchers to understand of recent progress and future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hua Chen
- Neurology Department, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou Avenue North, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jia-Rong Huang
- Neurology Department, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou Avenue North, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Shuo-Lei Su
- Shaoguan University, No.288 University Road, Xinshaozhen Zhenjiang District, Shaoguan, 512005, China
| | - Qiong Chen
- Medical Research center of Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou Avenue North, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Precision Medicine Center of Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou Avenue North, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Bing-Yi Wu
- Medical Research center of Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou Avenue North, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Precision Medicine Center of Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou Avenue North, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, 510515, China
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Feng W, Liang H, Liu D, Ruan S. The SNHG12/microRNA-15b-5p/MYLK axis regulates vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype to affect intracranial aneurysm formation. Microvasc Res 2024; 152:104643. [PMID: 38081409 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2023.104643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This research was dedicated to investigating the impact of the SNHG12/microRNA (miR)-15b-5p/MYLK axis on the modulation of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotype and the formation of intracranial aneurysm (IA). METHODS SNHG12, miR-15b-5p and MYLK expression in IA tissue samples from IA patients were tested by RT-qPCR and western blot. Human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were cultivated with H2O2 to mimic IA-like conditions in vitro, and the cell proliferation and apoptosis were measured by MTT assay and Annexin V/PI staining. IA mouse models were established by induction with systemic hypertension combined with elastase injection. The blood pressure in the tail artery of mice in each group was assessed and the pathological changes in arterial tissues were observed by HE staining and TUNEL staining. The expression of TNF-α and IL-1β, MCP-1, iNOS, caspase-3, and caspase-9 in the arterial tissues were tested by RT-qPCR and ELISA. The relationship among SNHG12, miR-15b-5p and MYLK was verified by bioinformatics, RIP, RNA pull-down, and luciferase reporter assays. RESULTS The expression levels of MYLK and SNHG12 were down-regulated and that of miR-15b-5p was up-regulated in IA tissues and H2O2-treated human aortic VSMCs. Overexpressed MYLK or SNHG12 mitigated the decrease in proliferation and increase in apoptosis of VSMCs caused by H2O2 induction, and overexpression of miR-15b-5p exacerbated the decrease in proliferation and increase in apoptosis of VSMCs caused by H2O2 induction. Overexpression of miR-15b-5p reversed the H2O2-treated VSMC phenotypic changes caused by SNHG12 up-regulation, and overexpression of MYLK reversed the H2O2-treated VSMC phenotypic changes caused by up-regulation of miR-15b-5p. Overexpression of SNHG12 reduced blood pressure and ameliorated arterial histopathological damage and VSMC apoptosis in IA mice. The mechanical analysis uncovered that SNHG12 acted as an endogenous RNA that competed with miR-15b-5p, thus modulating the suppression of its endogenous target, MYLK. CONCLUSION Decreased expression of SNHG12 in IA may contribute to the increasing VSMC apoptosis via increasing miR-15b-5p expression and subsequently decreasing MYLK expression. These findings provide potential new strategies for the clinical treatment of IA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxian Feng
- Stroke Center Neurointervention Ward, Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian 463000, Henan, China.
| | - Hao Liang
- Stroke Center Neurointervention Ward, Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian 463000, Henan, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Stroke Center Neurointervention Ward, Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian 463000, Henan, China
| | - Shiwang Ruan
- Neurology Department 2, Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian 463000, Henan, China
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Li Y, Liu C, Fan H, Du Y, Zhang R, Zhan S, Zhang G, Bu N. Gli2-induced lncRNA Peg13 alleviates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by suppressing Yy1 transcription in a PRC2 complex-dependent manner. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:1389-1404. [PMID: 36662414 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01159-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cell dysfunction plays an important role in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. LncRNA Peg13 is reported to be down-regulated in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs) induced by glucose-oxygen deprivation (OGD), but the mechanism of its involvement in I/R progression remains to be further explored. Here, mouse BMVECs (bEnd.3 cells) were treated with OGD / reoxygenation (OGD/R) to simulate I/R injury in vitro. Peg13 and Gli2 expression was decreased in OGD/R-treated bEnd.3 cells. And overexpression of Peg13 or Gli2 prevented OGD/R-induced reduction in cell migration and angiogenesis, as well as upregulation in cell apoptosis and oxidative stress levels. Mechanism exploration showed that Gli2 promoted the transcription of Peg13. And Peg13 repressed Yy1 transcription by binding to Ezh2 (a key subunit of PRC2 complex) and inducing the enrichment of H3K27me3 in Yy1 promoter region, thereby suppressing the transcriptional inhibition effect of Yy1 on Notch3 and promoting the expression of Notch3. Consistently, Notch3 overexpression hindered OGD/R-induced endothelium dysfunction. In addition, a brain I/R injury model was established using middle cerebral artery occlusion surgery. And lentivirus-mediated Gli2 and Peg13 overexpression vectors were injected into mice via the lateral ventricle one week before surgery. The results showed that overexpression of Peg13 or Gli2 alleviated I/R-induced neurological deficit, cerebral infarct and cerebral edema. And simultaneous overexpression of Peg13 and Gli2 showed a better protective effect than overexpression of Gli2 or Peg13 alone. In conclusion, Peg13 regulated by Gli2 inhibits Yy1 transcription in a PCR2 complex-dependent manner, and blocks the transcriptional repression of Notch3 by Yy1, thereby exerting neuroprotective effects on cerebral I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Li
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwulu, 710004, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, China.
