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Lee S, Chung WG, Jeong H, Cui G, Kim E, Lim JA, Seo H, Kwon YW, Byeon SH, Lee J, Park JU. Electrophysiological Analysis of Retinal Organoid Development Using 3D Microelectrodes of Liquid Metals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2404428. [PMID: 38896876 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202404428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Despite of the substantial potential of human-derived retinal organoids, the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) during maturation limits their utility in assessing the functionality of later-born retinal cell subtypes. Additionally, conventional analyses primarily rely on fluorescent emissions, which limits the detection of actual cell functionality while risking damage to the 3D cytoarchitecture of organoids. Here, an electrophysiological analysis is presented to monitor RGC development in early to mid-stage retinal organoids, and compare distinct features with fully-mature mouse retina. This approach utilizes high-resolution 3D printing of liquid-metal microelectrodes, enabling precise targeting of specific inner retinal layers within organoids. The adaptable distribution and softness of these microelectrodes facilitate the spatiotemporal recording of inner retinal signals. This study not only demonstrates the functional properties of RGCs in retinal organoid development but also provides insights into their synaptic connectivity, reminiscent of fetal native retinas. Further comparison with fully-mature mouse retina in vivo verifies the organoid features, highlighting the potential of early-stage retinal organoids in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghoon Lee
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Gi Chung
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Jeong
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Eye Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Gang Cui
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Eye Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Enji Kim
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ah Lim
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Eye Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hunkyu Seo
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Won Kwon
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Ho Byeon
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Eye Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Junwon Lee
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 06273, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Ung Park
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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Fukuhara M, Yokotsuka T, Samoto T, Kumadaki M, Takeda M, Hashida T. Radical electron-induced cellulose-semiconductors. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8692. [PMID: 38622278 PMCID: PMC11018785 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59499-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Bio-semiconductors are expected to be similar to organic semiconductors; however, they have not been utilized in application yet. In this study, we show the origin of electron appearance, N- and S-type negative resistances, rectification, and switching effects of semiconductors with energy storage capacities of up to 418.5 mJ/m2 using granulated amorphous kenaf cellulose particles (AKCPs). The radical electrons in AKCP at 295 K appear in cellulose via the glycosidic bond C1-O1·-C4. Hall effect measurements indicate an n-type semiconductor with a carrier concentration of 9.89 × 1015/cm3, which corresponds to a mobility of 10.66 cm2/Vs and an electric resistivity of 9.80 × 102 Ωcm at 298 K. The conduction mechanism in the kenaf tissue was modelled from AC impedance curves. The light and flexible cellulose-semiconductors may open up new avenues in soft electronics such as switching effect devices and bio-sensors, primarily because they are composed of renewable natural compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikio Fukuhara
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Tomonori Yokotsuka
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Samoto
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | | | - Mitsuhiro Takeda
- National Institute of Technology, Sendai College, Natori, 981-1239, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Hashida
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
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Vėbraitė I, Bar-Haim C, David-Pur M, Hanein Y. Bi-directional electrical recording and stimulation of the intact retina with a screen-printed soft probe: a feasibility study. Front Neurosci 2024; 17:1288069. [PMID: 38264499 PMCID: PMC10804455 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1288069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Electrophysiological investigations of intact neural circuits are challenged by the gentle and complex nature of neural tissues. Bi-directional electrophysiological interfacing with the retina, in its intact form, is particularly demanding and currently there is no feasible approach to achieve such investigations. Here we present a feasibility study of a novel soft multi-electrode array suitable for bi-directional electrophysiological study of the intact retina. Methods Screen-printed soft electrode arrays were developed and tested. The soft probes were designed to accommodate the curvature of the retina in the eye and offer an opportunity to study the retina in its intact form. Results For the first time, we show both electrical recording and stimulation capabilities from the intact retina. In particular, we demonstrate the ability to characterize retina responses to electrical stimulation and reveal stable, direct, and indirect responses compared with ex-vivo conditions. Discussion These results demonstrate the unique performances of the new probe while also suggesting that intact retinas retain better stability and robustness than ex-vivo retinas making them more suitable for characterizing retina responses to electrical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Vėbraitė
- School of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Chen Bar-Haim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Moshe David-Pur
- School of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yael Hanein
- School of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Wu KY, Mina M, Sahyoun JY, Kalevar A, Tran SD. Retinal Prostheses: Engineering and Clinical Perspectives for Vision Restoration. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:5782. [PMID: 37447632 PMCID: PMC10347280 DOI: 10.3390/s23135782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
A retinal prosthesis, also known as a bionic eye, is a device that can be implanted to partially restore vision in patients with retinal diseases that have resulted in the loss of photoreceptors (e.g., age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa). Recently, there have been major breakthroughs in retinal prosthesis technology, with the creation of numerous types of implants, including epiretinal, subretinal, and suprachoroidal sensors. These devices can stimulate the remaining cells in the retina with electric signals to create a visual sensation. A literature review of the pre-clinical and clinical studies published between 2017 and 2023 is conducted. This narrative review delves into the retinal anatomy, physiology, pathology, and principles underlying electronic retinal prostheses. Engineering aspects are explored, including electrode-retina alignment, electrode size and material, charge density, resolution limits, spatial selectivity, and bidirectional closed-loop systems. This article also discusses clinical aspects, focusing on safety, adverse events, visual function, outcomes, and the importance of rehabilitation programs. Moreover, there is ongoing debate over whether implantable retinal devices still offer a promising approach for the treatment of retinal diseases, considering the recent emergence of cell-based and gene-based therapies as well as optogenetics. This review compares retinal prostheses with these alternative therapies, providing a balanced perspective on their advantages and limitations. The recent advancements in retinal prosthesis technology are also outlined, emphasizing progress in engineering and the outlook of retinal prostheses. While acknowledging the challenges and complexities of the technology, this article highlights the significant potential of retinal prostheses for vision restoration in individuals with retinal diseases and calls for continued research and development to refine and enhance their performance, ultimately improving patient outcomes and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Y. Wu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1G 2E8, Canada; (K.Y.W.)
| | - Mina Mina
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jean-Yves Sahyoun
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Ananda Kalevar
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1G 2E8, Canada; (K.Y.W.)
| | - Simon D. Tran
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1G1, Canada
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