Integrated Positron Emission Tomography/Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Resting-State Functional and Metabolic Imaging in Human Brain: What Is Correlated and What Is Impacted

Multi-modal, Label-free, Optical Mapping of Cellular Metabolic Function and Oxidative Stress in 3D Engineered Brain Tissue Models

Brain metabolism is essential for the function of organisms. While established imaging methods provide valuable insights into brain metabolic function, they lack the resolution to capture important metabolic interactions and heterogeneity at the cellular level. Label-free, two-photon excited fluorescence imaging addresses this issue by enabling dynamic metabolic assessments at the single-cell level without manipulations. In this study, we demonstrate the impact of spectral imaging on the development of rigorous intensity and lifetime label-free imaging protocols to assess dynamically over time metabolic function in 3D engineered brain tissue models comprising human induced neural stem cells, astrocytes, and microglia. Specifically, we rely on multi-wavelength spectral imaging to identify the excitation/emission profiles of key cellular fluorophores within human brain cells, including NAD(P)H, LipDH, FAD, and lipofuscin. These enable development of methods to mitigate lipofuscin's overlap with NAD(P)H and flavin autofluorescence to extract reliable optical metabolic function metrics from images acquired at two excitation wavelengths over two emission bands. We present fluorescence intensity and lifetime metrics reporting on redox state, mitochondrial fragmentation, and NAD(P)H binding status in neuronal monoculture and triculture systems, to highlight the functional impact of metabolic interactions between different cell types. Our findings reveal significant metabolic differences between neurons and glial cells, shedding light on metabolic pathway utilization, including the glutathione pathway, OXPHOS, glycolysis, and fatty acid oxidation. Collectively, our studies establish a label-free, non-destructive approach to assess the metabolic function and interactions among different brain cell types relying on endogenous fluorescence and illustrate the complementary nature of information that is gained by combining intensity and lifetime-based images. Such methods can improve understanding of physiological brain function and dysfunction that occurs at the onset of cancers, traumatic injuries and neurodegenerative diseases.

A review of metallic nanoparticles: present issues and prospects focused on the preparation methods, characterization techniques, and their theranostic applications

Metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) have garnered significant attention due to their ability to improve the therapeutic index of medications by reducing multidrug resistance and effectively delivering therapeutic agents through active targeting. In addition to drug delivery, MNPs have several medical applications, including in vitro and in vivo diagnostics, and they improve the biocompatibility of materials and nutraceuticals. MNPs have several advantages in drug delivery systems and genetic manipulation, such as improved stability and half-life in circulation, passive or active targeting into the desired target selective tissue, and gene manipulation by delivering genetic materials. The main goal of this review is to provide current information on the present issues and prospects of MNPs in drug and gene delivery systems. The current study focused on MNP preparation methods and their characterization by different techniques, their applications to targeted delivery, non-viral vectors in genetic manipulation, and challenges in clinical trial translation.

Developing a novel dual-injection FDG-PET imaging methodology to study the functional neuroanatomy of gait

Gait is an excellent indicator of physical, emotional, and mental health. Previous studies have shown that gait impairments in ageing are common, but the neural basis of these impairments are unclear. Existing methodologies are suboptimal and novel paradigms capable of capturing neural activation related to real walking are needed. In this study, we used a hybrid PET/MR system and measured glucose metabolism related to both walking and standing with a dual-injection paradigm in a single study session. For this study, 15 healthy older adults (10 females, age range: 60.5-70.7 years) with normal cognition were recruited from the community. Each participant received an intravenous injection of [18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) before engaging in two distinct tasks, a static postural control task (standing) and a walking task. After each task, participants were imaged. To discern independent neural functions related to walking compared to standing, we applied a bespoke dose correction to remove the residual 18F signal of the first scan (PETSTAND) from the second scan (PETWALK) and proportional scaling to the global mean, cerebellum, or white matter (WM). Whole-brain differences in walking-elicited neural activity measured with FDG-PET were assessed using a one-sample t-test. In this study, we show that a dual-injection paradigm in healthy older adults is feasible with biologically valid findings. Our results with a dose correction and scaling to the global mean showed that walking, compared to standing, increased glucose consumption in the cuneus (Z = 7.03), the temporal gyrus (Z = 6.91) and the orbital frontal cortex (Z = 6.71). Subcortically, we observed increased glucose metabolism in the supraspinal locomotor network including the thalamus (Z = 6.55), cerebellar vermis and the brainstem (pedunculopontine/mesencephalic locomotor region). Exploratory analyses using proportional scaling to the cerebellum and WM returned similar findings. Here, we have established the feasibility and tolerability of a novel method capable of capturing neural activations related to actual walking and extended previous knowledge including the recruitment of brain regions involved in sensory processing. Our paradigm could be used to explore pathological alterations in various gait disorders.