| | - Chuntian Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi province, China
| | - Hong Fan
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwulu, 710004, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, China
| | - Yun Du
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwulu, 710004, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, China
| | - Ru Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwulu, 710004, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, China
| | - Shuqin Zhan
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwulu, 710004, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, China
| | - Guilian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwulu, 710004, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, China
| | - Ning Bu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwulu, 710004, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, China
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Zhang R, Wu F, Cheng B, Wang C, Bai B, Chen J. Apelin-13 prevents the effects of oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion on bEnd.3 cells by inhibiting AKT-mTOR signaling. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:146-156. [PMID: 36573455 PMCID: PMC10041053 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221139186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays works by degrading misfolded proteins and dysfunctional organelles and maintains intracellular homeostasis. Apelin-13 has been investigated as an agent that might protect the blood-brain barrier (BBB) from cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. In this study, we examined whether apelin-13 protects cerebral microvascular endothelial cells, important components of the BBB, from I/R injury by regulating autophagy. To mimic I/R injury, the mouse cerebral microvascular endothelia l cell line bEnd 3 undergoes the process of oxygen and glucose deprivation and re feeding in the process of culture. Cell viability was detected using a commercial kit, and cell migration was monitored by in vitro scratch assay. The tight junction (TJ) proteins ZO-1 and occludin; the autophagy markers LC3 II, beclin 1, and p62; and components of the AKT-mTOR signaling pathway were detected by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. To confirm the role of autophagy in OGD/R and the protective effect of apelin-13, we treated the cells with 3-methyladenine (3-MA), a pharmacological inhibitor of autophagy. Our results demonstrated that OGD/R increased autophagic activity but decreased viability, abundance of TJs, and migration. Viability and TJ abundance were further reduced when the OGD/R group was treated with 3-MA. These results indicated that bEnd.3 upregulates autophagy to ameliorate the effects of OGD/R injury on viability and TJs, but that the autophagy induced by OGD/R alone is not sufficient to protect against the effect on cell migration. Treatment of OGD/R samples with apelin-13 markedly increased viability, TJ abundance, and migration, as well as autophagic activity, whereas 3-MA inhibited this increase, suggesting that apelin-13 exerted its protective effects by upregulating autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumin Zhang
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Baohua Cheng
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Bo Bai
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Wang PC, Wang SX, Yan XL, He YY, Wang MC, Zheng HZ, Shi XG, Tan YH, Wang LS. Combination of paeoniflorin and calycosin-7-glucoside alleviates ischaemic stroke injury via the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:1469-1477. [PMID: 35938509 PMCID: PMC9361763 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2102656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Paeoniflorin (PF) and calycosin-7-glucoside (CG, Paeonia lactiflora Pall. extract) have demonstrated protective effects in ischaemic stroke. OBJECTIVE To investigate the synergistic effects of PF + CG on ischaemia/reperfusion injury in vivo and in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to the middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R). After MCAO/R for 24 h, rats were randomly subdivided into 5 groups: sham, model (MCAO/R), study treatment (PF + CG, 40 + 20 mg/kg), LY294002 (20 mg/kg), and study treatment + LY294002. Males were given via intragastric administration; the duration of the in vivo experiment was 8 days. Neurologic deficits, cerebral infarction, brain edoema, and protein levels were assessed in vivo. Hippocampal neurons (HT22) were refreshed with glucose-free DMEM and placed in an anaerobic chamber for 8 h. Subsequently, HT22 cells were reoxygenated in a 37 °C incubator with 5% CO2 for 6 h. SOD, MDA, ROS, LDH and protein levels were measured in vitro. RESULTS PF + CG significantly reduced neurobehavioral outcomes (21%), cerebral infarct volume (44%), brain edoema (1.6%) compared with the MCAO/R group. Moreover, PF + CG increased p-PI3K/PI3K (4.69%, 7.4%), p-AKT/AKT (6.25%, 60.6%) and Bcl-2/BAX (33%, 49%) expression in vivo and in vitro, and reduced GSK-3β (10.5%, 9.6%) expression. In vitro, PF + CG suppressed apoptosis in HT22 cells and decreased ROS and MDA levels (20%, 50%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS PF + CG showed a synergistic protective effect against ischaemic brain injury, potentially being a future treatment for ischaemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Cheng Wang
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China
| | - Sheng-Xin Wang
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiang-Li Yan
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying-Ying He
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China
| | - Min-Chun Wang
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao-Zhen Zheng
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China
| | - Xu-Guang Shi
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong-Heng Tan
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-Sheng Wang
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China
- CONTACT Li-Sheng Wang College of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232 Outer Circle Road East, Panyu District, Guangdong, Guangzhou510006, China
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Tan N, Xin W, Huang M, Mao Y. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for ischemic stroke: Novel insight into the crosstalk with immune cells. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1048113. [PMID: 36425795 PMCID: PMC9679024 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1048113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke, a cerebrovascular accident, is prevalent and the second highest cause of death globally across patient populations; it is as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation is emerging as a promising treatment for alleviating neurological deficits, as indicated by a great number of animal and clinical studies. The potential of regulating the immune system is currently being explored as a therapeutic target after ischemic stroke. This study will discuss recent evidence that MSCs can harness the immune system by interacting with immune cells to boost neurologic recovery effectively. Moreover, a notion will be given to MSCs participating in multiple pathological processes, such as increasing cell survival angiogenesis and suppressing cell apoptosis and autophagy in several phases of ischemic stroke, consequently promoting neurological function recovery. We will conclude the review by highlighting the clinical opportunities for MSCs by reviewing the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of MSCs therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Tan
- Department of Health Management, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenqiang Xin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Health Management, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuling Mao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Chen F, Zou Y, Wang J, Huang C. Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMSCs)-Exosomes Carrying MicroRNA-965 Attenuates Allogeneic Renal Transplant Rejection Through Regulation of Janus Kinase/Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription 3 (JAK/STAT3). J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2022.3081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study intends to evaluate the potential effect of BMSC-derived exosomes (exo) on the rejection of allogeneic kidney transplantation in a rat model. BMSCs were cultured and their exos were collected for characterization, in which the expression of miR-965 was detected by PCR. Rats
received orthotopic kidney transplantation and treated with exos or PBS followed by analysis of serum creatinine and BUN, inflammatory cell infiltration, renal fibrosis and vascular wall fibrosis by immunohistochemistry staining, JAK2/STAT3 phosphorylation by Western-blot, the inflammatory
factor level by ELISA kit, and CD4+ cells differentiation by flow cytometry. miR-965 was enriched in BMSC-derived exo. Treatment with exo ameliorated the allograft rejection, improved renal function, and reduced the histological changes of kidney. In addition, exosomal treatment decreased
the level of serum inflammatory cytokines, and altered T cell subpopulations. Meanwhile, fibrosis and neointima formation was reduced as demonstrated by related protein expression and signaling pathways was inactivated in the presence of exos. In conclusion, the miR-965 derived from BMSC-exos
mitigated the renal allograft rejection through JAK/STAT3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Chen
- Department of Multi-Organ Transplant Center, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital,
Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
| | - Yang Zou
- Department of Renal Department, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610071, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, 610072,
China
| | - Jiansong Wang
- Department of Urology, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410005, China
| | - Chuyang Huang
- Department of Urology, Shaoyang Central Hospital of Hunan, Shaoyang, Hunan, 22099, China
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Yan C, An F, Wang J, Shi Y, Yuan L, Lv D, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Wang Y. Zhongfeng Capsules protects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via mediating the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt and toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathways by regulating neuronal apoptosis and inflammation. Apoptosis 2022; 27:561-576. [PMID: 35674851 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-022-01739-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory reaction and neuronal apoptosis are the major pathophysiological mechanisms involved in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CI/RI). It has been reported that Zhongfeng Capsules (ZFCs), which contain Panax notoginseng, Hirudo, Red ginseng, Eupolyphaga sinensis, Pangolin scales, Rhubarb, and Radix Salvia miltiorrhizae, have a definite therapeutic effect on CI/RI. However, the specific molecular mechanisms of ZFCs are unclear. In this study, the effects of ZFCs on middle cerebral artery occlusion were investigated in rats. Our results showed that neurological impairment and neuronal apoptosis were alleviated in ZFC-treated rats. Additionally, infarct volume and cerebral edema decreased and there was an improvement in histopathological features. Furthermore, the expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were downregulated in ZFC-treated rats. TLR 4, NF-κB, Bax, and Caspase-3 expression also tended to decrease, whereas the expression of Bcl-2, p-PI3K, p-Akt, and I-κBα increased. The results indicate that the ZFCs effectively protected the rats against CI/RI possibly via the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Additionally, the formulation regulated the transcriptional activity of NF-κB, secretion of downstream inflammatory factors, and the expression of Bcl-2-Bax proteins in the PI3K/Akt pathway. Our findings suggest that ZFCs suppress neuronal apoptosis and inflammatory reaction via the PI3K/Akt and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways, respectively. Moreover, activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway may result in the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine secretion, which may be another mechanism by which ZFCs alleviate CI/RI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlu Yan
- School of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.
