1
|
Abbasi M, Gupta V, Chitranshi N, Moustardas P, Ranjbaran R, Graham SL. Molecular Mechanisms of Glaucoma Pathogenesis with Implications to Caveolin Adaptor Protein and Caveolin-Shp2 Axis. Aging Dis 2024; 15:2051-2068. [PMID: 37962455 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a common retinal disorder characterized by progressive optic nerve damage, resulting in visual impairment and potential blindness. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major risk factor, but some patients still experience disease progression despite IOP-lowering treatments. Genome-wide association studies have linked variations in the Caveolin1/2 (CAV-1/2) gene loci to glaucoma risk. Cav-1, a key protein in caveolae membrane invaginations, is involved in signaling pathways and its absence impairs retinal function. Recent research suggests that Cav-1 is implicated in modulating the BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway in retinal ganglion cells, which plays a critical role in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) health and protection against apoptosis. Understanding the interplay between these proteins could shed light on glaucoma pathogenesis and provide potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mojdeh Abbasi
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping Sweden
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Nitin Chitranshi
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Petros Moustardas
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping Sweden
| | - Reza Ranjbaran
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Stuart L Graham
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Loo Y, Chan ASY, Khor CC, Aung T, Wang Z. Rodent genetically modified models of glaucoma. Mol Aspects Med 2024; 95:101229. [PMID: 38039744 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2023.101229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma, one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness worldwide, is a complex and heterogenous disease. While environmental factors are important, it is well-recognized that the disease has a strong heritable component. With the advent of large-cohort genome wide association studies, a myriad of genetic risk loci has been linked to different forms of glaucoma. Animal models have been an indispensable tool in characterizing these loci, especially if they lie within coding regions in the genome. Not only do these models connect genotype to phenotype, advancing our understanding of glaucoma pathogenesis in the process, they also have valuable utility as a platform for the pre-clinical testing of potential therapies. In this review, we will outline genetic models used for studying the major forms of glaucoma, including primary open angle glaucoma, normal tension glaucoma, primary angle closure glaucoma, pigmentary glaucoma, pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, and early onset glaucoma, including congenital and developmental glaucoma, and how studying these models have helped shed light on human glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunhua Loo
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Anita Sook Yee Chan
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Chiea Chuen Khor
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Tin Aung
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Zhenxun Wang
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang R, Dang Y. The Recent Advances in the Function and Mechanism of Caveolin-1 in Retinal Neovascularization. Curr Drug Targets 2024; 25:465-472. [PMID: 38591209 DOI: 10.2174/0113894501310201240403065930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Retinal neovascularization diseases have relatively high rates of evitable blindness. Abnormal retinal neovascularization is their main hallmark, which can damage the structure and function of the eye and lead to impaired vision. Caveolin-1 is a membrane protein that is expressed in many types of retinal cells and is involved in retinal neovascularization. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of global research on specific functions of caveolin-1 in retinal neovascularization. We believe that the mechanism of action of caveolin-1 might be related to the regulation of relevant signal pathways and looked ahead the application prospects of modulating caveolin- 1 in retinal neovascularization diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sanmenxia Eye Hospital/Sanmenxia Central Hospital Affiliated to Henan University of Science and Technology, Sanmenxia, 472000, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Outflow Engineering, Sanmenxia Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Sanmenxia, 47200, China