Correlation between cerebral hemodynamic functional near-infrared spectroscopy and positron emission tomography for assessing mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: An exploratory study

This study was performed to investigate the usefulness of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) by conducting a comparative analysis of hemodynamic activation detected by fNIRS and positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Participants were divided into four groups: the subjective memory impairment (SMI), amnestic MCI (aMCI), non-amnestic MCI (naMCI), and AD groups. We recorded the hemodynamic response during the semantic verbal fluency task (SVFT) using a commercial wireless continuous-wave NIRS system. The correlation between the parameters of the neuroimaging assessments among the groups was analyzed. Region of interest-based comparisons showed that the four groups had significantly different hemodynamic responses during SVFT in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). The linear mixed effect model result indicates that the mean ΔHbO2 from the bilateral DLPFC regions showed a significant positive correlation to the overall FDG-PET after controlling for age and group differences in the fNIRS signals. Amyloid PET signals tended to better differentiate the AD group from other groups, and fNIRS signals tended to better differentiate the SMI group from other groups. In addition, a comparison between the group pairs revealed a mirrored pattern between the hippocampal volume and hemodynamic response in the DLPFC. The hemodynamic response detected by fNIRS showed a significant correlation with metabolic and anatomical changes associated with disease progression. Therefore, fNIRS may be considered as a screening tool to predict the hemodynamic and metabolic statuses of the brain in patients with MCI and AD.

Mal de Debarquement Syndrome explained by a vestibulo-cerebellar oscillator

Mal de Debarquement Syndrome (MdDS) is a puzzling central vestibular disorder characterized by a long-lasting perception of oscillatory postural instability that may occur after sea travels or flights. We have postulated that MdDS originates from the post-disembarking persistence of an adaptive internal oscillator consisting of a loop system, involving the right and left vestibular nuclei, and the Purkinje cells of the right and left flocculonodular cerebellar cortex, connected by GABAergic and glutamatergic fibers. We have formulated here a mathematical model of the vestibulo-cerebellar loop system and carried out a computational analysis based on a set of differential equations describing the interactions among the loop elements and containing Hill functions that model input-output firing rates relationships among neurons. The analysis indicates that the system acquires a spontaneous and permanent oscillatory behavior for a decrease of threshold and an increase of sensitivity in neuronal input-output responses. These results suggest a role for synaptic plasticity in MdDS pathophysiology, thus reinforcing our previous hypothesis that MdDS may be the result of excessive synaptic plasticity acting on the vestibulo-cerebellar network during its entraining to an oscillatory environment. Hence, our study points to neuroendocrine pathways that lead to increased synaptic response as possible new therapeutic targets for the clinical treatment of the disorder.

Brain microglia activation and peripheral adaptive immunity in Parkinson's disease: a multimodal PET study

Background

Abnormal activation of immune system is an important pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease, but the relationship between peripheral inflammation, central microglia activation and dopaminergic degeneration remains unclear.

Objectives

To evaluate the brain regional microglia activation and its relationship with clinical severity, dopaminergic presynaptic function, and peripheral inflammatory biomarkers related to adaptive immunity.

Methods

In this case–control study, we recruited 23 healthy participants and 24 participants with early-stage Parkinson’s disease. ¹⁸F-PBR06 PET/MR for microglia activation, ¹⁸F-FP-DTBZ for dopaminergic denervation, total account of T cells and subpopulations of T helper (Th1/Th2/Th17) cells, and the levels of serum inflammatory cytokines were assessed. Sanger sequencing was used to exclude the mix-affinity binders of ¹⁸F-PBR06-PET.

Results

Compared to healthy controls, patients with Parkinson’s disease had an increased ¹⁸F-PBR06-PET standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) in the putamen, particularly in the ipsilateral side of the motor onset. ¹⁸F-PBR06-PET SUVR was positively associated with ¹⁸F-FP-DTBZ-PET SUVR in the brainstem and not associated with disease severity measured by Hoehn and Yahr stage, MDS-UPDRS III scores. Patients with Parkinson’s disease had elevated frequencies of Th1 cells and serum levels of IL10 and IL17A as compared to healthy controls. No significant association between peripheral inflammation markers and microglia activation in the brain of PD was observed.

Conclusion

Parkinson’s disease is associated with early putaminal microglial activation and peripheral phenotypic Th1 bias. Peripheral adaptive immunity might be involved in microglia activation in the process of neurodegeneration in PD indirectly, which may be a potential biomarker for the early detection and the target for immunomodulating therapy.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02574-z.