| | - Fangyu An
- Teaching Experiment Training Center, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Yao Shi
- School of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Lingqing Yuan
- School of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Donghui Lv
- School of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Yanzhen Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Yongqi Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.
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Wei B, Liu W, Jin L, Guo S, Fan H, Jin F, Wei C, Fang D, Zhang X, Su S, Duan C, Li X. Dexmedetomidine Inhibits Gasdermin D-Induced Pyroptosis via the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β Pathway to Attenuate Neuroinflammation in Early Brain Injury After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:899484. [PMID: 35800132 PMCID: PMC9253293 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.899484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is one kind of life-threatening stroke, which leads to severe brain damage. Pyroptosis plays a critical role in early brain injury (EBI) after SAH. Previous reports suggest that SAH-induced brain edema, cell apoptosis, and neuronal injury could be suppressed by dexmedetomidine (Dex). In this study, we used a rat model of SAH to investigate the effect of Dex on pyroptosis in EBI after SAH and to determine the mechanisms involved. Pyroptosis was found in microglia in EBI after SAH. Dex significantly alleviated microglia pyroptosis via reducing pyroptosis executioner GSDMD and inhibited the release of proinflammatory cytokines induced by SAH. Furthermore, the reduction of GSDMD by Dex was abolished by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that Dex reduces microglia pyroptosis in EBI after SAH via the activation of the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Wei
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenchao Liu
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Jin
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shenquan Guo
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Fan
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fa Jin
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengcong Wei
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dazhao Fang
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shixing Su
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuanzhi Duan
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xifeng Li
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Cai Z, Li S, Yu T, Deng J, Li X, Jin J. Non-Coding RNA Regulatory Network in Ischemic Stroke. Front Neurol 2022; 13:820858. [PMID: 35309579 PMCID: PMC8927803 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.820858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a worldwide public health problem that has caused a substantial economic burden to families and society. Despite recent major advances, there is still a need for more timely, effective diagnosis and treatment methods for acute ischemic stroke. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), which widely exist in the human body, do not encode proteins. Instead, these mediate various cellular processes as functional regulatory molecules from the RNA level. Each ncRNA node in organisms is not isolated but constitutes a complex regulatory network, regulating multiple molecular targets and triggering specific physiological or pathological reactions, leading to different outcomes. Abundant studies have proclaimed the impact of ncRNAs in ischemic stroke, which may enlighten new inspirations for diagnosing and treating ischemic stroke. This paper outlines the current understanding of the ncRNA regulatory network and reviews the recent evidence for the contribution of ncRNAs in the experimental ischemic stroke model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyan Cai
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuo Li
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tianci Yu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Deng
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xinran Li
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Jin
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jiaxin Jin
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11
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Chen X, Zhou C, Xu D, Liu X, Li S, Hou J, Zhang K, Zeng C, Zheng G, Wu H, Wu H, Wang W, Fu J, Wang T. Peptide hormone ELABELA promotes rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and migration by manipulating the cell cycle through the PI3K/AKT pathway under the hypoxia and ischemia microenvironmemt. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:32. [PMID: 35090551 PMCID: PMC8796437 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02691-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are emerging as a potential candidate for stem cell transplantation to repair myocardial tissue in myocardial infarctions (MI). However, there are some pivotal limitations such as poor survival and low migration capacity of MSCs in hypoxic and ischemic microenvironments of MI. Our previous work verified that ELABELA (also abbreviated as ELA), a peptide hormone, could play a role as a growth factor and prolong the life span of rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (RAT BM-MSCs) under hypoxic and ischemic conditions. Nevertheless, the influence of ELA on the cell cycle, proliferation, and migration remains elusive. This study will further explore the improvement of the biological functions of ELA-treated RAT BM-MSCs, so as to provide a reference for improving the efficacy of RAT BM-MSCs in MI. METHODS Rat BM-MSCs were isolated from 80 to 120 g Sprague Dawley rats by flushing femurs and tibias under the aseptic condition. RAT BM-MSCs of the third passage were divided into control group, hypoxic/ischemic (H/I) group, ELA group, ELA-LY group and LY group. RAT BM-MSCs were cultured under normoxia in control group. In H/I group, RAT BM-MSCs were exposed to hypoxia (1% O2) and serum deprivation for 24 h. RAT BM-MSCs in ELA group were treated with 5 µM ELA prior to the H/I exposure for 24 h. The PI3K/AKT inhibitor, LY294002 (50 µM), was used in ELA-LY group and LY group to observe the effect of ELA on PI3K/AKT activation. Cell proliferation ability was examined by CCK-8. Cell cycle was assessed with flow cytometry. Cell migration was evaluated by Transwell assay. Expression levels of total-AKT, phosphorylated-AKT, and cell cycle-associated proteins were examined by Western blotting. RESULTS ELA-treated RAT BM-MSCs exhibited significantly higher proliferation ability, cell viability, and migration under H/I conditions. The cell cycle analysis showed that an increased proportion of cells in the S and G2/M phases of the cell cycle were observed in ELA-treated RAT BM-MSCs. The addition of ELA activated the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Additionally, upon treating with the inhibitor of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, ELA-triggered proliferation, cell viability, and migration were abrogated. CONCLUSIONS ELA can be used to enhance the proliferation ability, cell viability, and migration of RAT BM-MSCs through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and alleviate cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase under hypoxic and ischemic injury. Thus, this study provides a promising strategy that ELA may help to optimize the mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy in MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuxiang Chen
- Department of Emergency, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518003, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Changqing Zhou
- Department of Emergency, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518003, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Daishi Xu
- Department of Emergency, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518003, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Emergency, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518003, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Emergency, the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangmei Li