| | - Yalong Dang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sanmenxia Eye Hospital/Sanmenxia Central Hospital Affiliated to Henan University of Science and Technology, Sanmenxia, 472000, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Outflow Engineering, Sanmenxia Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Sanmenxia, 47200, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Agarwal R, Iezhitsa I. Genetic rodent models of glaucoma in representing disease phenotype and insights into the pathogenesis. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 94:101228. [PMID: 38016252 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2023.101228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Genetic rodent models are widely used in glaucoma related research. With vast amount of information revealed by human studies about genetic correlations with glaucoma, use of these models is relevant and required. In this review, we discuss the glaucoma endophenotypes and importance of their representation in an experimental animal model. Mice and rats are the most popular animal species used as genetic models due to ease of genetic manipulations in these animal species as well as the availability of their genomic information. With technological advances, induction of glaucoma related genetic mutations commonly observed in human is possible to achieve in rodents in a desirable manner. This approach helps to study the pathobiology of the disease process with the background of genetic abnormalities, reveals potential therapeutic targets and gives an opportunity to test newer therapeutic options. Various genetic manipulation leading to appearance of human relevant endophenotypes in rodents indicate their relevance in glaucoma pathology and the utility of these rodent models for exploring various aspects of the disease related to targeted mutation. The molecular pathways involved in the pathophysiology of glaucoma leading to elevated intraocular pressure and the disease hallmark, apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve degeneration, have been extensively explored in genetic rodent models. In this review, we discuss the consequences of various genetic manipulations based on the primary site of pathology in the anterior or the posterior segment. We discuss how these genetic manipulations produce features in rodents that can be considered a close representation of disease phenotype in human. We also highlight several molecular mechanisms revealed by using genetic rodent models of glaucoma including those involved in increased aqueous outflow resistance, loss of retinal ganglion cells and optic neuropathy. Lastly, we discuss the limitations of the use of genetic rodent models in glaucoma related research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renu Agarwal
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Malaysia.
| | - Igor Iezhitsa
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang X, Wang M, Liu H, Mercieca K, Prinz J, Feng Y, Prokosch V. The Association between Vascular Abnormalities and Glaucoma-What Comes First? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13211. [PMID: 37686017 PMCID: PMC10487550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. While intraocular pressure (IOP) presents a major risk factor, the underlying pathophysiology still remains largely unclear. The correlation between vascular abnormalities and glaucoma has been deliberated for decades. Evidence for a role played by vascular factors in the pathogenesis of glaucomatous neurodegeneration has already been postulated. In addition, the fact that glaucoma causes both structural and functional changes to retinal blood vessels has been described. This review aims to investigate the published evidence concerning the relationship between vascular abnormalities and glaucoma, and to provide an overview of the "chicken or egg" dilemma in glaucoma. In this study, several biomarkers of glaucoma progression from a vascular perspective, including endothelin-1 (ET-1), nitric oxide, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), were identified and subsequently assessed for their potential as pharmacological intervention targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosha Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (X.W.); (M.W.); (H.L.); (J.P.); (Y.F.)
| | - Maoren Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (X.W.); (M.W.); (H.L.); (J.P.); (Y.F.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Hanhan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (X.W.); (M.W.); (H.L.); (J.P.); (Y.F.)
| | - Karl Mercieca
- Glaucoma Section, University Hospital Eye Clinic, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WH, UK
| | - Julia Prinz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (X.W.); (M.W.); (H.L.); (J.P.); (Y.F.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Yuan Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (X.W.); (M.W.); (H.L.); (J.P.); (Y.F.)