- Department of Emergency, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518003, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyu Hou
- Department of Emergency, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518003, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Emergency, the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kanglong Zhang
- Department of Emergency, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518003, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Emergency, the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaotao Zeng
- Department of Emergency, the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Zheng
- Department of Emergency, the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Haidong Wu
- Department of Emergency, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518003, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Emergency, the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wuming Wang
- Department of Emergency, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518003, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaying Fu
- Department of Emergency, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518003, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Emergency, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518003, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Sun L, Yuan R. LncRNA SNHG12 ameliorates bupivacaine-induced neurotoxicity by sponging miR-497-5p to upregulate NLRX1. Hum Exp Toxicol 2022; 41:9603271221089001. [PMID: 35410500 DOI: 10.1177/09603271221089001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) small nucleolar RNA host gene 12 (SNHG12) has been reported to participate in the regulation of various nervous system disorders. Bupivacaine (BV), a commonly used local anesthetic, could generate neurotoxicity in neurons. This work intended to investigate the role and specific mechanism of SNHG12 in BV-induced neurotoxicity. In this study, we established an in vitro cell model of BV-induced neurotoxicity by exposing human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) to BV. It was found that SNHG12 and NLRX1 levels were gradually downregulated, while miR-497-5p enrichment was upregulated accordingly with the increase of BV concentration. As indicated by functional assays, SNHG12 overexpression promoted cell viability but inhibited cell apoptosis and oxidative stress in BV-treated SH-SY5Y cells. In addition, it was identified that SNHG12 directly targeted miR-497-5p and attenuated BV-induced neurotoxicity via interaction with miR-497-5p. Besides, it was confirmed that SNHG12 could upregulate NLRX1 expression by absorbing miR-497-5p. Moreover, miR-497-5p decreased cell viability and induced cell apoptosis and oxidative stress, which was partly reversed by NLRX1 upregulation. In conclusion, our findings indicated that SNHG12 might relieve BV-associated neurotoxicity by upregulating NLRX1 via miR-497-5p in vitro, providing novel clues and biomarkers for the treatment and prevention of BV-associated neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzhou Wujin People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China
| | - Ru Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzhou Wujin People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China
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LncRNA SNHG15 Promotes Oxidative Stress Damage to Regulate the Occurrence and Development of Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Targeting the miR-141/SIRT1 Axis. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2021; 2021:6577799. [PMID: 34868528 PMCID: PMC8641992 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6577799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a kind of disease with high mortality and high disability, which brings a huge burden to the public health system (Hu et al. (2017)), and it poses a serious threat to the quality of life of patients. Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury is an important pathophysiological mechanism. This study aims to assess the mechanism of SNHG15 in the occurrence and development of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury of nerve cells and to investigate its potential value for diagnosis and treatment. SNHG15 targeted miRNA molecules and target genes were predicted with bioinformatics tools such as StarBase and TargetScan. The process of ischemic reperfusion in cerebral apoplexy in normal cultured and oxygen-glucose-deprived and reoxygenated neurons was simulated with RT-PCR and western blot technique. The expressions of SNHG15 and miR-141 were detected with qPCR, and the expressions of SIRT1 and p65, TNF-α, ROS, iNOS, and IL-6 were detected with western blot. Meanwhile, SNHG15 siRNAs and miR-141 mimics were transfected for SH-SY5Y, with western blot testing. And the expressions of miR-141, SIRT1, and p65, TNF-α, ROS, iNOS, and IL-6 were tested. According to the prediction with bioinformatics tools of StarBase and TargetScan, miR-141 is the target of lncSNHG15. In the luciferase reporter plasmid double-luciferase assay, miR-141 and SIRT1 were defined as the target relationship. In the oxygen-glucose-deprived reoxygenation model group, SNHG15 expression increased, miR-141 expression decreased, SIRT1 expression increased, and the expressions of p65, TNF-α, ROS, iNOS, and IL-6 decreased. In the SNHG15-siRNA-transfected oxygen-glucose-deprived reoxygenation cell model group, miR-141 expression increased, SIRT1 expression decreased, and the expressions of p65, TNF-α, and IL-6 increased compared with the si-NC group. In the miR-141-mimic-transfected oxygen-glucose-deprived reoxygenation cell model, SNHG15 expression decreased, SIRT1 expression decreased, and the expressions of p65, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 increased. In conclusion, SNHG15 expression increased during the process of oxygen-glucose-deprived reoxygenation, and the oxidative stress process was reduced by miR-141/SIRT1.
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OM-MSCs Alleviate the Golgi Apparatus Stress Response following Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via the PEDF-PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:4805040. [PMID: 34815829 PMCID: PMC8606042 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4805040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of Golgi apparatus (GA) stress responses mediated by GOLPH3 has been widely studied in ischemic stroke, and the neuroprotection effect of olfactory mucosa mesenchymal stem cells (OM-MSCs) against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) has been preliminarily presented. However, the exact role of OM-MSCs in the GA stress response following cerebral IRI remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we used an oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model and reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model to simulate cerebral IRI in vitro and in vivo. Our results showed that the level of GOLPH3 protein, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and Ca2+ was upregulated, SPCA1 level was downregulated, and GA fragmentation was increased in ischemic stroke models, and OM-MSC treatment clearly ameliorated these GA stress responses in vitro and in vivo. Subsequently, the knockdown of PEDF in OM-MSCs using PEDF-specific siRNA further demonstrated that secretion of PEDF in OM-MSCs protected OGD/R-treated N2a cells and MCAO rats from GA stress response. Additionally, rescue experiment using specific pathway inhibitors suggested that OM-MSCs could promote the phosphorylation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, thereby mitigating OGD/R-induced GA stress response and excessive autophagy. In conclusion, OM-MSCs minimized the GA stress response following cerebral IRI, at least partially, through the PEDF-PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.
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Zhu L, Zhou H, Xu F, Yang H, Li P, Sheng Y, Liu P, Kong W, Liu X, Yang L, Liu L, Liu X. Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Impairs Blood-Brain Barrier Partly Due to Release of Arginase From Injured Liver. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:724471. [PMID: 34721021 PMCID: PMC8548691 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.724471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (HIR) induces remote organs injury, including the brain. The homeostasis of the brain is maintained by the blood-brain barrier (BBB); thus, we aimed to investigate whether HIR impaired BBB and attempted to elucidate its underlying mechanism. Methods: Cell viability of human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3) was measured following 24 h incubation with a serum of HIR rat undergoing 1 h ischemia and 4 h reperfusion, liver homogenate, or lysate of primary hepatocytes of the rat. The liver homogenate was precipitated using (NH4)2SO4 followed by separation on three columns and electrophoresis to identify the toxic molecule. Cell activity, apoptosis, proliferation, cell cycle, and expressions of proteins related to cell cycle were measured in hCMEC/D3 cells incubated with identified toxic molecules. HIR rats undergoing 1 h ischemia and 24 h reperfusion were developed to determine the release of an identified toxic molecule. BBB function was indexed as permeability to fluorescein and brain water. Endothelial cell proliferation and expressions of proteins related to the cell cycle in cerebral microvessels were measured by immunofluorescence and western blot. Results: Toxic molecule to BBB in the liver was identified to be arginase. Arginase inhibitor nor-NOHA efficiently attenuated hCMEC/D3 damage caused by liver homogenate and serum of HIR rats. Both arginase and serum of HIR rats significantly lowered arginine (Arg) in the culture medium. Arg addition efficiently attenuated the impairment of hCMEC/D3 caused by arginase or Arg deficiency, demonstrating that arginase impaired hCMEC/D3 via depriving Arg. Both arginase and Arg deficiency damaged hCMEC/D3 cells by inhibiting cell proliferation, retarding the cell cycle to G1 phase, and downregulating expressions of cyclin A, cyclin D, CDK2, and CDK4. HIR notably increased plasma arginase activity and lowered Arg level, increased the BBB permeability accompanied with enhanced brain water, and decreased the proliferative cells (marked by Ki67) in cerebral microvessels (marked by CD31) and protein expressions of cyclin A, cyclin D, CDK2 and CDK4 in isolated brain microvessels. Oral supplement of Arg remarkably attenuated these HIR-induced alterations. Conclusion: HIR leads to substantial release of arginase from the injured liver and then deprives systemic Arg. The Arg deficiency further impairs BBB via inhibiting the proliferation of brain microvascular endothelial cells by cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Han Zhou
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanyu Yang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Li
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Sheng
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peihua Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weimin Kong
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaonan Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Strategies to Improve the Efficiency of Transplantation with Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke: A Review of Recent Progress. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:9929128. [PMID: 34490053 PMCID: PMC8418553 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9929128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is a common global disease that is characterized by a loss of neurological function and a poor prognosis in many patients. However, only a limited number of treatments are available for this condition at present. Given that the efficacies of these treatments tend to be poor, cerebral ischemia can create a significant burden on patients, families, and society. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation treatment has shown significant potential in animal models of ischemic stroke; however, the specific mechanisms underlying this effect have yet to be elucidated. Furthermore, clinical trials have yet to yield promising results. Consequently, there is an urgent need to identify new methods to improve the efficiency of MSC transplantation as an optimal treatment for ischemic stroke. In this review, we provide an overview of recent scientific reports concerning novel strategies that promote MSC transplantation as an effective therapeutic approach, including physical approaches, chemical agents, traditional Chinese medicines and extracts, and genetic modification. Our analyses showed that two key factors need to be considered if we are to improve the efficacy of MSC transplantation treatments: survival ability and homing ability. We also highlight the importance of other significant mechanisms, including the enhanced activation of MSCs to promote neurogenesis and angiogenesis, and the regulation of permeability in the blood-brain barrier. Further in-depth investigations of the specific mechanisms underlying MSC transplantation treatment will help us to identify effective methods that improve the efficiency of MSC transplantation for ischemic stroke. The development of safer and more effective methods will facilitate the application of MSC transplantation as a promising adjuvant therapy for the treatment of poststroke brain damage.
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Wang C, Chen H, Ma ST, Mao BB, Chen Y, Xu HN, Yu H. A Network Pharmacology Approach for Exploring the Mechanisms of Panax notoginseng Saponins in Ischaemic Stroke. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:5582782. [PMID: 34434246 PMCID: PMC8382556 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5582782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) have been deemed effective herb compounds for treating ischaemic stroke (IS) and improving the quality of life of IS patients. This study aimed to investigate the underlying mechanisms of PNS in the treatment of IS based on network pharmacology. METHODS PNS were identified from the Traditional Chinese Medicine System Pharmacology (TCMSP) database, and their possible targets were predicted using the PharmMapper database. IS-related targets were identified from the GeneCards database, OMIM database, and DisGeNET database. A herb-compound-target-disease network was constructed using Cytoscape, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were established with STRING. GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis were performed using DAVID. The binding of the compounds and key targets was validated by molecular docking studies using AutoDock Vina. The neuroprotective effect of TFCJ was substantiated in terms of oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and malondialdehyde) and the levels of IGF1/PI3K/Akt pathway proteins. RESULTS A total of 375 PNS targets and 5111 IS-related targets were identified. Among these targets, 241 were common to PNS, and IS network analysis showed that MAPK1, AKT1, PIK3R1, SRC, MAPK8, EGFR, IGF1, HRAS, RHOA, and HSP90AA1 are key targets of PNS against IS. Furthermore, GO and KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that PNS probably exert therapeutic effects against IS by regulating many pathways, such as the Ras, oestrogen, FoxO, prolactin, Rap1, PI3K-Akt, insulin, PPAR, and thyroid hormone signalling pathways. Molecular docking studies further corroborated the experimental results.The network pharmacology results were further verified by molecular docking and in vivo experiments. CONCLUSIONS The ameliorative effects of PNS against IS were predicted to be associated with the regulation of the IGF1-PI3K-Akt signalling pathway. Ginsenoside Re and ginsenoside Rb1 may play an important role in the treatment of IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
| | - Hao Chen
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
| | - Shi-tang Ma
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
| | - Bin-bin Mao
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
| | - Hao-Nan Xu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
| | - Hao Yu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
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Luo Y, Qiu W, Wu B, Fang F. An Overview of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-based Therapy Mediated by Noncoding RNAs in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 18:457-473. [PMID: 34347272 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have become a promising tool for neurorestorative therapy of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), which are mainly characterized by the progressive and irreversible loss of neuronal structure and function in the central or peripheral nervous system. Recently, studies have reported that genetic manipulation mediated by noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) can increase survival and neural regeneration of transplanted MSCs, offering a new strategy for clinical translation. In this review, we summarize the potential role and regulatory mechanism of two major types of ncRNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), during the neurogenesis of MSCs with gene expression profile analyses. We also overview the realization of MSC-based therapy mediated by ncRNAs in the treatment of spinal cord injury, stroke, Alzheimer's disease and peripheral nerve injury. It is expected that ncRNAs will become promising therapeutic targets for NDD on stem cells, while the underlying mechanisms require further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Luo
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Qiu
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Buling Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Stomatology Hospital (Pingshan), Southern Medical University, 143 Dongzong Road, Pingshan District, Shenzhen, 518118, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuchun Fang
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China.