| | - Verena Prokosch
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (X.W.); (M.W.); (H.L.); (J.P.); (Y.F.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Loo JH, Wang Z, Chong RS. Caveolin-1 in vascular health and glaucoma: A critical vascular regulator and potential therapeutic target. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1087123. [PMID: 36760400 PMCID: PMC9902660 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1087123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is an integral scaffolding membrane protein found in most cell types. Cav-1 has been found to contribute significantly to ocular function, with mutations of Cav-1 being associated with a genetic risk of glaucoma development. Raised intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major modifiable risk factor for glaucoma. Cav-1 may be involved in both IOP-dependent and independent mechanisms involving vascular dysregulation. Systemic vascular diseases including hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidaemia, have been shown to be associated with glaucoma development. Cav-1 is closely interlinked with endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathways that mediate vascular function and prevent cardiovascular diseases. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase and endothelin-1 are key vasoactive molecules expressed in retinal blood vessels that function to autoregulate ocular blood flow (OBF). Disruptions in the homeostasis of OBF have led to a growing concept of impaired neurovascular coupling in glaucoma. The imbalance between perfusion and neuronal stimulation arising from Cav-1 depletion may result in relative ischemia of the optic nerve head and glaucomatous injury. OBF is also governed by circadian variation in IOP and systemic blood pressure (BP). Cav-1 has been shown to influence central BP variability and other circadian rhythms such as the diurnal phagolysosomal digestion of photoreceptor fragments and toxic substrates to maintain ocular health. Overall, the vast implications of Cav-1 on various ocular mechanisms leading to glaucoma suggest a potential for new therapeutics to enhance Cav-1 expression, which has seen success in other neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hong Loo
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Rachel S. Chong
- Glaucoma Department, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore, Singapore,Ocular Imaging Department, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore,*Correspondence: Rachel S. Chong ✉
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Enyong EN, Gurley JM, De Ieso ML, Stamer WD, Elliott MH. Caveolar and non-Caveolar Caveolin-1 in ocular homeostasis and disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022; 91:101094. [PMID: 35729002 PMCID: PMC9669151 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Caveolae, specialized plasma membrane invaginations present in most cell types, play important roles in multiple cellular processes including cell signaling, lipid uptake and metabolism, endocytosis and mechanotransduction. They are found in almost all cell types but most abundant in endothelial cells, adipocytes and fibroblasts. Caveolin-1 (Cav1), the signature structural protein of caveolae was the first protein associated with caveolae, and in association with Cavin1/PTRF is required for caveolae formation. Genetic ablation of either Cav1 or Cavin1/PTRF downregulates expression of the other resulting in loss of caveolae. Studies using Cav1-deficient mouse models have implicated caveolae with human diseases such as cardiomyopathies, lipodystrophies, diabetes and muscular dystrophies. While caveolins and caveolae are extensively studied in extra-ocular settings, their contributions to ocular function and disease pathogenesis are just beginning to be appreciated. Several putative caveolin/caveolae functions are relevant to the eye and Cav1 is highly expressed in retinal vascular and choroidal endothelium, Müller glia, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and the Schlemm's canal endothelium and trabecular meshwork cells. Variants at the CAV1/2 gene locus are associated with risk of primary open angle glaucoma and the high risk HTRA1 variant for age-related macular degeneration is thought to exert its effect through regulation of Cav1 expression. Caveolins also play important roles in modulating retinal neuroinflammation and blood retinal barrier permeability. In this article, we describe the current state of caveolin/caveolae research in the context of ocular function and pathophysiology. Finally, we discuss new evidence showing that retinal Cav1 exists and functions outside caveolae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric N Enyong
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jami M Gurley
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Michael L De Ieso
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael H Elliott
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tools and Biomarkers for the Study of Retinal Ganglion Cell Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084287. [PMID: 35457104 PMCID: PMC9025234 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina is part of the central nervous system, its analysis may provide an idea of the health and functionality, not only of the retina, but also of the entire central nervous system, as has been shown in Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s diseases. Within the retina, the ganglion cells (RGC) are the neurons in charge of processing and sending light information to higher brain centers. Diverse insults and pathological states cause degeneration of RGC, leading to irreversible blindness or impaired vision. RGCs are the measurable endpoints in current research into experimental therapies and diagnosis in multiple ocular pathologies, like glaucoma. RGC subtype classifications are based on morphological, functional, genetical, and immunohistochemical aspects. Although great efforts are being made, there is still no classification accepted by consensus. Moreover, it has been observed that each RGC subtype has a different susceptibility to injury. Characterizing these subtypes together with cell death pathway identification will help to understand the degenerative process in the different injury and pathological models, and therefore prevent it. Here we review the known RGC subtypes, as well as the diagnostic techniques, probes, and biomarkers for programmed and unprogrammed cell death in RGC.
Collapse
|