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Meng L, Zhang Y, Li D, Shang X, Hao X, Chen X, Gao F. TIMP3 attenuates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in neurocytes by regulating the AKT pathway. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:973. [PMID: 34335915 PMCID: PMC8290470 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke seriously threatens human health and creates a large social burden. The present study investigated whether tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 (TIMP3) prevented cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), with the aim to explore the underlying mechanism. A transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model was conducted in mice, and oxygen glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) was investigated in PC12 cells to mimic cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). Western blotting was used to determine the expression of TIMP3, Bax, Bcl-2 and AKT. TUNEL was used to detect apoptosis in cerebral tissues or cultured PC12 cells. Expression levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were detected to reveal oxidative stress. The results demonstrated that TIMP3 expression was significantly decreased after I/R in vivo or OGD/R in vitro, and the number of TUNEL-positive cells was reduced by the overexpression of TIMP3. The attenuation of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in OGD/R-induced PC12 cells suppressed the expression levels of ROS and MDA; while also elevating SOD activity in the OGD/R-induced neurocytes in vitro. In addition, TIMP3-overexpression reversed the downregulation of phosphorylated-AKT (Thr308 and Ser473) in OGD/R-treated PC12 cells. However, the anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative stress roles of TIMP3 in OGD/R-induced PC12 cells were partially abolished after treatment with the AKT inhibitor, AZD5363. Overall, TIMP3 exerted an anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative stress role in CIRI through the AKT pathway, which may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of CIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linglei Meng
- Department of Imaging, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai, Hebei 054001, P.R. China
| | - Yongting Zhang
- Department of Imaging, Xingtai Orthopedic Hospital, Xingtai, Hebei 054001, P.R. China
| | - Demao Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai, Hebei 054001, P.R. China
| | - Xinfang Shang
- Department of Imaging, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai, Hebei 054001, P.R. China
| | - Xuejia Hao
- Department of Imaging, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai, Hebei 054001, P.R. China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai, Hebei 054001, P.R. China
| | - Fengxiao Gao
- Department of Imaging, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai, Hebei 054001, P.R. China
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Hou J, Zeng C, Zheng G, Liang L, Jiang L, Yang Z. LncRNAs Participate in Post-Resuscitation Myocardial Dysfunction Through the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway in a Rat Model of Cardiac Arrest and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Front Physiol 2021; 12:689531. [PMID: 34194340 PMCID: PMC8238007 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.689531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to explore the role of lncRNAs in post-resuscitation myocardial dysfunction in a rat model of CA-CPR. A rat model of CA-CPR was constructed using a VF method. Myocardial functions, including cardiac output (CO), ejection fraction (EF), and myocardial performance index (MPI), were evaluated at the baseline, and 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 h after resuscitation. A high throughput sequencing method was used to screen the differentially expressed lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs, which were further analyzed with bioinformatics. In addition, relationships between the molecules involved in the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway were explored with ceRNA network. Compared with the sham group, EF was significantly reduced and MPI was increased at the five consecutive time points in the CA-CPR group. 68 lncRNAs were upregulated and 40 lncRNAs were downregulated in the CA-CPR group, while 30 miRNAs were downregulated and 19 miRNAs were upregulated. Moreover, mRNAs were also differentially expressed, with 676 upregulated and 588 downregulated. GO analysis suggested that genes associated with cell proliferation, cell death and programmed cell death were significantly enriched. KEGG analysis showed that the PI3K/Akt, MAPK and Ras signaling pathways were the three most-enriched pathways. Construction of a ceRNA regulatory network indicated that LOC102549506, LOC103689920, and LOC103690137 might play important roles in the regulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in the CA-CPR treated rat. Taken together, LncRNAs, including LOC102549506, LOC103689920 and LOC103690137, might participate in post-resuscitation myocardial dysfunction by functioning as ceRNAs and regulating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Hou
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaotao Zeng
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanghui Zheng
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lian Liang
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Longyuan Jiang
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengfei Yang
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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21
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Zhang J, Rui Y, Gao M, Wang L, Yan BC. Expression of Long Non-coding RNA RGD1566344 in the Brain Cortex of Male Mice After Focal Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion and the Neuroprotective Effect of a Non-coding RNA RGD1566344 Inhibitor. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:705-716. [PMID: 32424772 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00877-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) remains a major cause of disability and death. The changes in long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) RGD1566344 expression in the mouse cerebral cortex, including the infarct and penumbra regions after IS, are not clear. Less is known about the impact and underlying mechanisms of RGD1566344 in IS. In this study, we found that RGD1566344 levels were elevated in the ischemic infarct and penumbra regions 12 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) in male mice and in PC12 cells with oxygen glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R). The inhibition of RGD1566344 by small interference RNA (siRNA) significantly alleviated apoptosis in OGD/R PC12 cells. In cell transfection, quantitative real-time PCR, and Western blot experiments, we demonstrated the possible interaction of non-POU domain-containing octamer-binding protein (NONO) with RGD1566344. The NONO level in OGD/R PC12 cells was obviously increased after inhibiting the RGD1566344 treatment; subsequently the protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway was activated. This demonstrated the effect of the RGD1566344-NONO-AKT axis on neural protection after IS. These results revealed a new molecular mechanism of lncRNA RGD1566344 inhibitors through targeting NONO/AKT/mTOR signaling to protect against ischemic neuronal injury, providing strong evidence for the development of promising therapeutic strategies against IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Gastric Cancer of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanggang Rui
- Department of Neurology, Xuyi People's Hospital, Huai'an, 211700, People's Republic of China
| | - Manman Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Gastric Cancer of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Gastric Cancer of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Chun Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Gastric Cancer of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Wolska M, Jarosz-Popek J, Junger E, Wicik Z, Porshoor T, Sharif L, Czajka P, Postula M, Mirowska-Guzel D, Czlonkowska A, Eyileten C. Long Non-coding RNAs as Promising Therapeutic Approach in Ischemic Stroke: a Comprehensive Review. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:1664-1682. [PMID: 33236327 PMCID: PMC7932985 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02206-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, ischemic stroke (IS) has been one of the major causes of disability and mortality worldwide. The general mechanism of IS is based on reduced blood supply to neuronal tissue, resulting in neuronal cell damage by various pathological reactions. One of the main techniques for acute IS treatment entails advanced surgical approaches for restoration of cerebral blood supply but this is often associated with secondary brain injury, also known as ischemic reperfusion injury (I/R injury). Many researches have come to emphasize the significant role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in IS, especially in I/R injury and their potential as therapeutic approaches. LncRNAs are non-protein transcripts that are able to regulate cellular processes and gene expression. Further, lncRNAs have been shown to be involved in neuronal signaling pathways. Several lncRNAs are recognized as key factors in the physiological and pathological processes of IS. In this review, we discuss the role of lncRNAs in neuronal injury mechanisms and their association with brain neuroprotection. Moreover, we identify the lncRNAs that show the greatest potential as novel therapeutic approaches in IS, which therefore merit further investigation in preclinical research. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Wolska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Banacha 1B str., Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Jarosz-Popek
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Banacha 1B str., Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eva Junger
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Banacha 1B str., Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zofia Wicik
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Banacha 1B str., Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Centro de Matemática, Computação e Cognição, Universidade Federal do ABC, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tahmina Porshoor
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Banacha 1B str., Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lucia Sharif
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Banacha 1B str., Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pamela Czajka
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Banacha 1B str., Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Postula
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Banacha 1B str., Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dagmara Mirowska-Guzel
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Banacha 1B str., Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Czlonkowska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Banacha 1B str., Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ceren Eyileten
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Banacha 1B str., Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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23
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He J, Liu J, Huang Y, Tang X, Xiao H, Hu Z. Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Autophagy: Potential Targets of Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Based Therapies in Ischemic Stroke. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:641157. [PMID: 33716657 PMCID: PMC7952613 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.641157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death worldwide; currently available treatment approaches for ischemic stroke are to restore blood flow, which reduce disability but are time limited. The interruption of blood flow in ischemic stroke contributes to intricate pathophysiological processes. Oxidative stress and inflammatory activity are two early events in the cascade of cerebral ischemic injury. These two factors are reciprocal causation and directly trigger the development of autophagy. Appropriate autophagy activity contributes to brain recovery by reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory activity, while autophagy dysfunction aggravates cerebral injury. Abundant evidence demonstrates the beneficial impact of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and secretome on cerebral ischemic injury. MSCs reduce oxidative stress through suppressing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) generation and transferring healthy mitochondria to damaged cells. Meanwhile, MSCs exert anti-inflammation properties by the production of cytokines and extracellular vesicles, inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines and inflammatory cells activation, suppressing pyroptosis, and alleviating blood–brain barrier leakage. Additionally, MSCs regulation of autophagy imbalances gives rise to neuroprotection against cerebral ischemic injury. Altogether, MSCs have been a promising candidate for the treatment of ischemic stroke due to their pleiotropic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin He
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianyang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Huang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defect for Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangqi Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Han Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiping Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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24
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Huang Y, Xiao X, Xiao H, Hu Z, Tan F. CUEDC2 ablation enhances the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells in ameliorating cerebral ischemia/reperfusion insult. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:4335-4356. [PMID: 33494071 PMCID: PMC7906146 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has been reported to be a promising therapeutic option for cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) insult. However, the poor survival rate of engrafted MSCs under unfavorable cerebral I/R-induced microenvironment inhibits their efficiency during clinical application. CUE domain-containing 2(CUECD2) exhibits its protective role on cardiomyocytes by mediating the antioxidant capacity. Our study explored the functional role of CUEDC2 in cerebral I/R challenge and determined whether CUECD2-modified MSCs could improve the efficacy of treatment of the insulted neurons. We also evaluated the possible mechanisms involved in cerebral I/R condition. Cerebral I/R stimulation suppressed CUEDC2 levels in brain tissues and neurons. siRNA-CUEDC2 in neurons significantly inhibited cerebral I/R-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress levels in vitro. Moreover, siRNA-CUEDC2 in the MSCs group remarkably enhanced the therapeutic efficacies in cerebral I/R-induced neuron injury and brain tissue impairment when compared to the non-genetic MSCs treatment group. At the molecular level, siRNA-CUEDC2 in MSCs markedly enhanced its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect in co-cultured neurons by upregulating glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) expression levels while suppressing NF-kB activation. These findings provide a novel strategy for the utilization of MSCs to promote cerebral ischemic stroke outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Research, Prevention, and Treatment, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha 410008, Hunan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, P.R. China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurorestoration, Changsha 410003, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Xia Xiao
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Research, Prevention, and Treatment, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha 410008, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Han Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Zhiping Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Fengbo Tan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, P.R. China
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25
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Feng H, Gui Q, Wu G, Zhu W, Dong X, Shen M, Fu X, Shi G, Luo H, Yang X, Xue S, Cheng Q. Long noncoding RNA Nespas inhibits apoptosis of epileptiform hippocampal neurons by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Exp Cell Res 2020; 398:112384. [PMID: 33212147 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases with spontaneous recurrent seizures. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are crucial modulators in numerous diseases, including epilepsy. However, the functional role and potential mechanism of lncRNA Nespas in epilepsy remain unknown. Our study clarified that Nespas was underexpressed in epileptiform hippocampal tissues and neurons. Furthermore, Nespas promoted hippocampal neuron viability and proliferation, and inhibited hippocampal neuron apoptosis. Mechanistically, Nespas interacted with microRNA 615-3p (miR-615-3p) in epileptiform hippocampal neurons. 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 11 (Psmd11) was a downstream target of miR-615-3p, and Nespas elevated Psmd11 expression via competitively binding to miR-615-3p in epileptiform hippocampal neurons. In addition, rescue assays suggested that Nespas promoted hippocampal neuron viability and proliferation, and suppressed hippocampal neuron apoptosis by upregulation of Psmd11. Furthermore, Nespas suppressed the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway via upregulating Psmd11 in epileptiform hippocampal neurons. This report explored the function and regulatory mechanism of Nespas in epileptiform hippocampal neurons for the first time. Our findings revealed that Nespas suppressed the apoptosis of epileptiform hippocampal neurons by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway via upregulation of Psmd11 at a miR-615-3p dependent way, indicating that Nespas may offer a new direction for the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxuan Feng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China; Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Suzhou Municipal Hospital), Suzhou, 215002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Gui
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Suzhou Municipal Hospital), Suzhou, 215002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guanhui Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Suzhou Municipal Hospital), Suzhou, 215002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Suzhou Municipal Hospital), Suzhou, 215002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaofeng Dong
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Suzhou Municipal Hospital), Suzhou, 215002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingqiang Shen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Suzhou Municipal Hospital), Suzhou, 215002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuetao Fu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guomei Shi
- Department of Neurology, Taixing People's Hospital, Taixing, 225400, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hailong Luo
- Department of Neurology, Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, 157011, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Department of Neurology, The People's Hospital of SND, Suzhou, 215129, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shouru Xue
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qingzhang Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Suzhou Municipal Hospital), Suzhou, 215002, Jiangsu, China.
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26
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Yan Y, Chen L, Zhou J, Xie L. SNHG12 inhibits oxygen‑glucose deprivation‑induced neuronal apoptosis via the miR‑181a‑5p/NEGR1 axis. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:3886-3894. [PMID: 33000228 PMCID: PMC7533499 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence has indicated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are closely associated with the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. It has been reported that small nucleolar RNA host gene 12 (SNHG12) serves a critical role in ischemic stroke by acting as a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA). SNHG12 competes with various microRNAs (miRs) to regulate RNA transcription of specific targets. However, the effect of SNHG12 on oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced neuronal apoptosis has rarely been reported. The present study demonstrated that SNHG12 expression was downregulated in OGD-injured SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, miR-181a-5p was reported as a target of SNHG12 and was negatively regulated by SNHG12. Moreover, NEGR1 was a target of miR-181a-5p, which functions as a negative regulator of NEGR1 in OGD-induced neuronal apoptosis. In summary, the results strongly confirmed the hypothesis that SNHG12 functions as a ceRNA for miR-181a-5p and regulates the expression of NEGR1 thus inhibiting OGD-induced apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells. Neuronal apoptosis aggravates brain damage during ischemic stroke, indicating that the activation of SNHG12 and NEGR1 expression and inhibition of miR-181a-5p may be a novel strategy for the clinical treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangtian Yan
- Department of Neurology, Wenling Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wenling, Zhejiang 317500, P.R. China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310005, P.R. China
| | - Jiajun Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xixi Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310023, P.R. China
| | - Liquan Xie
- Department of Gerontology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310007, P.R. China
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27
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Ghafouri-Fard S, Shoorei H, Taheri M. Non-coding RNAs participate in the ischemia-reperfusion injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110419. [PMID: 32563988 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia, being defined as blood supply deficiency is involved in the pathogenesis of a number of life-threatening conditions such as myocardial infarction and cerebral stroke. Assessment of the molecular pathology of these conditions has led to identification of the role of reperfusion in induction and aggravation of tissue injury and necrosis. Thus, the term "ischemia/ reperfusion (I/R) injury" has been introduced. This process involves aberrant regulation of the mitochondrial function, apoptotic and autophagic pathways and signal transducers. More recently, non-coding RNAs including long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) ad microRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to influence I/R injury. Animal studies and clinical investigations have shown up-/down-regulation of tens of lncRNAs and miRNAs in this process. In the current study, we summarize the role of these transcripts in the pathophysiology of I/R injury and their potential as biomarkers for detection of extent of tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Shoorei
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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28
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Huang Y, Tan F, Zhuo Y, Liu J, He J, Duan D, Lu M, Hu Z. Hypoxia-preconditioned olfactory mucosa mesenchymal stem cells abolish cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced pyroptosis and apoptotic death of microglial cells by activating HIF-1α. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:10931-10950. [PMID: 32507769 PMCID: PMC7346036 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Microglial cells are the first line immune cells that initiate inflammatory responses following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion(I/R) injury. Microglial cells are also associated with a novel subtype of pro-inflammatory programmed cell death known as pyroptosis. Research has been directed at developing treatments that modulate inflammatory responses and protect against cell death caused by cerebral I/R. Key among such treatments include mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy. A unique type of MSC termed olfactory mucosa mesenchymal stem cell (OM-MSC) confers neuroprotection by promoting the secretion of paracrine factors, and neuroprotection. This study investigated whether hypoxic OM-MSCs could inhibit microglial cell death upon I/R insult in vitro. A traditional oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) model, analogous to I/R, was established. Results showed that OGD/R induced apoptosis and pyroptosis in microglial cells while hypoxia in OM-MSCs significantly attenuated these effects. Moreover, the effects of OM-MSCs were mediated by Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α). Taken together, these findings reveal that hypoxia-preconditioned OM-MSC inhibits pyroptotic and apoptotic death of microglial cell in response to cerebral ischemia/reperfusion insult by activating HIF-1α in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, P.R. China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410003, Hunan, P.R. China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurorestoration, Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410003, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Fengbo Tan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, P.R. China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410003, Hunan, P.R. China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurorestoration, Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410003, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Jianyang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Jialin He
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Da Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410003, Hunan, P.R. China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurorestoration, Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410003, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Ming Lu
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, P.R. China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410003, Hunan, P.R. China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurorestoration, Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410003, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Zhiping Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, P.R. China
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29
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Wang P, Dai L, Zhou W, Meng J, Zhang M, Wu Y, Huo H, Xiong X, Sui F. Intermodule Coupling Analysis of Huang-Lian-Jie-Du Decoction on Stroke. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1288. [PMID: 31772561 PMCID: PMC6848980 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Huang-Lian-Jie-Du Decoction (HLJDD) is a "Fangji" made up of well-designed Chinese herb array and widely used to treat ischemic stroke. Here we aimed to investigate pharmacological mechanism by introducing an inter-module analysis to identify an overarching view of target profile and action mode of HLJDD. Stroke-related genes were obtained from OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man). And the potential target proteins of HLJDD were identified according to TCMsp (Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform). The two sets of molecules related to stroke and HLJDD were respectively imported into STRING database to construct the stroke network and HLJDD network, which were dissected into modules through MCODE, respectively. We analyzed the inter-module connectivity by quantify "coupling score" (CS) between HLJDD-modules (H-modules) and stroke-modules (S-module) to explore the pharmacological acting pattern of HLJDD on stroke. A total of 267 stroke-related proteins and 15 S-modules, 335 HLJDD putative targeting proteins, and 13 H-modules were identified, respectively. HLJDD directly targeted 28 proteins in stroke network, majority (16, 57.14%) of which were in S-modules 1 and 4. According to the modular map based on inter-module CS analysis, H-modules 1, 2, and 8 densely connected with S-modules 1, 3, and 4 to constitute a module-to-module bridgeness, and the enriched pathways of this bridgeness with top significance were TNF signaling pathway, HIF signaling pathway, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Furthermore, through this bridgeness, H-modules 2 and 4 cooperatively work together to regulate mitochondrial apoptosis against the ischemia injury. Finally, the core protein in H-module 4 account for mitochondrial apoptosis was validated by an in vivo experiment. This study has developed an integrative approach by inter-modular analysis for elucidating the "shotgun-like" pharmacological mechanism of HLJDD for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengqian Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Dai
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Zhou
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Meng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yin Wu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hairu Huo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xingjiang Xiong
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Sui
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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